what is cr english

8/19/2019 What is CR English

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WHAT IS COMMUNITY RADIO?

A RESOURCE GUIDE

Published by

AMARC Africa and Panos Southern Africa

in collaboration with IBIS/Interfund and WACC


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WHAT IS COMMUNITY RADIO ?

AMARC Africa 1998

All rights reserveIS!N" # $%# %%999 &

'()lishe )*"

AMARC Africa'a+,s S,(ther+ Africa

Writte+ )*"

-(./, Mti.e

Marie0Hl2+e !,+i+ N/,3a+e Ma3hiri4,5, N*a.a/(

6ite )*"

Marie0Hl2+e !,+i+ 7AMARC Africaa+ Aia O3,/(0Me+sah 7'a+,s S,(ther+ Africa

Ma+* tha+/s t, all reaersrevie:ers i+ AMARC a+ the 'a+,s I+stit(te -,+,+ a+ S,(ther+ Africa,ffices; O(r i..e+se gratit(e als, g,es t, all :h, hel3e fr,. the I+stit(te f,r the Ava+ce.e+t ,f


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AMARC Africa" AMARC is a =re+ch acr,+*. :hich sta+s f,r the W,rl Ass,ciati,+ ,f C,..(+it*Rai, !r,acasters; AMARC is a +,+03r,fit i+ter+ati,+al ,rga+isati,+ servi+g the c,..(+it* rai,

.,ve.e+t si+ce 198&; AMARC>s g,al is t, 3r,.,te the right t, c,..(+icate a+ c,+tri)(te t, theevel,3.e+t ,f c,..(+it* rai, al,+g 3ri+ci3les ,f s,liarit* a+ i+ter+ati,+al c,,3erati,+;AMARC .e.)ershi3 i+ Africa c(rre+tl* a.,(+ts t, ,ver %## affiliates ,(t ,f :hich .,re tha+ 1$#are rai, stati,+s c,..(+it* rai, feerati,+s ,r 3r,5ects t, esta)lish c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s;

The 'a+,s I+stit(te S,(ther+ Africa " s3ecialises i+ i+f,r.ati,+ a+ c,..(+icati,+s f,r s(stai+a)leevel,3.e+t; 'a+,s )elieves that rai, is still the .,st accessi)le ,f .ass .eia es3eciall* f,r r(ral

3e,3le i+ Africa; The ,rga+isati,+ is strivi+g t, e.,cratise the air:aves :,r/i+g :ith g,ver+.e+tsa+ ,thers ,+ +ati,+al )r,acasti+g 3,licies as :ell as :ith c,..(+it* gr,(3s ,+ the gr,(+ t,s(33,rt the. i+ 3r,(ci+g a+ ge+erati+g their ,:+ 3r,gra..es a+ cha++els ,f c,..(+icati,+;

The publication of this booklet has been made possible through programme support from IBIS / Interfund to AMARC Africa and from the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs enmark to !anosSouthern Africa"

The #orld Association of Christian Communication $#ACC% also pro&ided financial support to'ardsthis publication" #ACC gi&es high priority to Christian &alues in communication and de&elopmentneeds" The association(s members include corporate and indi&idual communication professionals)

partners in communication acti&ities and representati&es of churches and agencies" #ACC focuses onthe needs of Christian communicators) pro&ides a forum for discussion) funds ecumenicalcommunication acti&ities and encourages unity among religious communicators"

What is Community Radio? A Resource GuidePublished by AMARC Africa and Panos Southern Africa in collaboration with IBIS/Interfund and WACC

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Preface

This ),,/let isc(sses the r,le ,f c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s i+ )(ili+g 3artici3at,r* e.,crac* a+evel,3.e+t i+ Africa 0 a+ ,ffers ieas as t, h,: s(ch stati,+s ca+ )e esta)lishe; It 3r,vies a+(+ersta+i+g ,f the re+e:e 3,3(larit* i+ c,..(+it* rai, as :ell as the reas,+s :h* it isc,+tr,versial a+ 3erha3s threate+i+g fr,. the 3,i+t ,f vie: ,f c,..ercial a+ 3()lic )r,acasters;

It has t, )e re.e.)ere that the efi+iti,+s a+ [email protected] referre t, i+ this ),,/let are *+a.ic a+that the c,+ce3t ,f c,..(+it* rai, sh,(l )e re0visite ,r reefi+e as s,cietal evel,3.e+tsictate;

It is h,3e that this ),,/let ca+ 3r,vie releva+t i+f,r.ati,+ f,r th,se :h, :,(l li/e t, start (3 ac,..(+it* rai, stati,+ i+ a 3artic(lar c,..(+it* l,))* f,r legislati,+ e+a)li+g the evel,3.e+t ,fc,..(+it* rai, i+ their c,(+tr* ,r rei+f,rce the evel,3.e+t ,f a+ e@isti+g c,..(+it* rai, stati,+;

H,:ever this 3()licati,+ is +,t a trai+i+g .a+(al; The iss(es t,(che (3,+ +ee t, )e revisite t,a+s:er the a*0t,0a* 3ractical challe+ges a+ 3r,)le.s faci+g c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s; There are.,re etaile .a+(als fr,. -ati+ A.erica 6(r,3e a+ N,rth A.erica :hich ,ffer 3ractical ha+s0,+e@3erie+ces; Nevertheless AMARC is .i+f(l that there is a +ee f,r .,re trai+i+g .a+(als f,rAfrica+ c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s a+ h,3es t, aress this iss(e i+ c,lla),rati,+ :ith Africa+ .eiatrai+i+g i+stit(ti,+s i+ the c,(rse ,f 1999;


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Foreword

Ma+* 3e,3le have c,+tri)(te t, the e)ate a+ 3ractical efi+iti,+ ,f c,..(+it* rai, i+ Africai+cl(i+g 3e,3le fr,. iffere+t c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s a+ fr,. c,..(+it* gr,(3s that havei+itiate s(ch stati,+s; With,(t their c,+tri)(ti,+ this ),,/ :,(l have little t, s(..arise t,a*; As ares(lt s3ecial .e+ti,+ sh,(l )e .ae ,f the f,ll,:i+g gr,(3s a+ eve+ts :hich i+cl(e"

The R(ral Rai, .,ve.e+t ati+g fr,. the seve+ties

!(sh Rai, i+itiati+g 3art+ers a+ the C,..,+ Bisi,+ W,r/sh,3 7 'ress U+i,+ 7SAS'U ca.3(s rai,s

CI6RRO a+ AMARC>s st(* ,+ Africa+ rai,s 7


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Contents

1. An introduction to the concepts and debates on community radio 5

2. What is Community adio! " C,..(+it* Rai, i+ Africa" a hist,rical 3ers3ective

What is LC,..(+it*>?

=,r.s ,f c,..(+it* 3artici3at,r* rai,

What LC,..(+it* Rai,> is +,t

#. $ow to set up a Community adio! 1%

Missi,+

Nee assess.e+t

'artici3ati,+

Orga+isati,+al str(ct(re

'r,gra..i+g a+ 3r,(ci+g

Trai+i+g

Tech+ical eG(i3.e+t a+ s/ills

The +e: I+ter+et a+ satellite tech+,l,gies

=i+a+cial s(stai+a)ilit*

!(geti+g f,r *,(r stati,+

=(+raisi+g fr,. ,+,r ,rga+isati,+s

-ice+si+g a+ freG(e+c* all,cati,+

&. Prob'ems you shou'd e(pect to encounter 2&

5. Conc'usions 2%

Appendixes

one More on AMARC *+

t'o , -ther resources and assistance a&ailable *.

three , 0uipment information for setting up 12

four , The !eople(s Communication Charter 13

fi&e , Further readings 1+

si4 , AMARC members in Africa 56


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Acronyms used in this pub'ication

ACC6 Africa C,(+cil f,r C,..(+icati,+ 6(cati,+

AM A++(al e+eral Meeti+g 7,f .e.)ers

AMARC W,rl Ass,ciati,+ ,f C,..(+it* Rai, !r,acasters

C!O C,..(+it* !ase Orga+isati,+

CDC Ce+tre f,r De.,cratic C,..(+icati,+s

CI6RRO Ce+tre i+terafricai+ >t(es e+ rai, r(rale

COMN6SA C,..(+it* Meia Net:,r/ f,r 6aster+ a+ S,(ther+ Africa

D!SA Devel,3.e+t !a+/ ,f S,(ther+ Africa

4COMN6T 4e+*a C,..(+it* Meia Net:,r/

NCR= Nati,+al C,..(+it* Rai, =,r(.

NO N,+ ,ver+.e+tal Orga+isati,+

NS< Ce+tre N,ric SADC


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Chapter 1 )ntroduction* an o+er+iew of community radio in Africa

C,..(+it* rai, re3rese+ts the e.,cratisati,+ ,f c,..(+icati,+s; Si+ce the ave+t ,f Africase.,cratisati,+ 3r,cess i+ the 199#s .a+* c,..(+icati,+ activists +,: see it as the )asis f,r 3,3(lar

3artici3ati,+ )* the .a5,rit* ,f the 3e,3le;

6(g+ie A: f,r.er 'resie+t ,f AMARC state at the $ th W,rl Asse.)l* ,f AMARC i+ Da/ar i+199E"

I+ s3ea/i+g a),(t e.,cratisati,+ i+ Africa a s3ecific challe+ge arises" H,: ca+ it )ec,.e 3,ssi)le f,r 3,3(lati,+s i+ all their iversit* t, eter.i+e their f(t(re a+ the t*3e ,fevel,3.e+t the* :ish f,r the.selves? H,: ca+ rai, 3artici3ate i+ creati+g a e.,craticc(lt(re that e+a)les the 3,3(lati,+ t, ta/e res3,+si)ilit* f,r 3,litical ec,+,.ic a+ +ati,+al.a+age.e+t? Rai, the +e: tree ,f s3eech is ca3a)le ,f re/i+li+g the /e* traiti,+ ,f ,ral

e@3ressi,+ i+ :hich s3eech L)(ils the village>;

6ve+ th,(gh c,..(+it* rai, is a gr,:i+g 3he+,.e+,+ i+ Africa ),th i+ act(al ter.s a+ i+ 3,3(larit* it has evel,3e iffere+tl* acr,ss the c,+ti+e+t; H,:ever there are .a+* iss(es ,fc,..,+ c,+cer+ a+ a str,+g :ill t, share vie:s a+ e@3erie+ces :hich have )ee+ highlighte i+several c,+fere+ces a+ :,r/sh,3s thr,(gh,(t the c,+ti+e+t;

C,..(+it* rai, sig+ifies a t:,0:a* 3r,cess :hich e+tails the e@cha+ge ,f vie:s fr,. vari,(ss,(rces a+ is the aa3tati,+ ,f .eia f,r (se )* c,..(+ities; I+ a+ ieal :,rl c,..(+it* rai,all,:s .e.)ers ,f a c,..(+it* t, gai+ access t, i+f,r.ati,+ e(cati,+ a+ e+tertai+.e+t; I+ its

3(rest se+se it is .eia i+ :hich the c,..(+ities 3artici3ate as 3la++ers 3r,(cers a+ 3erf,r.ersa+ it is the .ea+s ,f e@3ressi,+ ,f the c,..(+it* rather tha+ f,r the c,..(+it*;

This is )eca(se c(rre+t .eia e.3hasis has )ee+ ,+ the (se ,f .ass c,..(+icati,+s :ith .essagesfl,:i+g fr,. the ca3ital cities t, the 3eri3her* :here fee)ac/ fr,. c,..(+ities have )ee+ li.ite;

6ve+ th,(gh c,..(+it* rai, sh,(l e+c,(rage access a+ 3artici3ati,+ )* c,..(+ities it als, hast, aress iss(es s(ch as :h, is i+ c,+tr,l :hether it is e.,craticall* .a+age a+ :hether there is a.echa+is. :here)* it is acc,(+ta)le t, th,se it serves;

The relevance of community radio to Africa

The i+tr,(cti,+ ,f c,..(+it* rai, has .a+* ava+tages f,r the Africa+ c,+ti+e+t"

The la+g(age iss(e :ill )e aresse :ith the i+tr,(cti,+ ,f c,..(+it* stati,+s give+ the large+(.)ers ,f iffere+t l,cal la+g(ages i+ Africa+ c,(+tries; I+ Africa it is +,t 5(st a G(esti,+ ,f:hether 3e,3le ca+ hear )r,acasts )(t rather :hether the* ca+ (+ersta+ the )r,acasts;

It aresses h(.a+ rights iss(es thr,(gh the right t, i+f,r.ati,+ a+ c,..(+icati,+;

The .a5,rit* ,f the 3e,3le i+ Africa have )ee+ starve ,f i+f,r.ati,+; I+ these a*s ,f thei+f,r.ati,+ s,ciet* c,..(+it* rai, ca+ ,ffer s,.e f,r. ,f .eia e(cati,+ creati+g a+i+f,r.ati,+ c(lt(re;

It e+ha+ces e.a+ci3ati,+ a+ self0:,rth;

C,..(+it* rai, ca+ serve as a 3latf,r. f,r e)ate e@cha+ge ,f ieas a+ reacti,+s t, 3la+s a+ 3r,5ects; It ca+ acc,..,ate 3e,3les ieas a+ satisf* their s3irit(al a+ 3s*ch,l,gical :ell)ei+g.(ch )etter tha+ a+* ,ther f,r. ,f )r,acasti+g;


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'reserves c(lt(ral ie+tit*" :ith gl,)alisati,+ ,f i+f,r.ati,+ a+ the ave+t ,f satellitec,..(+icati,+s c,..(+it* rai, ca+ ,ffer c,..(+ities a chea3 )(t vital :a* ,f 3r,tecti+g their

la+g(age a+ heritage; Rai, ca+ als, serve as a .ea+s t, sta+arise a la+g(age;Community radio and Democracy

',3(lar 3artici3ati,+ has )ee+ a great ca(se f,r c,+cer+ i+ Africa; There :ere re+e:e h,3es thate.,crac* :,(l )ec,.e a facilitat,r ,f evel,3.e+t a+ all,: 3,3(lar 3artici3ati,+ ,f ecisi,+0.a/i+g 3r,cesses si+ce the :i+s ,f cha+ge that s:e3t acr,ss Africa; This )elief le t, the Africa+Charter f,r ',3(lar 'artici3ati,+ i+ Devel,3.e+t a+ Tra+sf,r.ati,+ :hich :as evel,3e i+Ar(sha Ta+Fa+ia i+ 199#; The Charter calle f,r "

Pthe e.erge+ce ,f a +e: era i+ Africa 0 a+ Africa i+ :hich e.,crac* acc,(+ta)ilit*ec,+,.ic 5(stice a+ evel,3.e+t f,r tra+sf,r.ati,+ )ec,.e i+ter+alise a+ thee.3,:er.e+t ,f the 3e,3le i+itiative a+ e+ter3rise a+ the e.,cratisati,+ ,f theevel,3.e+t 3r,cess are the ,rer ,f the a*; The 3,litical c,+te@t ,f s,ci,0ec,+,.ic

evel,3.e+t has )ee+ characterise i+ .a+* i+sta+ces )* ,ver0ce+tralisati,+ ,f 3,:er a+i.3ei.e+ts t, the effective 3artici3ati,+ ,f the ,ver:hel.i+g .a5,rit* ,f the 3e,3le i+s,cial 3,litical a+ ec,+,.ic evel,3.e+t; As a res(lt the .,tivati,+ ,f the .a5,rit* ,f theAfrica+ 3e,3le a+ their ,rga+isati,+s t, c,+tri)(te their )est t, the evel,3.e+t 3r,cessa+ t, the )etter.e+t ,f their :,+ :ell0)ei+g as :ell as their sa* i+ +ati,+al evel,3.e+t has

)ee+ severel* c,+stra+e a+ c(rtaile a+ their c,llective a+ i+ivi(al creativit* has )ee+(+erval(e a+ (+er(tiliseP;

The se+ti.e+ts e@3resse i+ this Charter still 3revail t,a* a+ it is 3erha3s the reas,+ :h* the ave+t,f c,..(+it* rai, is s, 3,3(lar ,fferi+g a cha+ce f,r active 3artici3ati,+ ,f 3e,3le i+ thee.,cratisati,+ 3r,cess;

The politics of community radio in Africa

6ve+ th,(gh .a+* c,(+tries ,+ the Africa+ c,+ti+e+t have ,3e+e (3 their air:aves a+ have all,:ei+e3e+e+t c,..ercial a+ c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s there are legal a+ 3,litical l,,3s f,rc,..(+it* rai, stati,+s; H,:ever S,(th Africa is the e@ce3ti,+ :ith a clearl* efi+e three0tier

)r,acasti+g s*ste. +a.el* 3()lic c,..ercial a+ c,..(+it*;

Als, Na.i)ia>s 199% Na.i)ia C,..(+icati,+s C,..issi,+ Act states that 3ri,rit* i+ the all,cati,+,f freG(e+cies sh,(l g, t, P)r,acasters tra+s.itti+g the .a@i.(. +(.)er ,f h,(rs 3er a* a+ t,c,..(+it*0)ase )r,acastersP; I+ aiti,+ i+ s,.e West Africa+ c,(+tries s(ch as Mali a+ !(r/i+a=as, there has )ee+ tre.e+,(s e fact, 3,litical s(33,rt f,r the esta)lish.e+t ,f r(ral rai, stati,+sa+ ,ther f,r.s ,f c,..(+it* rai,; This ha a 3,sitive i.3act ,+ the s()0regi,+ :here ,therc,(+tries f,ll,:e rece+tl* s(ch as !e+i+ a+ Se+egal;

Whilst .a+* c,(+tries have ,3e+e (3 the air:aves all,:i+g ),th i+e3e+e+t c,..ercial a+

c,..(+it* stati,+s t, e@ist al,+gsie state0,:+e e+tities there are fe: la:s s(ch as the ,+e i+ Na.i)ia a+ S,(th Africa :hich safeg(ar c,..(+it* )r,acasti+g 3er se; =(rther.,re la:s :hichli)eralise the air:aves .a/e +, s3ecific refere+ce t, c,..(+it* )r,acasti+g; The QN!C 7-ice+si+gReg(lati,+s Act ,f 199& :hich li)eralise the air:aves i+ Qa.)ia .ae +, .e+ti,+ ,f c,..(+it*

)r,acasti+g :hats,ever )(t has all,:e the evel,3.e+t ,f religi,(s c,..(+it* )r,acasti+g s(chas Rai, Ice+gel, i+ the c,33er)elt t,:+ ,f 4it:e f,r i+sta+ce; I+ the case ,f !,ts:a+a :hich ,3e+e(3 its air:aves rece+tl* the !,ts:a+a Telec,..(+icati,+s A(th,rit* 7!TA the reg(lat,r* ),*e+ie a lice+ce t, a+ i+ter+ati,+al NO :,r/i+g i+ the 4alahari istrict ,+ the gr,(+s thatc,..(+it* )r,acasti+g :as alrea* )ei+g ,ffere )* the state0,:+e Rai, !,ts:a+a;

These te+e+cies sig+if* the lac/ ,f 3,litical :ill i+ the 3r,.,ti,+ ,f c,..(+it* rai, i+ s,.ec,(+tries; With,(t i+te+se l,))*i+g a+ av,cac* :,r/ this te+e+c* :ill +,t cease; Als, there is+ee f,r a:are+ess raisi+g a.,+g c,..(+icati,+ 3,lic* .a/ers ,+ the r,le ,f c,..(+it* rai,

)eca(se all


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i+icati,+s 3,i+t t, the fact that .a+* g,ver+.e+ts ass,ciate li)eralisati,+ :ith c,..ercial

e+tertai+.e+t0)ase rai, stati,+s .,re tha+ a+*thi+g else;Community radio and the Church

The R,.a+ Cath,lic Ch(rch is )ec,.i+g a .a5,r 3la*er i+ c,..(+it* rai, i+ Africa; I+creasi+gl*there are a +(.)er ,f rai, stati,+s esta)lishe (+er their a(s3ices :hich c,(l 3rett* s,,+,(t+(.)erc,..ercial stati,+s ,+ the c,+ti+e+t; [email protected] are" Rai, Ice+gel, i+ 4it:e a+ ,thers i+ the 3i3eli+ei+ vari,(s 3arts ,f Qa.)ia Rai, va+gile et Dvel,33e.e+t i+ !(r/i+a =as, a+ Rai, Sa+=ra+cisc, i+ M,Fa.)iG(e; The Cath,lic Ch(rch is als, active i+ the De.,cratic Re3()lic ,f C,+g,:ith Rai, 6li/*a a+ Rai, T,.isa i+ 4i+shasa a+ is i+tereste i+ esta)lishi+g a c,..(+it* stati,+,+ce the air:aves are f,r.all* li)eralise i+ Qi.)a):e; I+ s,.e cases s(ch as that ,f Rai, 6+c,+tr,i+ Na.3(la M,Fa.)iG(e the stati,+ is r(+ :ith sig+ifica+t c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ a+ 3la*s a

3,sitive r,le i+ c,..(+it* evel,3.e+t;

Community Radio Activism

Ma+* c,..(+it* rai, activists i+ ha+a 4e+*a Qa.)ia a+ Qi.)a):e have calle f,r Africa+g,ver+.e+ts t, i+terve+e i+ )r,acasti+g .ar/ets i+ fav,(r ,f c,..(+it* )r,acasti+g t, 3r,.,tes,cial g,als a+ i+fl(e+ce the .ar/et c,+(ct ,f the c,..ercial stati,+s; There are als, activist,rga+isati,+s :h,se s,le 3(r3,se is the i+tr,(cti,+ ,f c,..(+it* .eia 3artic(larl* c,..(+it*rai, i+ their c,(+tries; There is f,r i+sta+ce 4e+*a C,..(+it* Meia Net:,r/ 74COMN6T a+the +e:l* f,r.e C,..(+it* Meia Devel,3.e+t Orga+isati,+ 7COM6DO as :ell as the Nati,+alC,..(+it* Rai, =,r(. 7NCR= i+ S,(th Africa; I+ s,.e c,(+tries as i+ Mali a+ !(r/i+a =as,i+e3e+e+t rai, stati,+s are regr,(3e i+ several ass,ciati,+s; =(rther.,re a 3,:erf(l l,))* isgr,:i+g i+ .a+* ,f these c,(+tries t, get their g,ver+.e+ts t, 3r,vie fi+a+cial .ea+s t,s(stai+a)ilit*; H,:ever the fact that state f(+s are (se f,r +ati,+al state0,:+e )r,acasti+g e+tities

.ea+s that this fight is a l,+g :a* fr,. )ei+g ,ver;I+ res3,+se t, the e.erge+ce ,f c,..(+it* a+ ,ther i+e3e+e+t f,r.s ,f )r,acasti+g stati,+ss,.e state )r,acasters have )ega+ ece+tralisi+g their ,3erati,+s t, reach ,(t t, c,..(+ities eve+.,re; The state0,:+e ha+a !r,acasti+g C,r3,rati,+ 7!C is a case i+ 3,i+t :here there are +,:regi,+al !C stati,+s ,3erati+g al,+gsie ,ther 3rivate stati,+s i+ .a5,r cities ,f the c,(+tr*; The

Na.i)ia+ !r,acasti+g C,r3,rati,+ is esta)lishi+g a c,..(+it* rai, stati,+ i+ c,lla),rati,+ :ithU+esc, i+ the +,rth ,f the c,(+tr* t, 3r,.,te agric(lt(ral i+f,r.ati,+ f,r i+sta+ce;

Iss(es ,f fi+a+cial s(stai+a)ilit* ,fte+ 3lag(e c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s a+ +e: :a*s ,f ge+erati+gi+c,.e is c,+sta+tl* )ei+g s,(ght; I+creasi+gl* i++,vative 3art+ershi3s )et:ee+ stati,+s ,+,rage+cies a+ c,..(+it* ,rga+isati,+s is )ei+g s,(ght i+ /ee3i+g the c,+ce3t a+ 3ractise ,fc,..(+it* rai, alive;


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At c,+ti+e+tal level +et:,r/i+g evel,3e acc,ri+gl*; U+er the g(ia+ce ,f CI6RRO a+ :ithAMARC>s c,lla),rati,+ a ste30st,+e :as set thr,(gh a st(* ,+ the state ,f r(ral l,cal a+

e(cati,+al rai, i+ Africa c,.3lete i+ s th W,rl Asse.)l* i+ D()li+Irela+; Their isc(ssi,+s le t, the iea ,f a+ Africa+ rai, +et:,r/ a+ a 3re3arat,r* .eeti+g f,r alarge 'a+0Africa+ C,+fere+ce t,,/ 3lace i+


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Rai, Arc0e+0Ciel 7c,..(+it* rai, ,f Christia+ resie+ts thr,(gh,(t R(+i,+ Isla+ )r,acasti+g,+ iffere+t freG(e+cies;

I+ 3ri+ci3le there ca+ )e as .a+* c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s i+ a give+ c,(+tr* as there ca+ )eLc,..(+ities> i+ the sa.e c,(+tr* a+ availa)le freG(e+cies I+ 3ractice h,:ever s,.e c,(+tries>legislati,+ restrict the ra+ge ,f c,..(+ities eligi)le t, c,..(+it* rai, lice+ses t, ,+e ,r s,.e ,f thea),ve; The .,st c,..,+ case ,f e@cl(si,+ is that ,f ,rga+ise 3,litical 3arties;

Forms of community participatory radio

Acc,ri+g t, the AMARC $ Waves f,r =ree,. Re3,rt

C,..(+it* rai, r(ral rai, c,0,3erative rai, 3artici3at,r* rai, free rai, alter+ativerai, 3,3(lar rai, e(cati,+al rai,; V The* are l,cate i+ is,late r(ral villages a+ i+

the heart ,f the largest cities i+ the :,rl; Their sig+als .a* reach ,+l* a /il,.etre c,ver a:h,le c,(+tr* ,r )e carrie via sh,rt0:ave t, ,ther 3arts ,f the :,rl;

The esta)lish.e+t ,f c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s is ,fte+ a res(lt ,f vari,(s re3ressive e@3erie+ces i+iffere+t c,..(+ities; =,r [email protected]" i+ s,.e 6(r,3ea+ A(stralia+ a+ N,rth A.erica+ cases .i+,rit* gr,(3s 7s(ch as i+ige+,(s

i..igra+t ref(gee ,r )lac/ c,..(+ities :ere .argi+alise )* .ai+strea. .eia a+ theref,re(se c,..(+it* rai, as a t,,l f,r highlighti+g their rights a+ raise iss(es c,+cer+i+g theiri+terests

i+ S,(th Africa the a3arthei la:s e+s(re that the .a5,rit* ,f citiFe+s :ere isava+tage a+.argi+alise i+ the i+terest ,f the :hite .i+,rit*; The a3arthei regi.e act(all* (se the S,(thAfrica+ !r,acasti+g C,r3,rati,+ 7SA!C as a .,+,3,l* that c,+tr,lle the .eia i+(str*; This

le t, str(ggles e+gage )* 3r,gressive f,rces :hich the+ le t, the esta)lish.e+t ,f c,..(+it*rai, as a t,,l f,r evel,3.e+t )* c,..(+it* gr,(3s fr,. the hist,ricall* isava+tage.a5,rit*; Mi+,rit* gr,(3s als, sa: c,..(+it* rai, as a +ecessit* f,r their c,..(+icati,+ a+starte 5,i+i+g the .,ve.e+t

i+ -ati+ A.erica c,..(+it* rai, )eca.e the v,ice ,f the 3,,r a+ v,iceless !eoples Radio7la+less 3easa+ts (r)a+ shac/ :ellers i.3,verishe i+ige+,(s +ati,+s trae (+i,+s etc; a+als, as a t,,l f,r evel,3.e+t;

As sh,:+ )* the a),ve [email protected] the hist,rical 3hil,s,3h* ,f c,..(+it* rai, is t, (se this .ei(.as the v,ice ,f the v,iceless the .,(th3iece ,f ,33resse 3e,3le 7)e it ,+ racial ge+er ,r classgr,(+s a+ ge+erall* as a t,,l f,r evel,3.e+t;

ther forms of participatory radio for development

Acc,ri+g t, the AMARC $ 0 Waves f,r =ree,. Re3,rt Pc,..(+it* liste+i+g cl()s are i+ ,3erati,+i+ 4e+*a Qi.)a):e S,(th Africa a+ gai+i+g 3,3(larit* i+ areas :here c,..(+it* rai, stati,+shave +,t *et )ee+ esta)lishe;P

The .e.)ers ,f the cl()s .,stl* :,.e+ asse.)le at a l,cal ce+tre a+ liste+ t, a half0h,(r rai, 3r,gra..e (si+g a 3,rta)le rai, cassette rec,rer; Thereafter the .e.)ers e)ate the )r,acast a+the e)ate is rec,re ,+ the cassette c,+tai+e i+ the receiver; The* .a* als, raise a+* ,ther iss(es ,fc,+cer+ t, the. :hich are rec,re i+ the sa.e .a++er; It is the* :h, set the age+a a+ thec,,ri+at,r is .erel* a facilitat,r; The c,,ri+at,r visits each cl() 3eri,icall* t, c,llect their ta3esa+ re3le+ish their s(33l*; !ac/ at rai, stati,+ the c,,ri+at,r liste+s t, the rec,ri+gs ie+tifies the


14


15/50

,fficials ,r 3ers,+s :h, sh,(l res3,+ t, the c,+te+t ,f the rec,ri+g a+ c,.3iles a 3r,gra..e f,r )r,acast c,+tai+i+g the res3,+ses ,)tai+e;

I+ Qi.)a):e the c,,ri+at,rs re3,rt that the 3r,5ect is ver* s(ccessf(l a+ sh,(l )e e@3a+e; It has

le t, the esta)lish.e+t ,f via)le ve+t(res i+cl(i+g savi+gs cl()s fe+ce0.a/i+g air* far.i+g.ar/etgare+i+g .a+(fact(re ,f 3ea+(t )(tter a+ re0f,restati,+ (si+g i+ige+,(s i+stea ,f e@,tic trees;

The 3r,5ect has als, e0.*stifie )r,acasti+g )* facilitati+g 3,3(lar 3artici3ati,+ i+ the 3r,gra..i+ga+ 3laci+g the cl()0.e.)ers i+ irect c,..(+icati,+ :ith the 3,lic*0.a/ers i+stea ,f rel*i+gs,lel* ,+ .essages rela*e )* visiti+g 3,liticia+s a+ civil serva+ts;

The !o"er of Radio

C,..(+icati,+ is ce+tral t, the s(ccess ,f evel,3.e+t a+ e.,crac*; A+ c,..(+it* rai, is acr(cial c,..(+icati,+ t,,l that is eas* t, r(+ a+ .ai+tai+;

Rai, is the .,st accessi)le .ass .ei(. ,f c,..(+icati,+ i+ (se; It is a 3artic(larl* effective .ea+s,f c,..(+icati,+ i+ c,..(+ities :here .,st 3e,3le ca+ +either rea ,r :rite as th,se 3e,3le ca+s3ea/ a+ liste+;

Its liste+ershi3 is theref,re far .,re +(.er,(s tha+ the reaershi3 ,f +e:s3a3ers a+ a(ie+ce ,ftelevisi,+ 3artic(larl* i+ evel,3i+g c,(+tries;

Tech+icall* its 3r,(cti,+ c,sts are sig+ifica+tl* l,:er tha+ th,se ,f .,st 3ri+te ,r vie, c,..(+it*.eia; -i/e:ise its rece3ti,+ is easier a+ .,re aff,ra)le tha+ that ,f c,..(+it* vie, ,rtelevisi,+ a+ leaves ,(t the istri)(ti,+ +ight.ares ,f c,..(+it* 3()licati,+s;

Rai, ,3e+s traiti,+al Africa+ s3eech t, +e: s3aces t, the c,+G(est ,f ti.e t, re+e:eties ,f frie+shi3; S3eech th(s )ec,.es a c,.3,+e+t that c,+stit(tes the :,rl; It sh,(l

c,.e as +, s(r3rise the+ that as the 3,3(lati,+ e.a+s its .,st )asic rights rai, is )ec,.i+g the sig+ ,f +e: ti.es es3ite the fact that a+cie+t ti.es .at +,t c,.3letel* have )ee+ left )ehi+; ;;;; Rai, 3r,.,ter ,f a sch,,l ,f +ati,+al la+g(ages ,f a tech+ical sch,,l )ase ,+ Africa+ e@3ertise rai, e(cat,r a+ stre+gthe+er ,f :,.e+>s ,fte+ sile+cev,ices sh,(l )e +,t a (t,3ia )(t rather a+ effective ,+0air strateg*; ug7nie A') -peningSpeech by !resident) akar) Senegal) 8anuary *5) 2..3"

C,..(+it* rai, ca+ 3la* a vital r,le i+ evel,3.e+t a+ e.,cratisati,+ )*"

e+a)li+g c,..(+ities t, v,ice their ,:+ e@3erie+ces a+ t, criticall* [email protected]+e iss(es 3r,cessesa+ 3,licies affecti+g their lives a+

e(cati+g a+ .,)ilisi+g c,..(+ities ar,(+ evel,3.e+t i+itiatives a+ strategies that :illres(lt i+ a )etter life f,r liste+ers 7v,ter e(cati,+ AIDS l,cal g,ver+.e+t ge+er iss(es 3eace

)(ili+g e+vir,+.e+tal 3r,)le.s etc;;

!eca(se rai, ca+ )e ver* 3,:erf(l it .a* s,.e ti.es )e etri.e+tal t, the 3e,3le it sa*s it :a+ts t,serve; We sa: i+ R:a+a that a rai, stati,+ c,+tri)(te greatl* a+ cri.i+all* t, the trage* that hitthis c,(+tr* 7Rai, Mille C,lli+es; T, av,i the (se ,f .eia i+ h(.a+ rights a)(ses eve+ .i+,r,+es c,..(+it* .eia 3ractiti,+ers a+ h(.a+ rights activists are tr*i+g t, rall* i+ter+ati,+all*ar,(+ a !eople’s Communication Charter that 3r,vies g(ii+g 3ri+ci3les t, 3reve+t s(ch 3,te+tiala)(ses; A c,3* ,f the Charter is attache i+ a33e+i@ f,(r;

Rai, is theref,re 3,te+tiall* ver* 3,:erf(l a+ f,r its 3,sitive (se a+ evel,3.e+t t, s(cceeaeG(ate res,(rces a+ e+vir,+.e+t .(st e@ist;

The #roadcastin$ industry


15


16/50

!r,acasti+g is .ai+l* ivie i+t, 3()lic c,..ercial a+ c,..(+it*;

'()lic )r,acasti+g refers t, a )r,acasti+g service 3r,vie )* a stat(t,r* ),* (s(all* state0f(+e

)(t 3()licl* ,:+e :hich .ea+s that it is r(+ i+e3e+e+tl* fr,. the g,ver+.e+t a+ its )(get iseter.i+e thr,(gh 3arlia.e+t;

C,..ercial )r,acasti+g is a 3rivate )r,acasti+g service ,3erate f,r 3r,fit a+ c,+tr,lle 3rivatel* )* i+e3e+e+t c,..ercial gr,(3s ,r i+ivi(als;

C,..(+it* )r,acasti+g is referre t, as a )r,acasti+g service +,t f,r 3r,fit ,:+e a+ c,+tr,lle )* a 3artic(lar c,..(+it* (+er a+ ass,ciati,+ tr(st ,r f,((+ati,+; I+ s,.e i+sta+ces it ca+ )e,:+e )* +,+0g,ver+.e+tal ,rga+isati,+s :,r/i+g i+ c,..(+ities;

C,..(+it* rai, falls (+er the c,..(+it* )r,acasti+g categ,r*; It refers t, a rai, stati,+ ,:+ea+ c,+tr,lle )* a c,..(+it* efi+e either ge,gra3hicall* ,r as a c,..(+it* ,f i+terest;

Strictl* s3ea/i+g rights t, )r,acast i+ a+* give+ s,ciet* are a(th,rise )* the ,nationa' broadcastin-re-u'ator :hich is the i+stit(ti,+ res3,+si)le f,r the a33licati,+ ,f +ati,+al )r,acasti+g la:s i+ agive+ c,(+tr* a+ reg(lates the ge+eral evel,3.e+t ,f the )r,acasti+g i+(str*;

The reg(lati+g ),* iss(es lice+ses a+ all,cates freG(e+cies that c,+stit(te ,+e>s legal right t, )r,acast;

Disti+cti,+s .(st )e .ae )et:ee+ State .eia th,se ,f the 3rivate sect,r a+ th,se havi+ga c,..(+it* .a+ate; I+ .a+* i.3,verishe Africa+ c,(+tries li)erati,+ ,f the air:aves,fte+ i+v,lves .a+* ris/s s(ch as .eia access )* gr,(3s :ith s()sta+tial fi+a+cialres,(rces :ishi+g t, i+fl(e+ce 3()lic ,3i+i,+ )* .a+i3(lati+g 3r,gra.s a+ +e:s; State.eia are +,t al:a*s 3re3are t, ass(.e the r,le ,f i+s3iri+g cha+ge a+ creativit* a+c,+tri)(te ver* little t, the i+teracti,+ )et:ee+ the 3()lic a+ the .eia 0 :hich .(st )erest,re; This is the v,cati,+ ,f the .eia a+ .,re s3ecificall* ,f c,..(+it* rai," t,

c,+ceive 3r,gra..i+g i+ vie: ,f the .,st i..eiate c,+cer+s a+ 3r,f,(+ as3irati,+s ,fits 3,te+tial liste+ers; C,..(+it* rai, stati,+s ,ffer +e: h,3e a+ ca+ ,3e+ +e: h,riF,+sf,r free,.; The* ca+ i+still the esire t, act a+ a),ve all t, ,rga+iFe f,r cha+ge; Amadou

Mahtar) former irector9:eneral of ;


17/50

Ce+tral t, the efi+iti,+ ,f a c,..(+it* rai, is that it sh,(l either )e registere as a +,+03r,fit.a/i+g ,rga+isati,+ ,r ,:+e )* a+ ,rga+isati,+ registere as a +,+03r,fit .a/i+g e+tit*; =,[email protected]

The c,..(+it* rai, ,f Dassa0Q,(. a+ laF,( i+ !+i+ Rai, Ile.a is ,:+e )* theC(lt(re C,..(+icati,+ a+ Devel,3.e+t Ass,ciati,+ :hich is registere as a+ ass,ciati,+ +,t0f,r0gai+

The !(sh)(c/rige C,..(+it* Rai, Stati,+ i+ S,(th Africa is itself registere as a +,+03r,fit.a/i+g ,rga+isati,+;

This .ea+s that the c,..(+it* rai, stati,+ is +,t r(+ as a+ i+str(.e+t3r,5ect f,r 3r,fit0.a/i+g 3(r3,ses )(t rather as a .ea+s ,f c,..(+icati,+ f,r the c,..(+it* esse+tiall* ra+ t, serve thisc,..(+it*;

D, :e :,r/ 3ri.aril* f,r ,(r gai+ ,r t, hel3 i.3r,ve the s,cial c,+iti,+s a+ the c(lt(ral

G(alit* ,f life ,f the 3e,3le i+ ,(r c,..(+ities? C,..(+it* rai, stati,+s are +,t l,,/i+gf,r 3r,fit )(t t, 3r,vie a service t, civil s,ciet*; A service that atte.3ts t, i+fl(e+ce 3()lic,3i+i,+ create c,+se+s(s stre+gthe+ e.,crac* a+ a),ve all create c,..(+it* he+ce the+a.e c,..(+it* rai,; 8os7 Ignacio =>pe? @igil) AMARC Regional Co9ordinator for =atin

America"

This +,+03r,fit reG(ire.e+t ,es +,t .ea+ that the i+itiative ,r rai, stati,+ ca++,t )e ,3erate al,+g )(si+ess li+es +,r ge+erate c,..ercial reve+(es 7f,r i+sta+ce fr,. avertisi+g clie+ts;

It ,es +,t .ea+ either that the rai, stati,+ ca++,t ge+erate i+c,.e i+ e@cess ,f its )asic e@3e+it(re7i;e; a Ls(r3l(s>" e@cess i+c,.e i+ a +,+03r,fit ,rga+isati,+ ca++,t )e calle a L3r,fit> it is rather aLs(r3l(s>; It rather .ea+s that a+* s(r3l(s i+c,.e ge+erate has t, )e 3l,(ghe )ac/ i+t, the 3r,5ect

)e s3e+t ,r i+veste i+t, the evel,3.e+t ,f the stati,+;

I+ a +,+03r,fit .a/i+g ,rga+isati,+ there are +, i+ivi(al ,:+ers ,r shareh,lers; The c,..(+it*c,llectivel* ,:+s the 3r,5ect a+ theref,re ecies c,llectivel* 7at its AM ,r thr,(gh itsre3rese+tatives ,+ h,: t, (se its e@cess res,(rces; H,:ever these .(st never )e istri)(te a.,+gs,.e i+ivi(al .e.)ers v,l(+teers ,r staff .e.)ers ,f the stati,+ as L),+(ses> +,r i+ the :a*L3r,fit shares> are 3ai ,(t t, shareh,lers ,f c,..ercial )(si+esses;

Community participation

A+,ther ver* i.3,rta+t as3ect ,f a c,..(+it* rai, is the iss(e ,f c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ t,g(ara+tee that the c,..(+it* reall* ,:+s a+ c,+tr,l the stati,+;

The reG(ire.e+t ,f c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ e+s(res that .e.)ers ,f the c,..(+it* are i+v,lve i+the r(++i+g ,f the stati,+ i;e; i+ the f,ll,:i+g activities"

electi,+ ,f leaershi3 7!,ar .e.)ers ,r tr(stees

3,lic*0.a/i+g f,r the stati,+

.a+age.e+t ,f the stati,+

selecti,+ a+ 3r,visi,+ ,f 3r,gra..i+g

3r,(cti,+ ,f 3r,gra..es

e@ter+al re3rese+tati,+ ,f the stati,+


17


18/50

etc;

Mecha+is.s a+ str(ct(res t, achieve this e3e+ ,+ the vari,(s creative a33r,aches a+ .,els ,fthe iffere+t stati,+s; What is i.3,rta+t is that there is c,+siste+t i+v,lve.e+t ,f c,..(+it* .e.)ersi+ .a+* iffere+t :a*s a+ that it theref,re reflects the i+terest ,f the c,..(+it* it serves;

=,r [email protected]"

S,.e stati,+s have a v,l(+teers gr,(3 ra:+ fr,. the c,..(+it* :h, 3la+ 3r,gra..i+g 3r,(cti,+ gatheri+g ,f +e:s s,(rces etc; 3r,vie .a+age.e+t )ac/0(3 c,+tri)(te t,:ars 3,lic*0.a/i+g a+ evel,3.e+t 3la++i+g etc; These activities are c,0,ri+ate )* a B,l(+teerC,0,ri+at,r :h, (s(all* sits ,+ the .a+age.e+t c,..ittee;

Other stati,+s have ,3e+ f,r(.s ta/i+g 3lace ,+ a .,+thl* ,r )i.,+thl* )asis :here thestati,+>s .a+age.e+t tea. re3,rt ,+ activities; C,..(+it* .e.)ers the+ share ieas a+ .a/erec,..e+ati,+s f,r the Ma+age.e+t ,r !,ar t, ecie ,r i.3le.e+t;

I+ ,ther cases stati,+s have ),th v,l(+teers gr,(3s a+ ,3e+ f,r(.s;

Other stati,+s have a -iste+ers Cl() :here liste+ers ca+ critiG(e 3r,gra..i+g a+ s(ggest 3r,gra..e ieas;

e+erall* there is a large A++(al e+eral Meeti+g ,f .e.)ers 7AM :here re3,rts are ta)leelecti,+s ta/e 3lace a visi,+ ,r 3la+ is ra:+ (3 f,r the stati,+ etc; These (s(all* i+v,lve .,st.e.)ers ,f the c,..(+it* that ,:+s a+ c,+tr,ls the stati,+;

I+ s,.e stati,+s ),th i+ivi(al c,..(+it* .e.)ers a+ l,cal NOs ,r C!Os 7i;e; c,..(+it*0 )ase ,rga+isati,+s have v,ti+g rights; I+ivi(al .e.)ers if a+* (s(all* have fe:er v,tes tha+ 3e,3le re3rese+ti+g ,rga+isati,+s;

The highest egree ,f c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ sh,(l )e achieve +,t ,+l* i+ receivi+gi+f,r.ati,+ )(t i+ 3r,vii+g the i+f,r.ati,+ that the c,..(+it* reG(ires " $eloise enningand ric =ou' )BSA) !erspecti&es on Communication and e&elopment) 8anuary 2..%

Community radio and fundin$

The efi+iti,+ ,f f(+i+g f,r c,..(+it* )r,acasti+g services i+cl(es a ra+ge ,f s,(rces s(ch as,+ati,+s .e.)ers s()scri3ti,+ fees f(+raisi+g eve+ts lev* s3,+s,rshi3 avertisi+g i+c,.e etc;S(ch a variet* ,f f(+i+g s,(rces is ,f i..e+se i.3,rta+ce t, the via)ilit* a+ s(stai+a)ilit* ,f a+*c,..(+it* rai,;

S,.e stati,+s are )ase i+ r(ral areas ,r i+ areas :ith less ,r +, ec,+,.ic )ase t, s(stai+ the stati,+;

I+ these areas s(fficie+t self0ge+erate i+c,.e 7avertisi+g .e.)ershi3 fees l,cal s3,+s,rshi3s.ight )e iffic(lt t, sec(re f,r all the +ees ,f the stati,+; It ca+ reG(ire c,.3le.e+tar* i+c,.ethr,(gh the fi+a+cial a+,r .aterial s(33,rt ,f +ati,+al ,+ati+g ,rga+isati,+s 7ch(rches charities(+i,+s large ass,ciati,+s tr(sts ,r i+ter+ati,+al evel,3.e+t ai age+cies;

I+ s(ch i+sta+ces the +ati,+al g,ver+.e+t ca+ als, s()siise the stati,+ :ith +, stri+gs attache 7i;e;f(+i+g )(t +,t c,+tr,lli+g; This is 3,ssi)le thr,(gh a+ Act ,f 'arlia.e+t that clearl* e+s(res that theg,ver+.e+t all,:s 3()lic a+ c,..(+it* )r,acasters t, )e i+e3e+e+t;

All f(+i+g sh,(l ai. t, e+c,(rage 3l(ralis. as :ell as i+e3e+e+ce; As a c,+seG(e+ce 3()lic .eia sh,(l )e f(+e ,+l* :here a(th,rities g(ara+tee a c,+stit(ti,+al a+ effectivefree,. ,f i+f,r.ati,+ a+ e@3ressi,+ a+ the i+e3e+e+ce ,f the 3ress; ;


19/50

Cha3ter & ,ffers 3ractical ieas a+ [email protected] ,+ fi+a+cial s(stai+a)ilit* a+ f(+raisi+g f,rc,..(+it* rai,;

What Community Radio is not

I+ the 3revi,(s secti,+ ,f this cha3ter c,..(+it* rai, :as efi+e has havi+g three as3ects"

+,+03r,fit .a/i+g

c,..(+it* ,:+ershi3 a+ c,+tr,l

c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+

H,:ever ,()ts still re.ai+; =,r i+sta+ce there are s,.e rai, stati,+s starte (3 )* the State :hichservice ,r .a*)e eve+ i+v,lve c,..(+ities; 6G(all* there are 3rivate rai, stati,+s that are als,servici+g ,r i+v,lvi+g c,..(+ities a+ .a* ,r .a* +,t have 3r,fit0.a/i+g .,tives;

Rural Radio and Community Radio

I+ .a+* Africa+ c,(+tries there has )ee+ s,.e g,ver+.e+t0c,+tr,lle r(ral rai, stati,+s :hich have,.i+ate the )r,acasti+g i+(str* at s,.e stage i+ Africa>s )r,acasti+g hist,r*; H,:ever these are

)* efi+iti,+ g,ver+.e+t rai, ai.e at servi+g the r(ral c,..(+ities;

R(ral rai,s theref,re have a r,le ,f acc,.3a+*i+g i+f,r.ati,+ a+ trai+i+g activitiesc,+(cte )* evel,3.e+t tech+ical services; The* , s, i+ )rea/i+g :ith the traiti,+alf,r.s ,f accessi)ilit* a+ tra+s.issi,+ ,f .essages a+ the* fav,(r i+teractivec,..(+icati,+ relati,+shi3s :ith r(ral 3,3(lati,+s; R7seau des bailleurs de fondsinter&enant en appui au4 m7dias africains) Copenhague) 39D mai 2..D"

R(ral rai,s servicesstati,+s have )ee+ G(ite ,fte+ ver* effective .ea+s ,f c,..(+icati,+ )* theg,ver+.e+t :ith r(ral 3e,3le; I+ several cases the* have a g,, trac/ rec,r ,f )ei+g i+f,r.ative f,rthe r(ral .asses;

Set (3 i+ 19$ r(ral rai, )eca.e the 3rie ,f C,+g,lese 3easa+ts :h, sa: it as their ,+l*.ea+s ,f e@3ressi,+ thr,(gh,(t the Ce+tral Africa+ C,(+tr*; Community Media


20/50

The iffere+ce here is that )(*ers ,f s(ch stati,+s have e@cl(sive c,+tr,lli+g rights :hich e@cl(e their

.a+agers staff a+ liste+ers; If the c,..(+it* it serves has a 3r,)le. :ith s(ch a stati,+ there is +,:a* the* ca+ res,lve it fr,. :ithi+ the stati,+>s str(ct(res; I+stea ,+l* c,+fr,+tati,+ .a* cha+ge thestati,+>s vie:s;

6ve+ :he+ the c,..(+it* is gra+te s,.e /i+ ,f access ,r 3artici3ati,+ i+t, a 3rivate stati,+ it stillca++,t clai. a+* right ,ver that stati,+; -egall* rights are e@cl(sivel* reserve f,r the i+ivi(al,:+er ,r i+ivi(al shareh,lers ,f this 3rivate stati,+; Theref,re this is )* +, .ea+s a c,..(+it*rai,;


20


21/50

Chapter # $ow to set up a Community adio!

This ),,/let has atte.3te t, efi+e :hat is a+ :hat is +,t c,..(+it* rai,; This cha3ter is a+aa3te versi,+ ,f a ,c(.e+t 3r,(ce )* N/,3a+e Ma3hiri f,r the NCR= ,f S,(th Africa :hich

3r,vies the )asic ste3s i+ esta)lishi+g a c,..(+it* rai,;

Mission

It is i.3,rta+t f,r a c,..(+it* rai, 3r,5ect t, evel,3 a clear .issi,+ state.e+t :hich esta)lishesthe g,al ,f the rai, stati,+ its target gr,(3 a+ the +ees a+,r i+terests it ai.s t, aress;

As !ill Sie.eri+g fr,. the O3e+ S,ciet* I+stit(te sai at a se.i+ar hel i+ M,Fa.)iG(e i+ Ma*1998"

The .issi,+ ,f a rai, stati,+ efi+es its ai.; It ie+tifies +ees a+ i+terests a+ .irr,rsthe stati,+>s str(ct(re it is the .a3 that 3r,vies irecti,+ t,:ars the achieve.e+ts ,f its,)5ectives it is the i+str(.e+t t, .eas(re its s(ccess it is the f,(+ati,+ ,+ :hich ever*thi+gelse is )(ilt it is the star that g(ies (s; V The e+tire 3r,gra..i+g .(st )e )ase ,+ the

3ri+ci3les esta)lishe )* the .issi,+; A+ f,r the 3r,gra..i+g t, )e r,,te i+ thec,..(+it* the sees .(st ger. :ithi+ the c,..(+it*;

The first ste3 i+ evel,3i+g a .issi,+ state.e+t is a clearl* efi+e target c,..(+it* i;e;"

a ge,gra3hicall* f,(+e c,..(+it* tra+s.itti+g :ithi+ a give+ l,cati,+ a+,r a c,..(+it* ,f a 3artic(lar i+terest :hich i+te+s reachi+g all .e.)ers ,f that i+terest gr,(3;

The+ a+ i+ve+t,r* ,f the c,..(+it* +ees as e@3resse )* c,..(+it* .e.)ers the.selves .(st

)e gathere; 'e,3le :ill 3r,)a)l* .e+ti,+ +ees relate t, health e(cati,+ e.3l,*.e+t .ar/eti+g,f their 3r,(ce tra+s3,rt s/ills evel,3.e+t ge+er 3eace a+ sec(rit* e+vir,+.e+t etc;

The f,ll,:i+g 3hase is the tra+sf,r.ati,+ ,f these +ees ,r at least s,.e ,f the. i+t, the f,r.(lati,+,f ,)5ectives t, )e achieve )* the rai, stati,+; The f,ll,:i+g [email protected] ,f s3ecific ,)5ectives ca+ )ef,(+ i+ .issi,+ state.e+ts"

T, 3r,vie a f,r(. f,r e)ates ,f l,cal iss(es a+ 3r,)le.s s,lvi+g T, sti.(late creativit* a+ l,cal i+itiatives as a :a* t, 3r,.,te self0relia+ce a+ evel,3.e+t T, assist e(cati,+ a+ health services i+ the c,..(+it* T, 3r,.,te l,cal a+ Africa+ .(sic T, e+c,(rage a+ active c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ i+ the stati,+>s ,3erati,+s T, 3r,vie acc(rate i+f,r.ati,+ fr,. a+ t, the c,..(+it*;

The s3ecific ,)5ectives state i+ the .issi,+ :ill e+a)le the evel,3.e+t ,f clear 3,licies ,+ a variet*,f iss(es t, g(ie the stati,+ at ,3erati,+i.3le.e+tati,+ level e;g;"

The 3r,gra..e f,r.at a+ c,+te+t :ill )e i+fl(e+ce )* the stati,+>s ,)5ectives A ecisi,+ ca+ )e .ae ,+ the /i+ ,f avertisi+g the stati,+ :ill all,: 0 if it ,es all,: a+* A 3la+ a+ i+ter+al r(les ca+ )e a,3te t, e+s(re c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ a+ i+v,lve.e+t a+

trai+i+g ,f v,l(+teers A+ i+f,r.ati,+ 3,lic* ca+ )e a,3te as :ell as a strateg* t, access 5,(r+alis. trai+i+g

,33,rt(+ities a+ aeG(ate st(i, a+ fiel rec,ri+g eG(i3.e+t etc;

/eed assessment


21


22/50

T, ,)tai+ a lice+se f,r )r,acasti+g fi+a+cial assista+ce fr,. ,+,rs ,r s(33,rt fr,. l,cala(th,rities a +ee assess.e+t :ill )e reG(ire; This :ill 3r,)a)l* )e ,+e ,f the .,st challe+gi+g tas/sthat *,(

.ight have t, face; 'r,vi+g the +ee f,r a c,..(+it* rai, stati,+ is +,t as eas* as 3r,vi+g a +ee f,ra health ce+tre i+ the c,..(+it*; 'e,3le have t, )e first c,+vi+ce e+,(gh that the +ee t,c,..(+icate i+ the evel,3i+g s,ciet* is as esse+tial as the +ee f,r health e(cati,+ h,(si+g a+,ther thi+gs;

'e,3le are ge+erall* ,f the ,3i+i,+ that c,..(+icati,+ is a.,+gst the least i.3,rta+t iss(es ,+ theirage+a; O+e has t, clearl* sh,: h,: rai, ca+ )rige the ga3 )et:ee+ l,cal a(th,rities +ati,+alg,ver+.e+t a+ ,ther evel,3.e+tal ,rga+isati,+s; This +ee has t, )e G(a+tifia)le )* .ea+s ,fstatistical fig(res t, )e c,+vi+ci+g; =,r [email protected] .e+ti,+i+g the +(.)er ,f 3e,3le *,(r c,..(+it*rai, ai.s t, service is i.3,rta+t a+ s,.e research ca+ )e reG(ire at this stage;

Participation

C,..(+it* rai, is characterise )* a+ active c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ i+ all the str(ct(res ,f the,rga+isati,+; The c,..(+it* that the stati,+ serves has t, )e i+v,lve i+ evel,3i+g the rai, stati,+

3r,5ect a+ .issi,+ a+ i+ esig+i+g f(t(re 3r,gra..es; The c,..(+it* 3artici3at,r* str(ct(re .ight+,t *et )e i+ 3lace )(t 3e,3le .(st )e i+vite t, 5,i+ the 3r,cess a+ c,+tri)(te t, setti+g (3 thatstr(ct(re 7see )el,:;

As c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s e3e+ ,+ v,l(+teers it is theref,re i.3,rta+t t, recr(it fr,. *,(r act(altarget c,..(+it* right fr,. the )egi++i+g )eca(se +, ,ther 3ers,+ has a )etter (+ersta+i+g ,f theiss(es tha+ the 3e,3le :h, are 3art ,f it;

reat eff,rts :ill have t, )e 3(t i+t, e.3,:eri+g the l,cal 3e,3le t, r(+ the stati,+; It .a* )e iffic(ltt, ,)tai+ 3artici3ati,+ a+ e+th(sias. at the ver* earl* stages ,f the 3r,5ect 3re3arati,+s )(t it isi.3,rta+t t, i+v,lve as .a+* gr,(3s a+ i+ivi(als as 3,ssi)le fr,. the start;

0r-anisationa' structure

The str(ct(re ,f the ,rga+isati,+ sh,(l )e as e.,cratic as 3,ssi)le s(ch that the c,..(+it* )ec,.es activel* i+v,lve i+ the electi,+ ,f the ),ar .e.)ers ,r tr(stees a+ a+* ,ther 3,rtf,li, i+the rai, stati,+;

The str(ct(re c,(l i+cl(e the f,ll,:i+g ),ies"

the Me.)ers a+ the A++(al e+eral Meeti+g ,f the .e.)ers 7AM

the !,ar ,f Direct,rs ,r Tr(stees

the 6@ec(tive C,..ittee ,f the !,ar 7,r the c,0,ri+ati,+.a+age.e+t c,..ittee

the B,l(+teers r,(3 a+,r the O3e+ =,r(.

the staff 7if a+* ,r at a later stage;

The r,le ,f each a+ ever* ),* a+ 3ers,+ i+ the stati,+ .(st )e clearl* efi+e i+ ,rer t, av,i asit(ati,+ :here s,.e 3e,3le feel that the* have .,re 3,:er tha+ ,thers;

The r,le ,f the highest ecisi,+0.a/i+g ),* a+ ,f the v,l(+teers .(st )e caref(ll* ,(tli+e;6.3l,*e ,r eve+ v,l(+teer .e.)ers ,f staff sh,(l have a33r,3riate 5,) escri3ti,+s; All ,f these

3r,cesses .(st (+f,l i+ a ver* tra+s3are+t a+ e.,cratic .a++er;


22


23/50

It is :ise +,t t, have a ver* )(rea(cratic str(ct(re at the i+itial stages ,f the 3r,5ect; This :ill all,:fle@i)ilit* i+ ecisi,+0.a/i+g 3r,cesses; H,:ever :he+ the ,rga+isati,+ gr,:s it :ill )e esse+tial that

clear li+es ,f acc,(+ta)ilit* a+ f(+cti,+s are evel,3e t, e+a)le isci3li+e a+ acc,(+ta)ilit* ,f the

3ers,++el a+ electe leaershi3;

Pro-rammin- and producin- community radio pro-rammes

As a rai, stati,+ *,(r (t* is t, 3r,(ce g,, G(alit* 3r,gra..i+g :hich :ill a33eal t, liste+ers;'e,3le :ill +,t liste+ t, c,..(+it* rai, 5(st )eca(se it is there )(t )eca(se ,f the val(a)le

3r,gra..es availa)le fr,. the stati,+; If a c,..(+it* rai, stati,+ has 3,,r G(alit* ,f 3r,gra..i+g 3e,3le :ill either s:itch ,ff ,r t(+e i+ t, a+,ther rai, stati,+ that :ill a33eal t, the. .,re;

O+ the ,ther ha+ the +ee f,r 3r,(ci+g G(alit* 3r,gra..e .(st +,t )ec,.e a+ e@c(se t, e@cl(ethe 3artici3ati,+ ,f the c,..(+it* i+ the 3r,(cti,+ 3r,cess; I+ s,.e cases 3r,gra..e 3r,(cti,+has )ee+ carrie ,(t )* G(alifie 3r,(cers t, the t,tal e@cl(si,+ ,f .e.)ers ,f the c,..(+it*; Thee@c(se has )ee+ that 3r,(cti,+ is a s3ecialise s/ill that is +,t easil* f,(+ i+ c,..(+ities; H,:ever

it has )ec,.e a33are+t that eve+ 3r,fessi,+al 5,(r+alists a+ G(alifie rai, 3r,(cers lac/ s/ills :he+it c,.es t, c,..(+it* rai, 3r,gra..i+g; The* .ight tr* t, :,r/ for the c,..(+it* )(t the* .ight+,t have the s/ills t, :,r/ "ith the c,..(+it* a+ t, i+v,lve the c,..(+it* i+ 3r,(ci+g its ,:+

3r,gra..es i+ the fiel a+ i+ the st(i,;

rainin-

The challe+ge theref,re lies i+ )ala+ci+g tech+ical a+ 3r,gra..e 3r,(cti,+ :ith the 3artici3ati,+ ,fc,..(+it* .e.)ers :h, ,+>t have these s/ills; 'artici3ati,+ )* .e.)ers ,f the c,..(+it* sh,(l+,t )e li.ite t, g,ver+i+g the rai, stati,+ 7:hich is als, challe+gi+g f,r (+s/ille 3e,3le; As .(ch,f 3ractical :,r/ as 3,ssi)le sh,(l )e carrie ,(t )* v,l(+teers fr,. the c,..(+it*;

This is :h* c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ ,fte+ reG(ires trai+i+g; It ,es +,t have t, ta/e .,re tha+ a fe::ee/s t, teach a c,..itte activist t, (se the rai, .eia; I+0h,(se :,r/sh,3s ca+ )e ,rga+ise :iththe assista+ce ,f .,re esta)lishe rai, 5,(r+alists .a+agers tech+icia+s ,r a+*,+e :h, has a /ee+i+terest i+ the evel,3.e+t ,f the stati,+; A(lt e(cat,rs a+ e@3erie+ce c,..(+it* :,r/ers haveals, a l,t t, c,+tri)(te eve+ if the* are (+fa.iliar :ith .eia 3r,5ects at least the* /+,: h,: t,:,r/ "ith the c,..(+it*;

Trai+i+g sh,(l al:a*s )e ,+e i+ vie: ,f evel,3i+g the c,..(+it* rai, a+ +,t ,+l* s,.ei+ivi(als; There have )ee+ cases :here it is al:a*s the sa.e i+ivi(als i+ a stati,+ that get accesst, trai+i+g ,33,rt(+ities; This c,+ce+trates all the s/ills i+ a fe: ha+s he+ce re(ci+g the a)ilit* ,f a:ier +(.)er ,f 3e,3le t, 3artici3ate effectivel* ,+ the stati,+; =e:er s/ille 3e,3le :ea/e+s therai,>s s(stai+a)ilit* sh,(l these i+ivi(als leave the stati,+ f,r gree+er 3ast(resV

Trai+i+g ca+ )e 3r,vie i+ .a+* areas ,f )r,acasti+g; O+e ca+ thi+/ f,r [email protected] ,f"

the e+tire 3r,cess ,f setti+g (3 a c,..(+it* rai, " i+itial c,..(+it* str(ct(res i+f,r.ati,+gatheri+g a+ esig+ ,f the 3r,5ect efi+iti,+ ,f a .issi,+ a,3ti+g a c,+stit(ti,+ registrati,+lice+se a33licati,+ a+ freG(e+c* all,cati,+ f(+raisi+g eG(i3.e+t 3r,c(re.e+t g,i+g ,+ airetc;

the .a+age.e+t ,f the c,..(+it* rai, " 3,lic*0.a/i+g avertisi+g a+ ,ther f(+raisi+gactivities acc,(+ti+g a+ fi+a+cial .a+age.e+t h(.a+ res,(rces a+ s/ills evel,3.e+t.e.)ershi3 K c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+ ,3erati,+al 3la++i+g a+ 3r,gra..i+g .a+agi+gc,+flict a+ cha+ge etc;

the 3r,(cti,+ ,f 3r,gra..es " i+v,lvi+g the c,..(+it* a+ l,cal ,rga+isati,+s i+ 3r,(cti,+.a+agi+g v,l(+teers a+ 3r,fessi,+als relati,+shi3s ethics +e:s feat(res c(rre+t affairs fiel

a+ st(i, eG(i3.e+t (se research :riti+g 3rese+ti+g i+tervie:i+g eiti+g s,(+ effects etc;


23


24/50

the tech+ical s/ills a+ eG(i3.e+t " :hat is air:aves s,(+ rec,ri+g a+te++a a+ tra+s.itters )(ili+g tech+ical tea.s i+ the stati,+ 3la++i+g tech+ical evel,3.e+ts a+ s/ills 3r,c(re.e+t (se

.a+age.e+t a+ .ai+te+a+ce .i+,r re3airs c,++ecti+g a+ str(ct(ri+g a st(i, etc;A list ,f availa)le res,(rces a+ trai+i+g i+stit(ti,+s ca+ )e f,(+ i+ a33e+i@ t:, ,f this ),,/let;

3uipment and technica' ski''s

'r,c(re.e+t ,f eG(i3.e+t f,r rai, )r,acasti+g ca+ )e i+ti.iati+g )(t ca+ )e easil* e.*stifie;O+e +ees t, e+s(re that the 3e,3le assisti+g *,( i+ 3(rchasi+g the eG(i3.e+t are /+,:legea)le i+that fiel a+ se+sitive t, the s3ecificit* ,f a c,..(+it* rai, 3r,5ect; I.3,rta+t ecisi,+s :ill have t,

)e .ae regari+g the /i+ ,f eG(i3.e+t that has t, )e 3(rchase; Y,( :ill have t, select a.,+gst a:ie variet* ,f eG(i3.e+t 0 :hether a+al,g(e ,r igital e3e+i+g ,+ the )(get *,( have at *,(ris3,sal;

There are al:a*s 3ress(res fr,. sales 3e,3le t, )(* the latest ,r .,st s,3histicate eG(i3.e+t; O+e.(st /+,: that iffere+t ,3ti,+s e@ist a+ that eG(i3.e+t ca+ )e gra(all* (3grae 7this is tr(e f,r

)r,acasti+g ,r c,.3(ter eG(i3.e+t; If *,( ca+ aff,r it i+vite a+ i+e3e+e+t tech+icia+ t, visit thesite ch,se+ f,r the stati,+; He ,r she c,(l hel3 *,( assess the t*3e ,f eG(i3.e+t that :,(l )est s(it*,(r +ees i+ ter.s ,f the regi,+s t,3,gra3h* cli.ate a+ access t, )ac/0(3 s(33,rt a+ s3are 3artsfr,. the vari,(s eG(i3.e+t c,.3a+ies 3rese+t i+ *,(r regi,+;

I+ ,rer t, av,i )ei+g at the .erc* ,f s(33liers a+ havi+g t, 3a* e@cessive a.,(+ts f,r eG(i3.e+t.ai+te+a+ce a+ re3airs c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s .(st e+gage i+ s,.e s/ills> evel,3.e+t i+ thetech+ical fiel; With,(t )ec,.i+g )r,acasti+g e+gi+eers (sers ,f the st(i, a+ fiel eG(i3.e+tsh,(l at least /+,: h,: t, 3r,3erl* (se a+ .ai+tai+ their eG(i3.e+t as :ell as )e a)le t, atte+ t,s,.e .i+,r re3airs;

The stati,+ staff +ees t, fa.iliarise itself :ith tre+s a+ evel,3.e+ts i+ vari,(s tech+,l,gies a+ )e a)le t, .a/e 3r,3er rec,..e+ati,+s :he+ it c,.es t, 3(rchasi+g ,r (3grai+g eG(i3.e+t; This:ill als, )e (sef(l t, esig+ i+ter+al r(les ,+ (se a+ .ai+te+a+ce t, c,+tr,l st,c/s a+ .,+it,r theeG(i3.e+t c,+iti,+ a+ t, evel,3 a tech+ical trai+i+g strateg*; It :ill als, )e i.3,rta+t t, .a/es(re that :,.e+ i+v,lve i+ the c,..(+it* rai, are +,t left ,(t ,f the activities relate t, theevel,3.e+t ,f tech+ical s/ills a+ eG(i3.e+t;

The ,verall )r,acasti+g st(i, igital s*ste. i+cl(i+g the tra+s.itter c,sts the eG(ivale+t ,f a),(tUSX9#### ,r ==EE#### i+ S,(th Africa; H,:ever a l,: c,st 3,ssi)ilit* e@ists f,r a 3r,(cti,+st(i, calle the Digital 6it W,r/Stati,+; It is a sta+0al,+e (+it a+ c,sts the eG(ivale+t ,f a),(tUSX11E## ,r ==#### als, i+ S,(th Africa; There is a +(.)er ,f )r,acasti+g eG(i3.e+t s(33liers

)ase i+ S,(th Africa :hich c,(l )e a33r,ache f,r G(,tati,+s ,+ vari,(s /i+ ,f eG(i3.e+t ,thertha+ these;

=,r a stati,+ )ase ,(t ,f S,(ther+ Africa it c,(l )e chea3er t, )(* the eG(i3.e+t else:here i+Africa ,r eve+ i+ 6(r,3e ,r A.erica as the eG(i3.e+t availa)le i+ S,(th Africa is i.3,rte fr,.,verseas; It is :,rth c,.3ari+g 3rices;

=,r .,re i+f,r.ati,+ ,+ the eG(i3.e+t a+ the s(33liers )ase i+ Africa 3lease c,+tact the trai+i+gi+stit(ti,+s liste i+ a33e+i@ t:, ,r the res,(rce e3art.e+t at NCR= i+ S,(th Africa ,r AMARCAfrica>s ,ffice;

Als, c,+s(lt als, a33e+i@ three ,f this ),,/let f,r .,re i+f,r.ati,+ ,+ eG(i3.e+t;


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25/50

he new )nternet and sate''ite techno'o-ies

S,.e c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s i+ Africa a+ else:here i+ the :,rl +,: have access t, the latesttech+,l,gies all,:i+g the. t, receive +e:s thr,(gh a satellite li+/ ,r thr,(gh the I+ter+et a si.3letele3h,+e li+e c,++ecte t, a c,.3(ter;

These +e: tech+,l,gies are not esse+tial t, ,3erate a c,..(+it* rai, stati,+; M,st stati,+s ,3eratef,r several *ears :ith,(t a c,.3(ter leave al,+e the I+ter+et c,++ecti,+; This .ight c,+ti+(e t, )e thecase f,r .a+* +e: c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s i+ Africa;

H,:ever it is (sef(l t, /+,: :hat these tech+,l,gies are a),(t a+ :hat the* have t, ,ffer; Y,( ca+the+ ecie :hether this is i.3,rta+t ,r +,t f,r *,(r ,:+ 3r,5ect at the .,.e+t ,r i+ the f(t(re;

I+ Se+egal 6NDA0RA= is c(rre+tl* ,3erati+g a +e:s service thr,(gh the I+ter+et that f,c(ses ,+st,ries a),(t Africa+ :,.e+; The service 3r,vies articles i+ 6+glish a+ =re+ch 7+,t all are tra+slate

th,(gh that ca+ )e (se )* c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s ar,(+ the :,rl alth,(gh the* are +,ts3ecificall* :ritte+ f,r rai, reai+gs; =,r .,re i+f,r.ati,+ if *,( are c,++ecte t, the I+ter+et *,(.a* c,+tact .h.sZe+a;s+[;

Als, there is the O+e:,rl Rai, Ne:s Service at htt3":::;,+e:,rl;,rgrai,\+e:s :hich 3lacesrai, 3r,gra..es fr,. all ,ver the :,rl ,+ their :e) site f,r i+e3e+e+t rai, stati,+s t, ,:+l,af,r i+cl(si,+ i+ their 3r,gra..i+g; Rai, St,ries fr,. the I+ter+et ca+ )e ,)tai+e )* ta/i+g a(i,fr,. the I+ter+et a+ rec,ri+g it ,+ t, a ta3e .achi+e via the c,.3(ter>s La(i, ,(t> s,c/et; T,

3erf,r. this tas/ *,( :,(l +ee a c,.3(ter :ith a s,(+ car;

The 'a+,s S,(ther+ Africa 3()licati,+ Signposts on the Superhigh'ay African n&ironment has a:h,le cha3ter ,+ rai, ,+ the I+ter+et at htt3":::;,+e:,rl;,rg3a+,s;

I+ S,(th Africa s(ch +e: services esig+e s3ecificall* f,r c,..(+it* rai, :ere i+tr,(ce i+ late199 )* the Roots Radio


26/50


27/50

'er .,+th 'er *ear Salar* VV VVStaff )e+efits VV VV

Office re+t VV VVTele3h,+e =a@ VV VV',stage stati,+ar* c,3ies VV VVTravel VV VV6G(i3.e+t .ai+te+a+ce K re3airs VV VVTrai+i+g"

t(t,r fees VV VVve+(e a+ eG(i3.e+t VV VV.eals a+ acc,..,ati,+ VV VVliterat(re a+ e(cati,+al ais VV VVtra+s3,rt VV VV

C,+ti+ge+cies VV VVTOTA- VV VV

CAP)AL 7P/4 689*I+ t,tal

Office f(r+it(re VVOffice a+ )r,acasti+g eG(i3.e+t VV6(cati,+al eG(i3.e+t VVTrai+i+g r,,. f(r+ishi+g VVBehicle c,sts VVTOTA- VV

It is i.3,rta+t t, :,r/ ,(t h,: .(ch f(+s ca+ )e raise fr,. vari,(s s,(rces; The f,ll,:i+g I+c,.e!(get is as i.3,rta+t as the C(rre+t 6@3e+ses a+,r Ca3ital 6@3e+ses )(gets;

)/C0M 689

'er .,+th 'er *ear Me.)ershi3 fees VV VVTrai+i+g c,(rse fees VV VVC,..(+it* f(+raisi+g eve+ts VV VVS3,+s,rshi3s ,f 3r,gra..es VV VVAvertisi+g reve+(e VV VV

TOTA- VV VV

If *,(r t,tal i+c,.e is l,:er tha+ the t,tal c(rre+t a+ ca3ital e@3e+it(re the+ aiti,+al f(+s havet, )e s,(ght; The ga3 7sh,rtfall ca+ )e )rige )* s().itti+g f(+i+g 3r,3,sals t, ,+,r,rga+isati,+s; !ef,re ,i+g s, tr* t, see if *,( ca+ re(ce *,(r e@3e+it(re a+ i+crease *,(r i+c,.es,.eh,:; If *,( still ca+ +,t )ala+ce e@3e+ses :ith i+c,.e the+ ,+,r f(+i+g .ight )e hel3f(l;

Fundraisin- from donor or-anisations

T, ,)tai+ fi+a+cial s(33,rt fr,. ,+,r ,rga+isati,+s 7,r Lf(+ers> *,( :ill +ee t, ra: (3 ac,+vi+ci+g f(+i+g 3r,3,sal that :ill i+cl(e a )(get f,r the 3r,5ecte e@3e+ses; Several f(+i+g

3r,3,sals are +eee f,r ca3ital 3(rchases as :ell as f,r service c,sts as s,.e f(+ers are .,re li/el*t, assist i+ setti+g0(3 7ca3ital 3(rchases a+ ,thers i+ r(++i+g the stati,+ 7service c,sts; It is :ise t,first e+G(ire fr,. ,+,rs the /i+ ,f 3r,3,sal the* are 3re3are t, c,+sier 3ri,r t, s().itti+g ,+e;

!ef,re :riti+g (3 a f(+i+g 3r,3,sal the stati,+ .(st have a,3te a .issi,+ state.e+t a+ s3ecific,)5ectives ie+tifie the target c,..(+it* it :ill serve set (3 its i+ter+al str(ct(res a,3te a

3r,gra..i+g 3,lic* eter.i+e its eG(i3.e+t reG(ire.e+ts :,r/e ,(t a )(get a+ ie+tifiestrategies ,f self0ge+erate i+c,.e ,ther tha+ fr,. ,+,rs; These ste3s :ill hel3 a l,t i+ 3la++i+g f,r

the stati,+ a+ s().itti+g this 3la+ i+ a f(+i+g 3r,3,sal;


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S,.e ,+,rs :ill 3r,vie g(ieli+es t, hel3 c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s ra:i+g (3 their f(+i+g 3r,3,sal; H,:ever ,ther ,+,rs :ill leave it t, the stati,+ tea. t, ra: (3 the 3r,3,sal the.selves;I+ s(ch cases the f,ll,:i+g f,r.at c,(l )e (sef(l;

What is als, i.3,rta+t :he+ s().itti+g *,(r 3r,3,sal is a letterhea sa*i+g :h, a+ :here *,( are;This 3rese+tati,+ letter +ees t, state clearl* the service ,r activit* that is 3r,vie :ith releva+ti+f,r.ati,+ ,+ the target gr,(3 a+ the assista+ce reG(este fr,. the ,+,r;

The 3r,3,sal itself c,(l )e 3rese+te as f,ll,:s"

A; S(..ar*

This first 3age s(.s (3 the e+tire ,c(.e+t; O+ this 3age ,+e sh,(l list"

1; The +a.e ,f the c,..(+it* rai, stati,+%; The +a.es ,f the 3ers,+s t, c,+tact f,r aiti,+al i+f,r.ati,+&; The aress a+ tele3h,+e a+ fa@ +(.)ers t, reach these c,+tact 3ers,+s

; The legal stat(s ,f the stati,+ 7ass,ciati,+ tr(st ,r f,(+ati,+>s registrati,+ i+f,r.ati,+E; The )r,acasti+g lice+se etails 7still i+ 3r,cess ,r iss(e )* :hich a(th,rit* ,+ :hat ate$; The freG(e+c* all,cate 7if a+* ,ther:ise are *,( a33l*i+g f,r AM ,r =M freG(e+c*; The a(ie+ce it reaches 7+(.)er ,f liste+ers area c,vere a+ )r,acasti+g rai(s8; The 3r,gra..i+g c,+te+t 7i+ a fe: :,rs the /i+ ,f 3r,gra..es9; The ,)5ect ,f the 3r,3,sal 7the f(+s are reG(ire f,r ,3erati,+al ,r esta)lish.e+t activities1#; The a.,(+t reG(este fr,. the ,+,r11; The a.,(+t a+ g,,s K services alrea* sec(re )* the stati,+;

!; =(+i+g 3r,3,sal

These 3ages :ill escri)e *,(r c,..(+it* rai, stati,+ a+ its +ee f,r assista+ce;

1; !ac/gr,(+7Hist,r* ,f the rai, 3r,5ect i+ the targete c,..(+it* a+ +ati,+al c,+te@t i+cl(i+g :he+ the 3r,5ect :as f,r.e :hat research :as ,+e :hat c,..(+it* s(33,rt it has a+ the e@isti+gachieve.e+ts ,f the 3r,5ect; It is als, cr(cial t, .e+ti,+ :h, is alrea* s(33,rti+g the stati,+ a+it .ight als, )e hel3f(l t, attach i+ a++e@e s,.e letters ,f s(33,rt fr,. :ell0/+,:+ c,..(+it*,rga+isati,+s s(33,rti+g the 3r,5ect;

%; !e+eficiaries7Descri3ti,+ ,f the targete c,..(+it* a+ 3artici3a+ts i+ the stati,+; It :ill )e i.3,rta+t t, givefacts a+ fig(res :here +ecessar* :ith a+ a+al*sis ,f their sit(ati,+ sh,:i+g h,: the 3r,5ect ca+(3lift the 3light ,f the 3e,3le it :ill serve;

&; Missi,+ state.e+t7I+cl(e the c,..(+it* rai, stati,+>s .issi,+ a+ a secti,+ listi+g the s3ecific ,)5ectives ,f the

stati,+ as evel,3e 3revi,(sl*;

; Orga+isati,+al str(ct(re a+ c,..(+it* i+v,lve.e+t7Diagra. ,f the str(ct(re 0 AM !,ar Ma+age.e+t C,..ittee etc; 0 a+ +a.es ,f electeleaers a+ /e* staff .e.)ers; Other releva+t i+f,r.ati,+ i+cl(es the cali)re ,f the h(.a+res,(rces availa)le :ithi+ the 3r,5ect a+ a escri3ti,+ ,f h,: is the c,..(+it* i+v,lve i+

3la++i+g a+ .a+agi+g the 3r,5ect;

E; Ma+age.e+t 3,licies7Descri3ti,+ ,f all the stati,+>s 3,licies ,r i+ter+al r(les c,es ,f c,+(ct 5,) escri3ti,+s li+es,f acc,(+ta)ilit* etc;

$; 'r,gra..i+g 3,licies a+ c,+te+t


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7Descri3ti,+ ,f the 3r,gra..i+g 3,licies 3r,gra..i+g c,..ittee0s 3r,gra..es sche(le etc;

; Achieve.e+ts t, ate7Descri3ti,+ ,f the 3ast a+ c(rre+t activities carrie ,(t t, achieve the .issi,+ a+ s3ecific

,)5ectives;8; 'r,5ecte Activities

7Descri3ti,+ ,f +e: activities t, )e carrie ,(t t, achieve the .issi,+ a+ s3ecific ,)5ectives a+f,r :hich the stati,+ is +,: see/i+g fi+a+cial s(33,rt fr,. the ,+,r;

9; 6@3ecte Res(lts7Descri3ti,+ ,f the e@3ecte i.3acts a+ res(lts ,f the +e: activities ,+ the targete c,..(+it*

1#; W,r/ 3la+ ti.efra.e7Descri3ti,+ ,f the ti.eta)le set t, i.3le.e+t each ,f the +e: activities ,ver a *ear ,r .,re

11; M,+it,ri+g C,+tr,l7Descri3ti,+ ,f the r,les a+ .echa+is.s f,r the staff .a+age.e+t a+ ),ar .e.)ers t,

.,+it,r the stati,+>s activities a+ res,(rces .a+age.e+t; This i+cl(es .a+agi+g h(.a+res,(rces eG(i3.e+t a+ f(+s; It sh,(l als, i+cl(e a fi+a+cial a(it )* e@ter+al chartereacc,(+ta+ts;

1%; Assess.e+t 6val(ati,+7Descri3ti,+ ,f the .echa+is.s t, e+s(re reg(lar a+ 3artici3at,r* .eas(re.e+t ,f the activities>irect res(lts a+ ,f their i.3act i+ achievi+g the stati,+>s .issi,+ a+ ,)5ectives;

1&; 6@3ecte c,+strai+ts a+ iffic(lties7Descri3ti,+ ,f the 3,te+tial 3r,)le.s the stati,+ c,(l e+c,(+ter that .a* +,t )e c,+tr,lle ,rres,lve )* the stati,+ a+ that c,(l affect its 3la+s a+ ,3erati,+s;

1; Strateg* f,r Self0ge+erati,+ ,f I+c,.e a+ S(stai+a)ilit*

7Descri3ti,+ ,f all s,(rces ,f i+c,.e the stati,+ ca+ .,)ilise a+ its 3la+s t, .a/e the stati,+i+creasi+gl* self0s(33,rti+g i+ the ti.efra.e set ,(t a),ve a+ )e*,+; It ca+ )e (sef(l t, ,)tai+s,.e e@3ert avice t, hel3 i+ the esig+ ,f a clear )(si+ess 3la+;

1E; !(get7'r,vie the )(gets 3re3are 3revi,(sl* i+cl(i+g the e@3e+it(re )(get r(++i+g c,sts a+ca3ital c,sts a+ the i+c,.e )(get; A a li+e stati+g the ga3 7sh,rtfall )et:ee+ the e@3ectee@3e+it(re a+ i+c,.e; A a li+e stati+g the )(get ite.s a+ a.,(+ts f,r :hich the stati,+ isreG(esti+g assista+ce fr,. the ,+,r;

Rea*? ,, l(c/; S,.e ,+,rs are liste i+ a33e+i@ t:, ,f this ),,/let )(t *,( sh,(l tr* :itha+*,+e )ase i+ *,(r ,:+ c,(+tr* first; The* are .,re li/el* t, /+,: *,( ,r have hear ,f *,(;

Licensin- and fre3uency a''ocation

The legal fra.e:,r/ ,f c,..(+it* rai, is c,+siste+tl* )ei+g refi+e a+ varies fr,. ,+e c,(+tr* t,the ,ther; This ),,/let ca++,t 3r,vie *,( :ith aeG(ate i+f,r.ati,+ i+ this regar; Y,( :ill have t,c,+tact the Mi+istr* ,f I+f,r.ati,+ a+,r C,..(+icati,+ K !r,acasti+g i+ *,(r ,:+ c,(+tr* t,fi+ ,(t the releva+t i+f,r.ati,+; We rec,..e+ that *,( tr* t, ,)tai+ c,3* ,f the e@isti+g

)r,acasti+g la: i+ *,(r c,(+tr* a+ see :hether *,( .a* ,r +,t a33l* f,r a c,..(+it* rai, stati,+lice+se;

A first ste3 t, fi+ ,(t :hat e@ists a+ :hat are the 3r,ce(res i+ *,(r c,(+tr* is t, s3ea/ t, a+e@isti+g c,..(+it* rai, stati,+; If there is+>t a+* *,( ca+ c,+tact a +e:l* esta)lishe 3rivate rai,f,r avice; Als, see/ the g(ia+ce a+ assista+ce fr,. 3r,gressive la:*ers a+ se+i,r 5,(r+alists i+*,(r c,(+tr*;


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If all else fails the+ there is +ee t, l,))* f,r cha+ges i+ *,(r c,(+tr*; Alth,(gh L3irate rai,s>7(+lice+se rai, stati,+s e@ist i+ s,.e c,(+tries this is +,t a+ eas* :a* t, g, a+ e3e+i+g ,+ thesit(ati,+ i+ *,(r ,:+ c,(+tr* this .ight eve+ )e a+ irres3,+si)le :a* ,f acti,+; I+ s,.e c,(+tries

c,..(+ities a+ activists have s(ffere severe re3ressi,+ f,r )r,acasti+g illegall*;AMARC is c(rre+tl* c,0,ri+ati+g a+ i+ter+ati,+al ca.3aig+ f,r legislative fra.e:,r/s fav,(ra)le t,c,..(+it* rai,; O+e ,f the ele.e+ts ,f this ca.3aig+ is t, get e+,rse )* the U+ite Nati,+sC,..issi,+ ,+ H(.a+ Rights the f,ll,:i+g Res,l(ti,+"

8AF 40L6)0/ 0/ $ P0M0)0/ 0F L9AL 4A/8A840 /46 /0/ 8)4C)M)/A0< ACC44 0 0A8CA4 M8)A

The C,..issi,+ ,+ H(.a+ Rights"

Mi+f(l that the effective 3r,.,ti,+ ,f the right t, free,. ,f ,3i+i,+ a+ e@3ressi,+ is ,ff(+a.e+tal i.3,rta+ce t, the safeg(ari+g ,f h(.a+ ig+it*

C,+sieri+g the e.,cratic 3ri+ci3le ,f access t, )r,acasti+g as a /e* i+str(.e+t f,r the 3r,.,ti,+ ,f the free,. ,f e@3ressi,+ a+ ,3i+i,+ 3eace a+ evel,3.e+t ,f e.,crac*

(ie )* the U+iversal Declarati,+ ,f H(.a+ Rights that sets f,rth the free,. ,f ,3i+i,+a+ e@3ressi,+ .,re,ver the right t, receive a+ i.3art i+f,r.ati,+ a+ ieas thr,(gh the.eia regarless ,f fr,+tiers ,+ the c,..e.,rati,+ ,f its E#th a++iversar*

Welc,.i+g the 3,sitive ste3s ta/e+ )* .a+* c,(+tries t, e+s(re 3l(ralis. i+ the access t, )r,acast .eia a+ s3ecificall* regari+g the all,cati,+ ,f tra+s.issi,+ freG(e+cies a+ i+gra+ti+g ,f televisi,+ a+ rai, )r,acasti+g lice+ses

Ta/i+g i+t, acc,(+t the +ee f,r all States t, e+c,(rage the free evel,3.e+t ,f )r,acasti+gi+ their c,(+tries a+ t, 3a* 3artic(lar atte+ti,+ t, the right t, receive a+ isse.i+ate

i+f,r.ati,+

1. I+icates the +ee t, 3r,.,te the sta+ars set ,(t i+ the U+iversal Declarati,+ a+the h(.a+ rights regi,+al i+str(.e+ts :ith regar t, free,. ,f ,3i+i,+ a+ theaccess t, )r,acast .eia

2. A33eals t, States t, e+s(re res3ect f,r the rights ,f all 3ers,+s a+ c,..(+ities t,e@ercise the right t, free,. ,f e@3ressi,+ a+ ,3i+i,+ i+cl(i+g the right t,receive a+ isse.i+ate i+f,r.ati,+

3. Urges all States t, eli.i+ate legal 3r,visi,+s :hich ,3erate t, e+* eG(al access t, )r,acast .eia s3ecificall* t, c,..(+it* a+ l,cal rai,s

4. Decies t, c,+sier the G(esti,+ ,f the 3r,.,ti,+ ,f sta+ars regari+g +,+iscri.i+at,r* access t, )r,acast .eia at its fift* fifth sessi,+ a+

5. ReG(ests the Ra33,rte(r ,+ the free,. ,f e@3ressi,+ t, 3re3are a re3,rts3ecificall* ,+ this .atter :hich :ill )e 3rese+te at ,+e ,f the f,rthc,.i+gsessi,+s ,f the C,..issi,+;

e+eva March 1998;

This resolution can only be adopted by the uman Rights Commission 'ith the support of a maorityof ;< member countries" A good step in this direction 'ould be for you and other organisations in

your


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country to lobby your go&ernment for its support to the resolution and its implementation in your o'ncountry;


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Chapter & Prob'ems you shou'd e(pect to encounter

Setti+g (3 a C,..(+it* Rai, is +,t :ith,(t 3r,)le.s; ive+ the c,.3le@ +at(re ,f s,cial a+ec,+,.ic *+a.ics at the c,..(+it* level the iffere+t stages ,f evel,3.e+t ,f each c,..(+it*

:ith iffere+t c(lt(res 3r,)le.s are ),(+ t, )e e+c,(+tere;

!el,: is a list ,f e@3ecte 3r,)le.s that ca+ get 3e,3le thi+/i+g ,+ evel,3i+g strategies t, c,+fr,+tthe. a+ res,lve the. ,r eve+ t, av,i the.;

Diffic(lties t, e@3ect ra+ge fr,."

=i+i+g :a*s t, e+c,(rage e+s(re a+ s(stai+ 3artici3ati,+; =,r c,..(+it* .e.)ers t, activel* 3artici3ate the* +ee t, )e c,+vi+ce that this is f,r their ,:+ )e+efit; S,.eti.es the* .a/es(33,rti+g state.e+ts )(t leave the 3r,cess t, a fe: ha+s a+ later ,+ 0 :he+ th,se fe: ha+s ,+,t aress the c,..(+it* +ees 0 c,..(+ities re)el; This .ight have a )a effect ,+ :hether*,( :ill get *,(r lice+se re+e:e at *,(r +e@t lice+se a33licati,+ ,+ce *,(r lice+se la3ses;Re.e.)er *,( ca++,t st,3 c,..(+ities fr,. e.a+i+g g,, service a+ i+terferi+g i+ the

stati,+>s affairs as the* are the ,:+ers ,f the stati,+ A g,, [email protected] ,f this is the case ,f Rai,Isla. a c,..(+it* rai, that :as ,:+e a+ c,+tr,lle )* a s3ecific M(sli. gr,(3i+g i+ S,(thAfrica; Whe+ this stati,+ ecie that :,.e+ c,(l +,t s3ea/ ,+ their air:aves :,.e+ a+ .e+fr,. the )r,aer M(sli. c,..(+it* re)elle a+ as/e the reg(lati+g ),* that :,.e+>s v,ices

)e hear ,+ the stati,+ ,r it )e sh(t ,:+; The* )ase their arg(.e+t ,+ c,+stit(ti,+al rightsgra+te t, :,.e+; The stati,+ ref(se t, )(ge a+ it l,st its lice+se;

Mai+tai+i+g v,l(+teer i+v,lve.e+t; M,st stati,+s e3e+ ,+ v,l(+teers; These v,l(+teers te+ t, )e 3e,3le :ith,(t 5,)s; Whilst this has its 3,sitive it als, has its +egative effects; The 3,sitive sieis ,)vi,(s" the* acG(ire s/ills a+ :ill theref,re i+crease their cha+ces t, get a 5,) else:here

)ase ,+ the s/ills gai+e at the stati,+; The iffic(lt sie is that v,l(+teers ,fte+ +ee .,+e* f,rf,, travel t, the stati,+ a+ after s,.eti.e the* .a* reG(est .,+e* f,r the ti.e the* s3e+ i+the stati,+ i+stea ,f g,i+g else:here f,r a 5,) that 3a*s; A stati,+ eve+ ,+e that is ,i+g :ell

fi+a+ciall* ca++,t aff,r 3a*i+g a livi+g :age t, ever* v,l(+teer ,r activist; B,l(+teer 5,)escri3ti,+s a+ c,+tracts .ight hel3 c,+tai+ the a.,(+t ,f ti.e s3e+t )* a fe: v,l(+teers i+ thestati,+ a+ f,rce the stati,+ t, i+v,lve .,re v,l(+teers; H,:ever i+ a c,+te@t :here .,st 3e,3leare :,r/i+g *,( :ill +,t fi+ this 3r,)le.; B,l(+teers i+ this sit(ati,+ c,.e t, the stati,+ ,+l*(ri+g their s3are ti.e a+ theref,re , their stati,+>s :,r/ as a service t, the c,..(+it*;

!ala+ci+g s/ill evel,3.e+t :ith the ris/ ,f ista+ci+g th,se :ith,(t s/ills :h, +ee a+ e.a+t, 3artici3ate; Trai+i+g ,es hel3 here )(t als, has its ,:+ challe+ges; =,r [email protected] h,: , *,(ch,,se :h, :ill )e+efit fr,. trai+i+g h,: , *,( e+s(re that th,se ch,se+ fee )ac/ t, thestati,+ ,r the c,..(+it* a+ , +,t leave t, gree+er 3ast(res ,+ce trai+e 7it>s ver* c,..,+etc; Ma+* c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s e@3erie+ce 3r,)le.s :ith staff t(r+,ver; I+ s,.e cases a fe:

3e,3le are )ei+g trai+e a+ the+ h,l ,+ their 3,siti,+s f,r t,, l,+g there)* e@cl(i+g t(r+,vera+ :ier c,..(+it* 3artici3ati,+; I+ ,ther cases these fe: 3e,3le are ,ffere 5,)s else:here ass,,+ as the* are trai+e a+ it creates iffic(lties :ith (+e@3ecte t(r+,ver; I+ either case stati,+s

have +,t 3la++e f,r c,+ti+(i+g trai+i+g activities irecte at .a+* iffere+t c,..(+it* .e.)ers;

Devel,3i+g aeG(ate 3,lic* i+ 3artic(lar f,r .a+age.e+t :ill clearl* efi+e the r,les ,f theiffere+t str(ct(res a+ their relati,+s t, each ,ther; 6;g; the r,le ,f the !,ar ,fTr(steesDirect,rs> vers(s that ,f the Ma+age.e+t C,..ittee; A g,, .a+age.e+t 3,lic* is+ecessar* f,r the stati,+ t, )e health*; A+,ther S,(th Africa+ c,..(+it* rai, l,st its lice+se

)eca(se it i +,t have a 3r,3er .a+age.e+t str(ct(re as a +,+03r,fit ,rga+isati,+ 7AM electe!,ar etc; a+ :as virt(all* r(+ )* a fe: i+ivi(als as if it :ere their 3rivate 3r,3ert*; Thesei+ivi(als :ere s()seG(e+tl* t,l t, g, a+ ,3e+ (3 their ,:+ c,..ercial rai, stati,+;

!ala+ci+g *,(r f(+0raisi+g activities.,+e*0.a/i+g activities :ith *,(r .issi,+; 6;g; ca+ *,(ta/e s.,/i+g ,r alc,h,l avertisi+g if *,(r .issi,+ e@3licitl* i+cl(es the 3r,.,ti,+ ,f thec,..(+it*>s health a+ :ell )ei+g? Als, :he+ *,( have .ae e+,(gh .,+e* h,: , *,(

e+s(re that s(ch gr,:th , +,t c,rr(3t *,( i+t, )ec,.i+g 5(st li/e a c,..ercial stati,+; Y,(


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.(st e+s(re that *,(r 3r,gra..i+g is 3ri.aril* c,..(+it*0i+terest f,c(sse )ef,re )ei+g a

.,+e*0.a/i+g e+ter3rise 7i;e; c,..(+it*0rive+ 3r,gra..i+g vers(s 3r,gra..i+g rive+ )*avertisers;

!ala+ci+g the stati,+>s visi,+ :ith .aterial c,+iti,+s f,rci+g +e: a33r,aches ,r :ith lice+sec,+iti,+s as 3rescri)e f,r a 3artic(lar 3eri, )* the !r,acasti+g Reg(lat,r; This )asicall*

.ea+s that *,( .(st )e realistic i+ the .issi,+ *,( a,3t a+ the 3la+s *,( evel,3 i+ ,rer t,achieve it; Y,( are ,3erati+g :ithi+ c,+strai+ts :hich .(st )e ac/+,:lege ,ther:ise f(rther 3r,)le.s evel,3;

Whe+ faci+g these 3r,)le.s it is i.3,rta+t t, re.e.)er that *,( are +,t the first stati,+ faci+g thesechalle+ges a+ that *,( ca+ lear+ fr,. ,ther stati,+s> e@3erie+ce;

There are :a*s ,f res,lvi+g ,r av,ii+g s,.e iffic(lties e;g;"

avertisi+g a+ L.issi,+ c,rr(3ti+g> " *,( +ee t, evel,3 a clear a+ realistic avertisi+g 3,lic*f,r *,(r stati,+

3r,gra..i+g v(l+era)ilit* t, e@ter+al 3ress(re " *,(r 3r,gra..i+g sh,(l )e )ase ,+ *,(rclearl* efi+e .issi,+ ,)5ectives c,+stit(ti,+ a+ 3r,gra..i+g a+ avertisi+g 3,licies

v,l(+teers i+v,lve.e+t " *,( +ee a clear v,l(+teers 3,lic* v,l(+teers trai+i+g .echa+is.sv,l(+teers str(ct(re v,l(+teers c,+tracts v,l(+teers :,r/ sche(les 7s, that the* , +,t 5(stc,.e a+ s3e+ all their ti.e at the stati,+ 0 rather the* c,.e t, , :,r/ a+ g, after:ars

fi+a+cial strateg* a+ s(stai+a)ilit* " *,( +ee a )(si+ess 3la+ a+ clear f(+0raisi+g strateg* 3,lic* a+ t,,ls 0 s(ch as a g,, 3rese+tati,+ ,c(.e+t ,+ *,(r stati,+ ie+tifie 3e,3le :h,seres3,+si)ilit* it is t, f(+raise a+,r ge+erate avertisi+g i+c,.e a+ 3erha3s s(33,rt fr,.trai+i+g ,rga+isati,+s

.a+age.e+t " a clear set ,f .a+age.e+t 3,licies 7i+cl(i+g .a+age.e+t ,f res,(rces eG(i3.e+tv,l(+teers staff .,+e* a+ i+ter+al c,+flicts is the /e* t, a health* stati,+; T, evel,3 s(ch

3,licies a stati,+ .a* see/ avice fr,. e@3erts if +eee;

I+ c,+cl(si,+ as a+* ,ther c,..(+it* 3r,5ect a c,..(+it* rai, stati,+ is +,t ev,i ,f 3r,)le.s;!(t s(ch 3r,)le.s are sel,. i+s(r.,(+ta)le; 6ach stati,+ +ees a clear .issi,+ c,+stit(ti,+

3,licies a ca3acit*0)(ili+g 3r,gra..e a+ a f,c(se trai+i+g 3r,gra..e;

Y,( :ill als, +ee a g,, ,sage ,f :ill3,:er a ca3acit* t, ac/+,:lege a+ tac/le 3r,)le.s )ef,rethe* gr,: a+ frie+s :ith :h,. t, share *,(r c,+cer+s i+ the c,..(+it* rai, .,ve.e+t

D, +,t hesitate t, c,+tact ,ther c,..(+it* rai,s t, e@cha+ge ieas a+ e@3erie+ces a+ +,t ,+l*:he+ thi+gs are g,i+g :ellV A list ,f AMARC .e.)ers i+ Africa ca+ )e f,(+ i+ a33e+i@ si@;


33


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Chapter 5Conc'usions

C,..(+icati,+ ca+ )e a#out evel,3.e+t ,r for evel,3.e+t; It is ge+erall* agree that f,rc,..(+icati,+ t, )e f,r evel,3.e+t the .ea+s ,f c,..(+icati,+ sh,(l )e l,call* ,:+ea+ c,..(+it*0c,+tr,lle; $eloise enning and ric =ou') BSA) Some !erspecti&es oncommunication and de&elopment) 8anuary 2..%

Agai+st this )ac/gr,(+ it sh,(l )e .ae clear that c,..(+it* rai, is +,t a),(t ,i+g s,.ethi+gf,r the c,..(+it* )(t a),(t the c,..(+it* ,i+g s,.ethi+g f,r itself i;e; ,:+i+g a+ c,+tr,lli+g its,:+ .ea+s ,f c,..(+icati,+;

Clearl* c,..(+it* rai, is ver* i.3,rta+t i+ a evel,3i+g c,+te@t li/e i+ Africa; =,r evel,3.e+t a+

e.,crac* 3r,cesses t, gr,: c,..(+ities sh,(l activel* 3artici3ate i+ c,..(+icati,+ :hich :ille.3,:er the. t, rive a+ +(rt(re these 3r,cesses;

C,..(+it* Rai, is the c,..(+it*>s Ltree ,f s3eech> .a+age )* the c,..(+it* a+reG(iri+g its 3artici3ati,+ i+ ,rer t, evel,3; Regarless ,f :hat it is calle 0 l,cal rai,+ative rai, 3,3(lar rai, e(cati,+al rai, 0 it is a tr(e i+str(.e+t ,f e.,cratisati,+ allthe :hile rec,g+isi+g c(lt(ral 3l(ralis.; ug7nie A') -pening Speech by !resident) akar)Senegal) 8anuary *5) 2..3"

This ),,/let>s 3r,3,se efi+iti,+ ,f C,..(+it* Rai, is theref,re tr*i+g t, e+s(re that the a),ve isachieve; It is +,t a),(t :hat the stati,+ is calle rather a),(t its .issi,+;

The e.erge+ce ,f i+e3e+e+t )r,acasti+g is li+/e theref,re t, the 3e,3le>s esire t, 3artici3ate i+ 3()lic e)ate ,+ 3()lic affairs; =,r [email protected] 3()lic r(ral )r,acasti+g has )ee+

(sef(l i+ isse.i+ati+g s,cial i+f,r.ati,+ )(t has +,t all,:e its a(ie+ces t, c,..(+icatetheir ,:+ s,cial evel,3.e+t a+ 3,litical0ec,+,.ic age+as; C,..(+it*0)ase

)r,acasti+g has the 3,te+tial t, 3r,.,te Africa+ c(lt(res a+ t, set the +ati,+al age+a )*all,:i+g f,r 3e,3le>s 3artici3ati,+ i+ 3()lic e)ate a),(t 3()lic affairs; co;

While C,..(+it* rai, is a+ i.3,rta+t t,,l f,r the 3r,.,ti,+ a+ 3r,tecti,+ ,f l,cal a+ +ati,+alc(lt(res 7agai+st the ,.i+a+ce ,f .(lti+ati,+al :ester+ .(sic istri)(t,rs a+ +e:s age+cies it .(stals, )e efi+e i+ a :a* that ,es +,t revive eth+ic ivisi,+s; The reg(lat,rs sh,(l )e a)le t, e+s(re ag(ar agai+st this evel,3.e+t ,f eth+ic0)ase c,..(+it* rai, stati,+s;


34


35/50

Appendix one & )R* % A)ARC

AMARC is a =re+ch acr,+*. that sta+s f,r the W,rl Ass,ciati,+ ,f C,..(+it* Rai,!r,acasters; The ass,ciati,+ :as ),r+ as a .,ve.e+t i+ 198& a+ f,r.alise as a+ ,rga+isati,+ i+1988; Its I+ter+ati,+al Secretariat is l,cate i+ M,+treal Ca+aa a+ c,0,ri+ates :,r/ ,+ a:,rl:ie level;

The AMARC I+ter+ati,+al Secretariat is assiste )* regi,+al ,ffices that c,0,ri+ate c,+ti+e+talactivit*; The -ati+ A.erica+ ,ffice i+ ](it, 6c(a,r ,ffers f,r i+sta+ce ,+0site c,(rses a+eval(ati,+ f,r c,..(+it* rai, 3r,5ects a+ .ai+tai+s reg(lar c,+tact :ith the regi,+>s %$# .e.)ers;The 6(r,3ea+ ,ffice i+ Sheffiel 6+gla+ serves AMARC>s c,+ti+e+tal .e.)ers thr,(gh 3r,5ectss(ch as O3e+ Cha++els a trai+i+g a+ e@cha+ge 3r,gra. li+/i+g 6(r,3e>s Wester+ Ce+tral a+6aster+ regi,+s;

AMARC>s first Africa+ ,ffice :as esta)lishe i+ =e)r(ar* 199 i+ s,vereig+t* a+ i+e3e+e+ce- Res3ect f,r s,liarit* a+ +,+0i+terve+ti,+ i+ the i+ter+al affairs ,f ,ther c,(+tries- I+ter+ati,+al c,,3erati,+ )ase ,+ eG(alit* s,liarit* .(t(al res3ect a+ the ref(sal ,f

all iscri.i+ati,+ )ase ,+ race ge+er se@(al ,rie+tati,+ ,r religi,+- Res3ect f,r the c(lt(ral ie+tit* ,f all 3e,3le;

A)ARC international pro,ects and services

Trai+i+g a+ C,+s(ltati,+ 0 a +et:,r/ ,f s/ille 3r,fessi,+als :h, ca+ 3r,vie trai+i+g:,r/sh,3s a+ c,+s(ltati,+s i+ 3r,(cti,+ tech+ical evel,3.e+t .a+age.e+t trai+i+g ,ftrai+ers a+ evel,3.e+t ,f fav,(ra)le legislati,+

InteRadio 0 a )ia++(al +e:sletter ev,te t, c,..(+it* rai, +e:s a+ a+al*sis istri)(te i+S3a+ish =re+ch a+ 6+glish t, AMARC .e.)ers i+ivi(als a+ ,rga+isati,+s ar,(+ the:,rl


35


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AMARC9=ink a )i.,+thl* )(lleti+ that i+f,r.s AMARC .e.)ers a+ 3art+ers ,f theass,ciati,+>s activities a+ 3r,5ects

Research a+ '()lishi+g 0 AMARC als, 3()lishes Radio Forum 7a series ,f s3ecialise 3()licati,+sa+ a +(.)er ,f st(ies c,+fere+ce re3,rts articles as :ell as a ),,/ feat(ri+g st,ries ar,(+ the:,rl;

-,))*i+g AMARC re3rese+ts the sect,r at certai+ i+ter+ati,+al f,r(.s ,+ iss(es ra+gi+g fr,.the right t, c,..(+icate t, igital a(i, )r,acasti+g;

The W,.e+>s Net:,r/ 0 a +et:,r/ ,f :,.e+ i+ rai, :hich )ri+gs a),(t greater a:are+ess ,f:,.e+>s iss(es a+ 3ers3ectives a+ 3r,vies s3ecific se.i+ars a+ services 7s(ch as :ritte+ a+a(i, ,c(.e+ts

The S,liarit* Net:,r/ a +et:,r/ .,)ilisi+g :,rl0:ie s,liarit* f,r c,..(+it* rai,

)r,acasters :h,se right t, free,. ,f s3eech is (+er threat; The Net:,r/ 3r,(ces a+istri)(tes RadioAction Alerts

6lectr,+ic C,..(+icati,+ 0 AMARC ,ffers a W,rl Wie We) site 7 htt3":::;a.arc;,rg electr,+ic c,+fere+ces a+ electr,+ic i+f,r.ati,+ .aili+g list AMARCI


37/50

'r,.,te Africa+ :,.e+>s access t, a+ 3artici3ati,+ i+ all as3ects ,f c,..(+it* rai,;

!(il a+ c,,ri+ate the regi,+al +et:,r/ ,f rai, )r,acasters; This +et:,r/ :ill )e a .ea+s ,fistri)(ti+g i+f,r.ati,+ )ri+gi+g t,gether vari,(s e@3erie+ces tra+sferri+g s/ills :ithi+ the +et:,r/a+ )ri+gi+g Africa+ affiliates t, the I+ter+ati,+al S,liarit* Net:,r/;

AMARC Africa"c, NCR= S(ite 1#9 'rivate !ag _% !raa.f,+tei+


38/50

Appendix t"o & R*+-RC*+ A%D +-!!RT A.A(/A0/*

rainin- institutions

Centre interafricain d=tudes en radio

rura'eO(aga,(g,( !(r/i+a =as,Tel " ^%%$;$$;8$=a@ " ^%%$;&1;%8;$$e0.ail "

Centre for 8emocratic Communicationsourna'ism CentreMa3(t, M,Fa.)iG(eTel" ^%E8;1;9&##=a@" ^%E8;1;9#88#e0.ail "5.(/elaZh,t.ail;c,.

Possib'e funders

1French&spea'in$ countries only2Age+ce e la =ra+c,3h,+ieACCTDirecti,+ es Mias

1& G(ai A+r Citr,e+E#1E 'aris=ra+ceTel" ^&&;1;&;&#=a@" ^&&;1;E9;198

1All countries may apply2Ca+aia+ I+ter+ati,+al Devel,3.e+t Age+c*D AfriG(e et M,*e+0Orie+t%## 3r,.e+ae ( ',rtageH(ll ]c; 41A #Ca+aaTel" ^1;819;99;$119

=a@" ^1;819;9E&;E8&1All countries may apply2C,..(+icati,+ Assista+ce =,(+ati,+7CA=SCO1%8 6ise+h,:er laa+%E1 4M The Hag(eThe Netherla+sTel " ^&1;#;&E%;1811=a@ " ^&1;#;&EE;$E

1French&spea'in$ countries only2Directi,+ ( vel,33e.e+t et e lac,,3rati,+

'r,gra..e Mass.ia(te+)ergstrasse %CH0#& !er+eS(isseTel" ^1;&1;&%%;&E&$=a@" ^1;&1;&%;1$99

1All countries may apply2De+.ar/ Mi+istr* ,f f,reig+ affairsDe3art.e+t ,f I+f,r.ati,+Asiatis/ 'las %18 C,3e+hag(eDe+.ar/

Tel" ^E;&;&9%;19#$=a@" ^E;&;&9%;#88

1All countries may apply26(r,3ea+ C,..issi,+D BIIIE I+f,r.ati,+ ,c(.e+tati,+01 1&&E%## r(e e la -,i!elgi(.Tel;" ^&%;%;%99;$#=a@" ^&%;%;%99;%E%E


38


39/50

1All countries may apply26va+gelisches Missi,+:er/ i+ De(tchla+

N,r.a++e:eg 1 0 %1D %#E& Ha.)(rger.a+*Tel;" ^9;#;%E;E$;1$E

=a@" ^9;#;%E;%9;81All countries may apply2=i+la+ Mi+istr* f,r =,reig+ AffairsDe3art.e+t f,r I+ter+ati,+al Devel,3.e+tC,,3erati,+I+f,r.ati,+ U+it'O !,@ 1% =IN0##1$1Helsi+s/i=i+la+Tel;" ^&E8;#;1&1;$&E#=a@" ^&E8;#;1&1;$&E

1All countries may apply2

=reerich 6)ert Stift(+g 7=6SMass Meia De3art.e+t,es)erg Alle 19D0E&1# !,++er.a+*Tel" ^9;%%8;88&;$#9=a@" ^9;%%8;88&;$##

1All countries may apply2IDRC%E# r(e Al)ert !' 8E##Otta:a O+t; 41 &H9Ca+aa

Tel;" ^1;$1&;%&$;$1$&=a@" ^1;$1&;E$;8

1French&spea'in$ countries only2Mi+ist2re es Affaires tra+g2resService es affaires fra+c,3h,+es%% !,(levar Sai+t er.ai+E& 'aris #=ra+ceTel" ^&&;1;&1;98#=a@" ^&&;1;&1;8#$

1French&spea'in$ countries only2Mi+ist2re e la C,,3rati,+

!(rea( es Mias%# r(e M,+sie(r E## 'aris=ra+ceTel;" ^&&;1;E&$9;1$$=a@" ^&&;1;9;E19

1+outhern Africa only2O3e+ S,ciet* I+stit(te'O !,@ $8Wits %#E#S,(th Africa

Tel" ^%;11;#&;%9E#=a@" ^%;11;#&;%#8

1All countries may apply2'IDCUN6SCO1 r(e e Mi,llisE#1E 'aris=ra+ceTel;" ^&&;1;E$8;198=a@" ^&&;1;9;#1&%

1All countries may apply2Ste. va+ Afri/a 7=,(+ati,+ B,ice ,f Africa';O; !,@ 1&

1## AC !(ss(.The Netherla+sTel" ^&1;&E;$91;8E#=a@" ^&1;&E;$9%;%9%E

1All countries may apply2S:eish I+ter+ati,+al Devel,3.e+tC,,3erati,+ Age+c* 7SIDAC(lt(re a+ Meia Divisi,+Des, Sveavage+ %#S01#E%E St,c/h,l.S:ee+Tel" ^$;8;$9 8E %E1

=a@" ^$;8;$9 8E $E#1All countries may apply2The R,c/efeller =,(+ati,+Arts K H(.a+ities 'r,gra..e'O !,@ E&

Nair,)i 4e+*aTel" ^%E;%;%% 8# $1=a@" ^%E;%; %1 88 #

1All countries may apply2W,rl Ass,ciati,+ f,r Christia+C,..(+icati,+ 7WACC&E 4e++i+gt,+ -a+e

-,+,+ S611 S]Y6+gla+ U4 Tel" ^;11;E8%;91&9=a@" ^;11;&E;#&#


39


40/50

Appendix three & *3-(!)*%T (%FR)AT(% FR +*TT(%4 -!

These guidelines 'ere prepared by Jodo


41/50

're3arati,+ the st(i, r,,. a+ i+stallati,+ ,f sec,+ar* eG(i3.e+t if +eee t, e+s(re thatst(i, r,,. is ac,(sticall* g(t;

The s(33lier :,(l i+stall the ,+ air st(i, eG(i3.e+t ,+ site;

The eG(i3.e+t s(33lier sh,(l 3la+ the i+stallati,+ ate t,gether :ith the C,..(+it* Rai,

.e.)ers; The i+stallati,+ a+ the :iri+g )el,+g t, all +ecessar* electrical a+ .echa+icalc,+str(cti,+ i+cl(i+g the i+stallati,+ fr,. ca)le cha++els the l*i+g fr,. the 3,:er s(33l* ca)lea+ the +ecessar* sig+alli+g li+es;

=(rther i+cl(e are the s(33l* a+ the i+stallati,+ fr,. all (+its a+ the 3l(g0i+ c,.3,+e+t )rige t, carr* the a.3lifier the i+sert cars the li.iter the tra+s.itti+g a.3lifier the rela* cara+ all +ecessar* s:itch (+its;

=(+cti,+al test ,f the eG(i3.e+t

The eG(i3.e+t s(33lier i+stalls the st(i, :ith c,.3lete :iri+g; A c,+tr,l re3,rt :ith rec,ri+g,f the .eas(re val(es .(st )e :ritte+ i+ the 3rese+ce ,f C,..(+it* Rai, .e.)ers; I+ thisre3,rt all releva+t 3ara.eters sh,(l )e set;

The c,.3lete eG(i3.e+t .(st )e f(+cti,+all* teste; The acce3ta+ce is ,+l* vali if the c,.3leteeG(i3.e+t :,r/s :ith,(t a+* err,rs a+ is elivere :ith the +ecessar* ,c(.e+tati,+;

This re3,rt .(st )e sig+e )* ),th 3arties; The g(ara+tee is the+ set i+ after the sig+i+g ,f theacce3ta+ce agree.e+t;

Procedure &

'ers,++el i+str(cti,+

After s(ccessf(l i+s3ecti,+ ,f the c,.3lete eG(i3.e+t the eG(i3.e+t s(33lier .(st i+str(ct thestaff ,+ site :ith ,rga+isi+g trai+i+g;

The i+str(cti,+ .(st i+cl(e trai+i+g i+ h,: t, ,3erate the ,+0air c,+s,le a+ all eliver* s,(+rec,rers;

The trai+i+g sh,(l )e s, i+te+sive that if there are s.all efects the C,..(+it* Rai, .e.)erssh,(l )e a)le t, re3air it )* re3laci+g .,(les ,ther )* (si+g ,l s3are 3arts; The C,..(+it*Rai, .(st 3la+ a )(get f,r s3are 3arts;

D,c(.e+tati,+

It )el,+gs t, the eliver* 3ac/age a+ sh,(l c,+tai+ the f,ll,:i+gs"

⇒ e+eral 3la+ ,f the c,.3lete eG(i3.e+t⇒ !l,c/ iagra. fr,. the ,+0air c,+s,le⇒

M,(lati,+ iagra. ,f the :h,le s*ste.⇒ Sig+alli+g iagra. ,f the :h,le s*ste.⇒ Wiri+g ,c(.e+t⇒ Ma+(al ,f each (+it⇒ 'ri+t la*,(ts⇒ 6G(i3.e+t list

The ,c(.e+tati,+ is t, )e sta3le t,gether :ith a ta)le ,f c,+te+ts a+ ha+e ,ver t, theC,..(+it* Rai,;

The (ara+tee


41


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The g(ara+tee 3erf,r.a+ce )egi+s after s(ccessf(l i+s3ecti,+ ,f the c,.3lete eG(i3.e+t; Theg(ara+tee is +,r.all* 1% .,+ths f,r the har:are c,.3,+e+ts a+ % .,+ths f,r the s,ft:are;This c,(l iffer fr,. s(33lier t, s(33lier;

The (ara+tee .(st )e :ritte+ fr,. the C,..(+it* Rai, t, /+,: h,: t, ta/e the right t, clai.(+er (ara+tee;

Defects eter.i+e )* the s*ste. after the g(ara+tee ti.e .(st )e re3aire )* the C,..(+it*Rai,; Theref,r the C,..(+it* Rai, sh,(l ,rga+ise s,.e re3lace.e+t 3arts a+ .a/e s,.ere3air t,lls availa)le;

3uipment specification

The f,ll,:i+g eG(i3.e+t c,.)i+ati,+s c,(l )e ta/e+ as [email protected] t, give a+ ,vervie: f,r thetech+ical reG(ire.e+t t, )r,acasti+g; The +ees ,f each C,..(+it* Rai, i+itiative .a* ifferslightl*;

The ab'e 1 is a g,, refere+ce 3,i+t f,r a+ eG(i3.e+t list f,r a+ ,+ air st(i, ,f C,..(+it* Rai,i+itiative;

ab'e 1 @ 3uipment 'ist< P086C4

1 O+ air .i@i+g c,+s,le& !r,acast .icr,3h,+e& Heav* (t* 3,ise ar. .icr,3h,+e sta+ c: :iri+g% CD 3la*er 1 t:, es/ cassette .achi+e :ith i+ivi(al i+3(t a+ ,(t3(t1 .i+i is/ rec,rer3la*er s*ste.1 Tele3h,+e h*)ri1 R;A;; light c,+tr,l (+its% R;A;; light is3la* (+its1 Digital st(i, cl,c/ :ith ti.e c,e c,+tr,l1 .,+it,r 3,:er a.3lifier% 3la*)ac/ .,+it,r l,(s3ea/er 1 Tra+s.itter

A+te++a Ca)le ^ ACC;1 -i.iter0c,.3ress,r 1 =iel rec,ri+g /i1 Set ,f st(i, f(r+it(re1 hea3h,+e istri)(ti,+ a.3lifier & hea3h,+es c,.3lete :ith ca)le a+ c,++ect,r

ermino'o-y

The list )el,: is s,.e tech+ical e@3la+ati,+s a+ efi+iti,+s :hich c,(l give *,( a clearer(+ersta+i+g ,f the st(i, s3ecificati,+s;

O+ air c,+s,le All the st(i, eG(i3.e+t is c,++ecte t, the .i@er; 6ach 3iece is /+,:+as a+ I+3(t ,r a S,(rce; This ce+tral 3iece ,f eG(i3.e+t c,+tr,ls :hat isrec,re ,r )r,acast; The ,+ air c,+s,le all,:s *,( t, )le+ a+ c,+tr,lthe level ,f all the iffere+t a(i, i+3(t i+ (se;

M,+it,r S*ste. C,+sist ,f a+ a(i, 3,:er a.3lifier a+ l,(s3ea/ers t, all,: *,( t,hear :hat is )ei+g )r,acast;

-i.iter0c,.3ress,r A safet* evice that chec/s a+ reg(lates the ,(tg,i+g a(i, level thatca+ )e se+t t, the tra+s.itter t, av,i ,verl,a a+ s()seG(e+t a.age;

Tra+s.issi,+ s*ste. This is the rai, tra+s.itter a+te++ae a+ all +ecessar* ca)les a+

.,(+ti+g har:are;


42


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!r,acast .icr,3h,+e The .ai+ 3rese+ter .icr,3h,+e :hich sh,(l )e ,f high G(alit* a+

3reve+t (+relia)ilit*;

Tele3h,+e h*)ri A+ i+terface (+it that c,++ects the tele3h,+e t, the .i@er t, all,: f,rtele3h,+e i+tervie:s;

Mi+i is/ rec,rer3la*er Mi+i is/ rec,rer3la*er are (se f,r .aterial :hich is relativel* sh,rta+ (se .a+* ti.es li/e i+icative .(sic ,r 3r,gra.s 3r,.,ti,+al a+s3,+s,rshi3 a++,(+ce.e+t a+ stati,+ IDs;

=iel rec,ri+g A 3,rta)le ta3e rec,ri+g /it that all,:s a 5,(r+alist t, rec,r ,+ l,cati,+i+tervie:s that ca+ )e )r,(ght )ac/ t, the st(i, f,r eiti+g a+

)r,acast;

The ,verall )r,acasti+g st(i, s*ste. 7i+cl(i+g the tra+s.itter c,sts )et:ee+ R&E#;### a+R##;###; 71

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