what is computational legal studies? presentation @ university of houston - workshop on law &...
TRANSCRIPT
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What isComputational Legal Studies?
Daniel Martin KatzMichigan State University
College of Law
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What is Computational Legal Studies?
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What is Computational
Legal Studies?
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Computational Legal Studies
is
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Sociophysics
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Natural Language Processing
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Machine Learning
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Network Science
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Statistical Methods
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Out of Equilibrium Models
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Non Linearity
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Scaling
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Diffusion
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Social Epidemiology
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Information Theory
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New Kind of Science
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Computational Game Theory
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Web Scrapping
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Information Visualization
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What is Computational
Legal Studies?
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Computational Legal Studies
Offers
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A Set of Tools
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that allow us
to perhaps better understand
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‘Law’ in a modern society
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Taxonomy of Approaches
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Data Analysis
FormalModels
Computational Legal Studies
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Data Analysis
FormalModels
Computational Legal Studies
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Data Analysis
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This is the Era of “Big Data”
Decreasing Data Storage Costs
Increasing Computing Power
Fundamentally Altering the Scope of Scientific Inquiry
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Highlighting the Data Deluge
2008 2009 2010
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The Case for a Computational Approach
Legal Systems Output large amounts of Information
Need Methods that Scale to the Size and Scope of this Body of Information
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Data Analysis
statisticalmodels
and methods
network analytic methods
text as
data
other related
approaches
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What is Computational Legal Studies?
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Computational Legal Studies
is
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quantitativelegal prediction
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do i have a case?
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how do lawyers generate this assessment?
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can it be automated?
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Mental Models vs
Aggregated Data
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Weather Prediction
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Tide Prediction
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vs.
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lots of factors matter
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Inputs / Data Quality
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Time Scales Matter
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inherent system variability matters
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‘complexity’ matters
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Some Potential Inputs
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what is the relevant information contained
therein?
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text, citations, votes, etc.
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other metadata
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what form might the outputs take?
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standard client memo
+
statistical portrait of 10,000 ‘similar’ cases
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the caveat
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your mileage may vary
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but a statistical portrait
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would be useful
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to gut check a mental model
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other big
implications ...
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the market for legal services
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the market for legal education
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‘thinking like a lawyer’?
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in the age of big data ...
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What is Computational Legal Studies?
Data Analysis
FormalModels
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FormalModels
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Formal Models
computationalgame
theory
network models
AgentBased
Modeling
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Why Generate Formal Models?
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Formal Models v.
Data
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The Evaluation of Counterfactuals
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The Evaluation of Alternative
‘States of the world’
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Cannot not be Exclusively Data Driven
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A Few Examples ...
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Theoretical Models and Computational Simulations
schelling’s segregation model
Axelrod’s Evolution of Cooperation model
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An Entire Course on Computational Formal Models
18 Classes and more than 1000 slides!
ICPSRSummer Methods Program
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computationalgame
theory
network models
AgentBased
Modeling
What is Computational Legal Studies?
Data Analysis
FormalModels
statisticalmodels
and methods
network analyticmethods
text as
data
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and more ...
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Now Some Selected
Applications
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Project #1:United States Code
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The United States Code
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Compiled Version of Federal Statutory Law
Drawn from the Statutes at Large
Does not Include Admin Regulations
The United States Code
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These are the 50 titles in the Code
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A Perspective on the Scope of Law in a Modern Society
How Large is the United States Code?
How Complex is the United States Code?
How has its Scope Changed Over Time?
Are Changes in Code Coupled with Changes in the Scope of the Administrative State?
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How Large is the United States Code?
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How Large is the United States Code?
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How Large is the United States Code?
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How Large is the United States Code?
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~Title 29 - Labor
How Large is the United States Code?
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This is the United States Code
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Computational Approach to Measurement of Complexity
Measure that Representation in a Manner that is Qualitatively Justified
Provide a Mathematical Representation of the Object
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The US Code as a Mathematical Object
Hierarchical Structure
Title 26
Subtitle A
Chapter 1
Subchapter F
Part I
Section 501
Subsection (c)
Paragraph (3)http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.4146
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Citation Network
Example: Tax Evasion
Title 26 - Tax
Cites
Title 18 - Crimes &
Criminal Procedure
The US Code as a Mathematical Object
http://computationallegalstudies.com
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LinguisticContent
United States Code Features
24 Million Words
The US Code as a Mathematical Object
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Published in Physica A (October 2010)
The US Code as a Mathematical Object
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How Complex is U.S. Code?
Ongoing Project --
Daniel Katz & Michael Bommarito
“Measuring the Complexity of the United States Code”
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The Complexity of Knowledge Acquisition
3 Factors Influence Complexity ofExecuting a KA Protocol
Structure Language Dependence
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Project #2:
Network Analysis of the Federal Judiciary
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the Federal Judicial Heirarchy
United States Supreme Court
Federal Court of Appeals
Federal District Court
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What is the Social Topology of the American Federal Judiciary?
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... And How Can We Measure it?
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Collected Nearly 19,000 Law Clerk ‘Events’
1995 - 2005 For All Article III Judges
Relying Upon Data From Staff Directories
Network Analysis of the Federal Judiciary
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The Core Claim
In the Aggregate ...
Law Clerk Movements Reveal
Between Judicial Actors
Social or Professional Relationships
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Network Analysis of the Federal Judiciary
Judge E
Justice ZJustice Y
Judge C
Judge D
Judge BJudge A
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Network Analysis of the Federal Judiciary
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Network Analysis of the Federal Judiciary
Daniel Katz & Derek Stafford
(2010)
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Project #3:
Exploring the Path of Precedent?
The Legal Genome Project and the analysis of Judicial Citations
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The United States Reports
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Nodes = Cases Decided by the Supreme Court
Directed Edges = Citations between Cases
United States Supreme CourtCase to Case Citation Network
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Case to Case Citation Networkof the
United States Supreme Court
Dickerson v. U.S.530 U.S. 428 (2000)
Miranda v. Arizona384 U.S. 436 (1966)
Oregon v. Elstad530 U.S. 428 (2000)
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Exploring the Path of Precedent?
Dynamic Visualization of the Early Supreme Court Citation Network
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Cases Decided by the Supreme Court
Citations in the Current Year
Citations from prior years
http://computationallegalstudies.com/2010/02/11/the-development-of-structure-in-
the-citation-network-of-the-united-states-supreme-court-now-in-hd/
PLAY MOVIE!
Beijing
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Distance Measures for Dynamic Citation Networks
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Growth Rules For Citation Networks
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Dynamic Directed Acyclic Graphs
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Dynamic Directed Acyclic Graphs
Examples: Academic Articles
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Dynamic Directed Acyclic Graphs
Examples: Academic Articles
Judicial Citations
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Dynamic Directed Acyclic Graphs
Examples:
Academic Articles
Judicial Citations
Patent Citations
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Network Dynamics:
The Early Jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court
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Cases Decided by the Supreme Court
Citations in the Current Year
Citations from prior years
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A Formalization of D-DAG’s
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Six Degrees of Marbury v. Madison
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A Formalization of D-DAG’s
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Basic Idea of Sink Based Distance Measure
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The Simplest Non-Trivial Distance Measure
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Flexible Framework For More Detailed Specifications
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Distance Measure <- ->
Dendrogram
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Potential Application to Patent Citations?
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Sternitzke, Bartkowski & Schramm (2008)
Potential Application to Patent Citations?
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http://www.eecs.umich.edu/cse/dm_11_video/erdi.mp4
http://people.kzoo.edu/~perdi/Talk By Péter Érdi
Network Analysis of Patent Citations
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http://ssrn.com/author=627779
http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.1819available at:
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AdditionalMaterialsAvailableOnline!
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@computational
Thank You For Your Attention!
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