what is indoor air pollution?. indoor air pollution or iap more than three billion people...

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What is Indoor Air What is Indoor Air Pollution? Pollution?

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What is Indoor Air What is Indoor Air Pollution? Pollution?

Indoor air pollution or IAPIndoor air pollution or IAP More than three billion people worldwide continue to More than three billion people worldwide continue to

depend on solid fuels, including biomass fuels (wood, depend on solid fuels, including biomass fuels (wood, dung, agricultural residues) and coal, for their energy dung, agricultural residues) and coal, for their energy needs. This is half of the world’s population!needs. This is half of the world’s population!

Cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires or Cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires or traditional stoves results in high levels of indoor air traditional stoves results in high levels of indoor air pollution. Indoor smoke contains a range of health-pollution. Indoor smoke contains a range of health-damaging pollutants, such as small particles and damaging pollutants, such as small particles and carbon monoxide, and particulate pollution levels may carbon monoxide, and particulate pollution levels may be 20 times higher than accepted guideline values.be 20 times higher than accepted guideline values.

World Health World Health OrganizationOrganization

WHO particularly emphasizes the WHO particularly emphasizes the importance of ongoing and planned importance of ongoing and planned intervention projects but also encourages intervention projects but also encourages research into the impacts of indoor air research into the impacts of indoor air pollution on a range of health outcomes. pollution on a range of health outcomes.

Is it a big deal?Is it a big deal?

The WHO conducted a comparative risk assessment to The WHO conducted a comparative risk assessment to estimate the contributions of selected major risk factors estimate the contributions of selected major risk factors to the burden of disease back in the year 2000. to the burden of disease back in the year 2000.

Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use was responsible Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use was responsible for more than 1.6 million annual deaths and 2.7% of for more than 1.6 million annual deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease (in Disability-Adjusted Life the global burden of disease (in Disability-Adjusted Life Years or DALYs). This is one person dead every 20 Years or DALYs). This is one person dead every 20 seconds.seconds.

This makes this risk factor the second biggest This makes this risk factor the second biggest environmental contributor to ill health, behind unsafe environmental contributor to ill health, behind unsafe water and sanitation. water and sanitation.

IT IS THE #2 RISK FACTOR for cause of ill health! IT IS THE #2 RISK FACTOR for cause of ill health!

Young Children are at the Young Children are at the highest risk…highest risk…

Acute lower respiratory infections, in particular Acute lower respiratory infections, in particular pneumonia, continue to be the biggest killer of pneumonia, continue to be the biggest killer of young children and cause more than 2 million young children and cause more than 2 million annual deaths. Dependence on polluting solid annual deaths. Dependence on polluting solid fuels to meet basic energy needs is one of the fuels to meet basic energy needs is one of the underlying causes of pneumonia among underlying causes of pneumonia among children. children.

Every year, indoor air pollution is responsible Every year, indoor air pollution is responsible for nearly 800 000 deaths due to pneumonia for nearly 800 000 deaths due to pneumonia among children under five years of age. among children under five years of age.

So why don’t we hear So why don’t we hear about it more often? about it more often?

The importance of The importance of indoor air pollution indoor air pollution varies drastically varies drastically according to the level of according to the level of development: in development: in developing countries developing countries (high-mortality (high-mortality countries), indoor air countries), indoor air pollution is responsible pollution is responsible for up to 3.7% of the for up to 3.7% of the burden of disease, while burden of disease, while the same risk factor no the same risk factor no longer features among longer features among the top 10 risk factors in the top 10 risk factors in industrialized countries, industrialized countries, such as the United such as the United States.States.

What are these biomass What are these biomass fuels?fuels?

Wood is mainly composed of Cellulose, the Wood is mainly composed of Cellulose, the carbohydrate that gives structure to most carbohydrate that gives structure to most plants (generic chemical formula (Cplants (generic chemical formula (C66HH1010OO55))n n repeating). repeating).

Coal does not have a chemical formula since Coal does not have a chemical formula since it’s a mixture. However, depending on the type it’s a mixture. However, depending on the type of coal, it is composed of between 50-100% of coal, it is composed of between 50-100% carbon, by mass, with the rest being Hydrogen, carbon, by mass, with the rest being Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and trace amounts of Sulfur. Nitrogen, Oxygen, and trace amounts of Sulfur.

Animal dung is often used because it is mainly Animal dung is often used because it is mainly a lot of plant material, also carbon based.a lot of plant material, also carbon based.

We can help…We can help…

Clearly, some of the world’s regions rely Clearly, some of the world’s regions rely heavily on solid fuel use at the household heavily on solid fuel use at the household level whereas others have made an level whereas others have made an almost complete transition to cleaner almost complete transition to cleaner fuels, such as gas and electricity. For fuels, such as gas and electricity. For example, more than 70% of the example, more than 70% of the population in India, China and Africa population in India, China and Africa continue to cook with solid fuels. continue to cook with solid fuels.

Basic Combustion ReactionBasic Combustion Reaction

Since all of these biomass fuels are carbon Since all of these biomass fuels are carbon based they all burn according to the same based they all burn according to the same basic reaction.basic reaction.

Complete Combustion occurs when you have a Complete Combustion occurs when you have a hot, efficient burn: Chot, efficient burn: CxxHHxx + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22OO

Incomplete Combustion occurs with an Incomplete Combustion occurs with an inefficient burn: Cinefficient burn: CxxHHxx + O + O22 CO + H CO + H22OO

What else is in the What else is in the smoke?smoke?

Indoor smoke contains a variety of health-Indoor smoke contains a variety of health-damaging pollutants:damaging pollutants:

particles (complex mixtures of chemicals in particles (complex mixtures of chemicals in solid form and droplets) solid form and droplets)

carbon monoxide COcarbon monoxide CO nitrous oxides Nnitrous oxides N22OO sulphur oxides (mainly from coal) SOsulphur oxides (mainly from coal) SO22

formaldehyde Hformaldehyde H22CO a carcinogenCO a carcinogen other carcinogens (chemical substances other carcinogens (chemical substances

known to increase the risk of cancer) such known to increase the risk of cancer) such as benzo[a]pyrene and benzene. as benzo[a]pyrene and benzene.

Small particles of soot with a diameter of 10 Small particles of soot with a diameter of 10 microns (PM10) or less are able to penetrate microns (PM10) or less are able to penetrate deep into the lungs and appear to have the deep into the lungs and appear to have the greatest health-damaging potential.greatest health-damaging potential.

Fort Collins organization Fort Collins organization are getting involvedare getting involved

Evirofit, a local Fort Collins Company Evirofit, a local Fort Collins Company along with Shell Foundation’s Breathing along with Shell Foundation’s Breathing Space program are geared towards Space program are geared towards providing 10 million clean burning stoves providing 10 million clean burning stoves in 5 countries over the next 5 years. in 5 countries over the next 5 years.

These stoves are being designed at the These stoves are being designed at the CSU Engine and Energy Conservation CSU Engine and Energy Conservation Lab to release significantly less toxic Lab to release significantly less toxic emissions and use less fuel through emissions and use less fuel through better burning efficiency.better burning efficiency.

More More Chemistry…Chemistry…

Engineers are currently working out the best Engineers are currently working out the best materials to use with the best physical and materials to use with the best physical and chemical properties, mainly low corrosion and chemical properties, mainly low corrosion and high insulative properties.high insulative properties.

Proper design features are also important allow Proper design features are also important allow for a hot and efficient flame using even limited for a hot and efficient flame using even limited biomass fuels to conserve on environmental, biomass fuels to conserve on environmental, economic and time involvement impacts.economic and time involvement impacts.

Ongoing Study: Ongoing Study: Chronic Respiratory Effects Chronic Respiratory Effects of Early Childhood Exposure to Respirable of Early Childhood Exposure to Respirable Particulate MatterParticulate Matter

UC Berkeley is currently working on a 5 year UC Berkeley is currently working on a 5 year long term project to follow a cohort of children long term project to follow a cohort of children in Guatamala participating in a Randomized in Guatamala participating in a Randomized Exposure Study of Pollution Indoors and Exposure Study of Pollution Indoors and Respiratory Effects (RESPIRE) – Respiratory Effects (RESPIRE) –

This study will track the chronic effects of This study will track the chronic effects of inhaled particulate matter during the critical inhaled particulate matter during the critical time window of infant lung development on time window of infant lung development on respiratory health. respiratory health.

Randomized Exposure Study of Randomized Exposure Study of Pollution Indoors and Pollution Indoors and Respiratory Effects (RESPIRE)Respiratory Effects (RESPIRE)

1st Video Describing San Marcos, Guatamala IAP Studyhttp://jstream.uoregon.edu/respireguatemala/introduction.mpg2nd Video describing how to get quantitative measurementshttp://jstream.uoregon.edu/respireguatemala/colocation.mpg3rd Video describing how the stoves can be made: http://jstream.uoregon.edu/respireguatemala/randomization.mpg

Mr. Jasmann’s Chemistry Mr. Jasmann’s Chemistry ProjectProject

We will be mirroring the inside of soda bottles with We will be mirroring the inside of soda bottles with silver atoms in class. If you’d like to keep them for silver atoms in class. If you’d like to keep them for yourself or as gifts, you can pay $5 ($2 will cover the yourself or as gifts, you can pay $5 ($2 will cover the expense of the chemicals and the bottle).expense of the chemicals and the bottle).

Any extra money raised (approximately $3 per bottle) Any extra money raised (approximately $3 per bottle) through the sale of our silver-mirrored bottles will be through the sale of our silver-mirrored bottles will be donated to the Envirofit mission of providing clean donated to the Envirofit mission of providing clean burning stoves directly to Puruvian citizen in the Andes burning stoves directly to Puruvian citizen in the Andes this January and February 2008.this January and February 2008.

We will get to see the money used directly by the We will get to see the money used directly by the people who live there and get photos back showing people who live there and get photos back showing exactly how this money has helped. exactly how this money has helped.

Work CitedWork Cited

The World Health Report 2002 The World Health Report 2002 http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/

http://www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/burden_global/http://www.who.int/indoorair/health_impacts/burden_global/en/index.htmlen/index.html

Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/fuelforlife/en/index.http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/fuelforlife/en/index.htmlhtml

Envirofit Website Envirofit Website http://www.envirofit.orghttp://www.envirofit.org Engine and Energy Conservation Lab Engine and Energy Conservation Lab

http://www.eecl.colostate.edu/http://www.eecl.colostate.edu/ Chronic Respiratory Effects of Early Childhood Exposure to Chronic Respiratory Effects of Early Childhood Exposure to

Respirable Particulate Matter Respirable Particulate Matter http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/guat/page.asp?id=1http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/guat/page.asp?id=1