what is chemical digestion? changing big nutrient molecules into their smaller building blocks...
TRANSCRIPT
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What is chemical digestion?What is chemical digestion? Changing big nutrient molecules into their smaller building blocks
REQUIRES ENZYMES Example: Proteins broken down into amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are different substances.
Changing big nutrient molecules into their smaller building blocks
REQUIRES ENZYMES Example: Proteins broken down into amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are different substances.
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Where does chemical digestion occur and name the enzyme found in each location
Where does chemical digestion occur and name the enzyme found in each location
Mouth- salivary amylase Stomach - pepsin Small intestine- amylase, lipase, protease
Mouth- salivary amylase Stomach - pepsin Small intestine- amylase, lipase, protease
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What is mechanical digestion?What is mechanical digestion?
Food is broken into smaller pieces by teeth or churning
Big protein molecules broken down into smaller protein molecules
Big fat molecules broken down into smaller fat molecules
Food is broken into smaller pieces by teeth or churning
Big protein molecules broken down into smaller protein molecules
Big fat molecules broken down into smaller fat molecules
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Where does mechanical digestion take place?Where does mechanical digestion take place?
Mouth stomach
Mouth stomach
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What types of organisms do cell
respiration?
What types of organisms do cell
respiration?All Living things- grass, trees, birds, dogs, cats, gorillas, monkeys, bugs,
etc etc.
All Living things- grass, trees, birds, dogs, cats, gorillas, monkeys, bugs,
etc etc.
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Give an example of a catalyst
Give an example of a catalyst
Any enzyme!Catalysts are things that
speed up reactions
Any enzyme!Catalysts are things that
speed up reactions
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In this sentence what does catalyze mean?
How do enzymes catalyze reactions?
In this sentence what does catalyze mean?
How do enzymes catalyze reactions?
Speed upSpeed up
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What is the equation for a catalyzed
reaction?
What is the equation for a catalyzed
reaction?
Enzyme + substrate --> enzyme + product
*** the substrate is what is broken down into product
(example: H202 broken into H20 and O2
Enzyme + substrate --> enzyme + product
*** the substrate is what is broken down into product
(example: H202 broken into H20 and O2
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Can enzymes ever be used up?
Can enzymes ever be used up?
NO. Enzymes are never used up and are not changed from
reactions.
NO. Enzymes are never used up and are not changed from
reactions.
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How many substrates can an enzyme work on?How many substrates
can an enzyme work on?
ONE! Enzymes are specific, they only attach to one
substrate. Just like a key only goes with one lock.
ONE! Enzymes are specific, they only attach to one
substrate. Just like a key only goes with one lock.
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What had a faster reaction- raw or
cooked liver? Why?
What had a faster reaction- raw or
cooked liver? Why?
Raw liver. Liver has enzymes in it. Cooked liver means the liver was in heat. Heat causes enzymes to
denature which means they lose their shape. Enzymes must have an exact shape
(like a key) to work
Raw liver. Liver has enzymes in it. Cooked liver means the liver was in heat. Heat causes enzymes to
denature which means they lose their shape. Enzymes must have an exact shape
(like a key) to work
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What conditions have an impact on how well
enzymes work?
What conditions have an impact on how well
enzymes work?
pH (acidity and basic) and temperature. Enzymes like to be in a certain range.
If enzymes are in environments that are too hot, too cold, too acidic or too basic they won’t
work as well and might not work at all
pH (acidity and basic) and temperature. Enzymes like to be in a certain range.
If enzymes are in environments that are too hot, too cold, too acidic or too basic they won’t
work as well and might not work at all
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In the lab, what items had catalase (hydrogen peroxidase) in them?
In the lab, what items had catalase (hydrogen peroxidase) in them?
Catalase (hydrogen peroxidase) is an enzyme. All enzymes
are found in living things. So they would be found in: raw liver and cooked liver
Catalase (hydrogen peroxidase) is an enzyme. All enzymes
are found in living things. So they would be found in: raw liver and cooked liver
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Hydrogen peroxide is made by reactions in our body and is dangerous to our cells. It must be broken down by the enzyme hydrogen peroxidase
Hydrogen peroxide is made by reactions in our body and is dangerous to our cells. It must be broken down by the enzyme hydrogen peroxidase
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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http://cccmkc.edu/hk/~kei~kph/Enzyme/catalase
.htm
http://cccmkc.edu/hk/~kei~kph/Enzyme/catalase
.htm
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What order does food travel through the digestive tract
beginning with the mouth?
What order does food travel through the digestive tract
beginning with the mouth?
Mouth then esophagus then stomach then small
intestine then large intestine then rectum then
anus
Mouth then esophagus then stomach then small
intestine then large intestine then rectum then
anus
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What are the 3 major groups of nutrients?What are the 3 major groups of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, lipids (fat), protein
Carbohydrates, lipids (fat), protein
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Where are the salivary glands located?
Where are the salivary glands located?
MouthMouth
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This connects mouth to stomach
This connects mouth to stomach
EsophagusEsophagus
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This is the place where most absorption and digestion takes
place
This is the place where most absorption and digestion takes
place
Small intestineSmall intestine
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This is under the stomach and makes
enzymes
This is under the stomach and makes
enzymes
pancreaspancreas
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The first place where carbs are broken down chemically by enzymes
The first place where carbs are broken down chemically by enzymes
MouthMouth
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This is where peristalsis occurs
This is where peristalsis occurs
EsophagusEsophagus
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This is where wastes are produced
This is where wastes are produced
Large intestineLarge intestine
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Here you can find villi
Here you can find villi
Small intestineSmall intestine
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This produces bileThis produces bile
liverliver
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Where are carbs broken down by salivary
amylase?
Where are carbs broken down by salivary
amylase?
MouthMouth
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Are vitamins and minerals considered
nutrients?
Where are they absorbed?
Are vitamins and minerals considered
nutrients?
Where are they absorbed?
They are not nutrients because they do not have
caloriesThey are absorbed in the
large intestine
They are not nutrients because they do not have
caloriesThey are absorbed in the
large intestine
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The places where no digestion occur
The places where no digestion occur
Esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, rectum
Esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, rectum
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This is the place where churning occursThis is the place
where churning occurs
StomachStomach
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This is where vitamins and minerals are
absorbed
This is where vitamins and minerals are
absorbed
Large intestineLarge intestine
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Here you find little fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients
Here you find little fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients
Small intestineSmall intestine
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What enzyme breaks carbs down chemically into simple sugars?
What enzyme breaks carbs down chemically into simple sugars?
AmylaseAmylase
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Last place where digestion occursLast place where digestion occurs
Small intestineSmall intestine
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This is where wastes are stored right
before they exit the body
This is where wastes are stored right
before they exit the body
rectumrectum
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In this spot, nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids and simple sugars are small
enough to pass into villi
In this spot, nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids and simple sugars are small
enough to pass into villiSmall intestineSmall intestine
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This is where reabsorption of water
occurs
This is where reabsorption of water
occurs
large intestinelarge intestine
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This is where any extra water is removed before it exits the
body
This is where any extra water is removed before it exits the
body
large intestinelarge intestine
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This is a triple threat- proteins,
lipids and carbs can be broken down chemically here
This is a triple threat- proteins,
lipids and carbs can be broken down chemically here
Small intestineSmall intestine
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Pepper, mustard, horseradish, nicotine,
coffee and alcohol irritate this
Pepper, mustard, horseradish, nicotine,
coffee and alcohol irritate this
StomachStomach
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What is the flap that covers the opening to
the wind pipe (trachea) when you are
swallowing food?
What is the flap that covers the opening to
the wind pipe (trachea) when you are
swallowing food?EpiglottisEpiglottis
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This structure is under the stomach and
is important for making enzymes
This structure is under the stomach and
is important for making enzymes
pancreaspancreas
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Here you can only find simple sugars
Here you can only find simple sugars
Mouth (because in mouth ONLY carbs are broken
down into simple sugars by amylase)
Mouth (because in mouth ONLY carbs are broken
down into simple sugars by amylase)
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Here you can find amino acids, fatty acids and simple
sugars
Here you can find amino acids, fatty acids and simple
sugarsSmall intestine (because
carbs are broken down into simple sugars by amylase; proteins are broken down
into amino acids by protease and lipids broken down into fatty acids by
lipase)
Small intestine (because carbs are broken down into simple sugars by amylase; proteins are broken down
into amino acids by protease and lipids broken down into fatty acids by
lipase)
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The place where waves of muscular
contractions move food
The place where waves of muscular
contractions move food
esophagusesophagus
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This structure makes the enzymes protease, amylase and lipase
This structure makes the enzymes protease, amylase and lipase
PancreasPancreas
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This is where proteins are broken down into amino acids by the
enzyme pepsin
This is where proteins are broken down into amino acids by the
enzyme pepsinStomach because enzyme
pepsin is made by stomachStomach because enzyme
pepsin is made by stomach
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The name for the mushy ball of food that
leaves your mouth and goes down the
esophagus
The name for the mushy ball of food that
leaves your mouth and goes down the
esophagus
bolusbolus
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This is the place where ONLY proteins can broken down by
enzymes
This is the place where ONLY proteins can broken down by
enzymes
stomachstomach
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Is bile an enzyme? What does it break
down?
Is bile an enzyme? What does it break
down?
NO; it breaks down fats by mechanical digestion. It
takes big lipids (fats) and turns them into smaller pieces of lipid (fat)
NO; it breaks down fats by mechanical digestion. It
takes big lipids (fats) and turns them into smaller pieces of lipid (fat)
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This is where carbs are broken down into simple sugars by the enzyme pancreatic
amylase
This is where carbs are broken down into simple sugars by the enzyme pancreatic
amylase
Small intestineSmall intestine
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This structure makes 3 enzymes that it
releases into the small intestine
This structure makes 3 enzymes that it
releases into the small intestine
pancreaspancreas
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The 2 places where both chemical and
mechanical digestion occur
The 2 places where both chemical and
mechanical digestion occur
Mouth and stomachMouth and stomach
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Proteins are broken by pepsin in this
location
Proteins are broken by pepsin in this
location
stomachstomach
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How do enzymes cause reactions to go
faster?
How do enzymes cause reactions to go
faster?
They lower the energy needed for the reaction to start (enzymes lower the
activation energy)
They lower the energy needed for the reaction to start (enzymes lower the
activation energy)
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This is where lipids are broken down into fatty acids by the
enzyme lipase
This is where lipids are broken down into fatty acids by the
enzyme lipase
Small intestineSmall intestine
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Where you can find gastric juice
Where you can find gastric juice
stomachstomach
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This is the place where ONLY CHEMICAL digestion occurs
This is the place where ONLY CHEMICAL digestion occurs
Small intestineSmall intestine
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What are the 3 biomolecules (nutrients)?
What are the 3 biomolecules (nutrients)?
Proteins, lipids, carbsProteins, lipids, carbs
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All digestion finishes in this location
All digestion finishes in this location
Small intestineSmall intestine
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Empties bile into the small intestine
Empties bile into the small intestine
Gall BladderGall Bladder
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What is the building block of carbs?
(another way of asking that is…what are carbs broken down into by
enzymes?)
What is the building block of carbs?
(another way of asking that is…what are carbs broken down into by
enzymes?)Simple sugarsSimple sugars
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What is enzyme specificity?
What is enzyme specificity?
1 enzyme for every substrate
1 enzyme for every substrate
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Breaks down proteins in the small intestine
Breaks down proteins in the small intestine
proteaseprotease
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Is H202 (hydrogen peroxide) or catalase
the enzyme?
Is H202 (hydrogen peroxide) or catalase
the enzyme?
catalasecatalase
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This enzyme is found in mouth and small
intestine
This enzyme is found in mouth and small
intestine
AmylaseAmylase
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What letters do enzymes end in?What letters do enzymes end in?
-ase-ase
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How are photosynthesis and respiration
related?
How are photosynthesis and respiration
related?
They are opposites. The products of one are the reactants of the other
They are opposites. The products of one are the reactants of the other
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What is the building block of lipids?
(another way of asking that is… what are lipids broken down into by enzymes?)
What is the building block of lipids?
(another way of asking that is… what are lipids broken down into by enzymes?)
Fatty acidsFatty acids
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What is the building block of proteins?
(another way of asking that is…what are
proteins broken down into by enzymes?)
What is the building block of proteins?
(another way of asking that is…what are
proteins broken down into by enzymes?)
Amino acidsAmino acids
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Glucose is an example of which biomolecule
(nutrient)?
Glucose is an example of which biomolecule
(nutrient)?
carbohydratecarbohydrate
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What is being irritated if you have
heartburn?
What is being irritated if you have
heartburn?
EsophagusEsophagus
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Which does not change from beginning of a reaction to the end- enzyme or substrate?
Which does not change from beginning of a reaction to the end- enzyme or substrate?
enzymeenzyme
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Enzyme in the stomachEnzyme in the stomach
pepsinpepsin
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Fats are also called……
Fats are also called……
lipidslipids
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What types of living things can do
photosynthesis?
What types of living things can do
photosynthesis?
Organisms that have chloroplasts- autotrophs -
trees, grass. Flowers, plants, etc.
Organisms that have chloroplasts- autotrophs -
trees, grass. Flowers, plants, etc.
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What does aerobic mean?
What does aerobic mean?
oxygenoxygen
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Which 2 steps of respiration are
aerobic?
Which 2 steps of respiration are
aerobic?
Krebs and Electron transport chain (because aerobic means requires
oxygen)
Krebs and Electron transport chain (because aerobic means requires
oxygen)
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Which 2 steps of respiration require
oxygen?
Which 2 steps of respiration require
oxygen?
Krebs and electron transport chain
Krebs and electron transport chain
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What are the 3 steps of respiration and how much ATP do they make?
What are the 3 steps of respiration and how much ATP do they make?
§ Glycolysis makes 2 ATP 2) kreb s makes 2 and 3) electron transport chain
makes 34 ATP
§ Glycolysis makes 2 ATP 2) kreb s makes 2 and 3) electron transport chain
makes 34 ATP
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During anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) what happens?
During anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) what happens?
Instead of the krebs cycle and electron transport
chain, glucose is changed into lactate (lactic
acid)
Instead of the krebs cycle and electron transport
chain, glucose is changed into lactate (lactic
acid)
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What cells do photosynthesis? Where
does it happen?
What cells do photosynthesis? Where
does it happen?
Plant cells. In the chloroplasts
Plant cells. In the chloroplasts
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What cells do respiration? Where does it take place?
What cells do respiration? Where does it take place?
Animal and plant cells. All living things do
respiration! Mitochondria
Animal and plant cells. All living things do
respiration! Mitochondria
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What are the parts of the plant and what is
each used for
What are the parts of the plant and what is
each used for
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What are the products of respiration?
What are the products of respiration?
Carbon dioxide, 38 ATP, water
Carbon dioxide, 38 ATP, water
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What are 3 things that effects
photosynthesis?
What are 3 things that effects
photosynthesis?
Temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light
intensity
Temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light
intensity
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What is needed (the reactants) for photosynthesis?
What is needed (the reactants) for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, sun energy, water
Carbon dioxide, sun energy, water
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What goes into the mitochondria during cell respiration?
What goes into the mitochondria during cell respiration?
Glucose and oxygenGlucose and oxygen
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Which step of respiration produces
the most ATP?
Which step of respiration produces
the most ATP?
Electron transport chainElectron transport chain
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How much ATP does each step of respiration
produce?
How much ATP does each step of respiration
produce?
1. Glycolysis gives 2 ATP2. Krebs cycle gives two
3. Electron transport chain gives 34
1. Glycolysis gives 2 ATP2. Krebs cycle gives two
3. Electron transport chain gives 34
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What happens in glycolysis?
What happens in glycolysis?
Goes in : Glucose (C-C-C-C-C-C) a 6 carbon molecule
is split into 2. Each new molecule C-C-C is called
pyruvate
Goes in : Glucose (C-C-C-C-C-C) a 6 carbon molecule
is split into 2. Each new molecule C-C-C is called
pyruvate
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What is correct order of aerobic (oxygen)
respiration?
What is correct order of aerobic (oxygen)
respiration?Glycolysis, krebs, and electron transport chainGlycolysis, krebs, and electron transport chain
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What is anaerobic respiration?
What is anaerobic respiration?
No oxygen available, glycolysis keeps repeating
over and over
No oxygen available, glycolysis keeps repeating
over and over
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ATP is produced during which steps of cell
respiration?
ATP is produced during which steps of cell
respiration?Glycolysis, krebs and
electron transportGlycolysis, krebs and
electron transport
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Which step(s) of respiration require
chloroplasts?
Which step(s) of respiration require
chloroplasts?None. Chloroplasts is for
photosynthesis. Respiration occurs in
mitochondria
None. Chloroplasts is for photosynthesis.
Respiration occurs in mitochondria