what is anthropologywk2

8/19/2019 What is AnthropologyWk2

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Antropologi dan Sosiologi

Definisi dan Fokus


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SOCIOLOGI AND ANTHROPOLOGY

1. What is sociology?

2. What is its focs?!. What is a"th#o$ology ?

%. What is th& s$h& of

a"th#o$ology?


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Psoala" 'ala( )&hi'$a"

* Mengapa manusia membentukkeluarga?

* Mengapa wujud perbezaan antaramasyarakat?

* Mengapa dalam kalangan manusiaada ketidakadilan? yang miskin dankaya?

* Mengapa berlaku pergaduhanantara manusia berdasarkan etnik?

* Mengapa anda terpaksa mengikuti

peraturan hidup?* Pelbagai masalah kehidupan


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+i'a"g Sai"sTIGA BIDANG IM!"ains #izikal

"ains $emanusiaan

"ains "%sial

"AIN" #I&I$A

Bi%l%gi' #izik' $imia'

Matematik et()

"AIN" $*MAN!"IAAN"ejarah' Bahasa'

"astera' Muzik et()

"AIN" "+"IA

*k%n%mi' Psik%l%gi

Antr%p%l%gi'"%si%l%gi' *k%n%mi


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Anthropology is one of the social

sciences

• It is closely related in various ways to

sociology, psychology and economics

• It is also closely related to some of the

natural sciences, in particular biology and

medicine


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Definitions and Focus

DEFINITIONS AND FOCUS• The word anthropology is derived from two reek words! anthropos

meaning "man" or "human# $homo sapiens% and logos is $study%, orreasons, so that anthropology is the study of humans&

• 'ore specifically, it is the study of human differences, cultural andbiological, in the conte(t of human nature&

• Study the similarities of human activities $eg& The concept of wealth,beauty, etc%

• Anthropologists identify and compare behavior of a particular groupagainst the full range of human behavior&

http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/links/www_diff.htmlhttp://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=8http://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=8http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/links/www_diff.html


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the )aren $Thailand hill people%

known as the *adaungwith a giraffe neck&

The concept of beautiful among the indigeneous women

+hinese women

ith a bound feet

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0205YqFlKMV0BdH6JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBxYjc2MGU1BHBvcwMzBHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkA0kxMTBfMTMx/SIG=1ijj80fij/EXP=1247476184/**http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Dchinese%252Bwomen%252Bwith%252Bbound%252Bfeet%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-106%2526fr2%253Dtab-web&w=487&h=236&imgurl=www.anomalies-unlimited.com%252FOddPics%252FImages%252FBound3.jpg&rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.anomalies-unlimited.com%252FOddPics%252FBound.html&size=8k&name=Bound3+jpg&p=chinese+women+with+bound+feet&oid=f2ac6906bcf2e140&fr2=tab-web&no=3&tt=56&sigr=11l0pntur&sigi=11l76h4m9&sigb=13e8rmnlhhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020zTqFlKtAgAnf.jzbkF/SIG=129ie97ml/EXP=1247476307/**http://www.lisasee.com/images/footbinding/image-3.jpghttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0205YqFlKMV0Be36JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTByb250N2JuBHBvcwMxMARzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANJMTEwXzEzMQ--/SIG=1ipcnf8j4/EXP=1247476184/**http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Dchinese%252Bwomen%252Bwith%252Bbound%252Bfeet%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-106%2526fr2%253Dtab-web&w=435&h=600&imgurl=www.lisasee.com%252Fimages%252Ffootbinding%252Fimage-5.jpg&rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.lisasee.com%252Fimages%252Ffootbinding%252Ffootbinding.htm&size=35k&name=image+5+jpg&p=chinese+women+with+bound+feet&oid=c0fdf26c99fb657c&fr2=tab-web&no=10&tt=56&sigr=11p9ibm3f&sigi=11elqj52a&sigb=13e8rmnlhhttp://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S02051p1lKMV0BAvSJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTByNjJjZTY3BHBvcwMxMQRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANJMTEwXzEzMQ--/SIG=1ifj861ep/EXP=1247475957/**http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fp%253Dkaren%252Bwomen%252Bof%252Bthailand%2526ei%253DUTF-8%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-106%2526fr2%253Dtab-web&w=160&h=200&imgurl=www.thailand-life.com%252Fimages%252Flong_necked_karen_2.jpg&rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.thailand-life.com%252Flong_necked_karen_hill_tribe.html&size=19k&name=long+necked+kare...&p=karen+women+of+thailand&oid=1dd4387de43c6c64&fr2=tab-web&no=11&tt=115&sigr=11u0it1rl&sigi=11k2dj8ha&sigb=138gfbj9khttp://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/orderform?photo=99-1-15-28-epr64http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/orderform?photo=99-1-15-28-epr64http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/orderform?photo=99-1-15-28-epr64http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/orderform?photo=99-1-15-28-epr64


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• Anthropologists studied the way of life, remains,

language, and physical characteristics of

primitive people -- social facts&

• Social facts might include how people celebratea holiday or when they e(change gifts

http://www.starfish.govt.nz/social/facts/fact-traditional-maori.htmhttp://www.starfish.govt.nz/social/facts/fact-traditional-maori.htm


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+ontinue

• until after the Second orldar, anthropology focusedalmost e(clusively on non-estern or tribal peoples& Infact, this "third world focus"was the distinguishingcharacteristic of the discipline&

• In fact, for a long timeanthropologists assumed thatnon-.uropean cultures weredifferent enough to warrant adifferent social sciencediscipline to study them& Thisassumption seems lesspersuasive today&

http://www.primitivism.com/uses-primitive.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Worldhttp://www.primitivism.com/uses-primitive.htm


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The Sphires $ sub field % of

Anthropology

• The science of anthropology is divided

into two maor disciplines!

• "# physical anthropology $as a nat%ral

science#

• c%lt%ral anthropology $social

science#


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'hysical anthropology

• concerned with the (iological aspects of h%man

(eings) In trying to learn a(o%t racial differences*

h%man origins* and evol%tion)

• The physical anthropologist st%dies fossil remains

and o(serves the (ehavior of other primates)

• 'rimates are an order of mammals that incl%des

h%man (eings as well as apes and mon+eys)


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C%lt%ral anthropology, social

anthropology• St%dy the growth of h%man societies in the world)• It is a st%dy of gro%p (ehavior* the origins of

religion* social c%stoms* technologicaldevelopments* and family relationships)

• A maor s%(field of c%lt%ral anthropology islinguistics* the st%dy of the history and str%ct%re oflang%age) -ing%istics is a val%a(le tool of theanthropologist to o(serve a people.s system ofcomm%nication and to learn the ideas (y which theyview the world)

• It also ena(les to st%dy the oral history of the gro%p(eing st%died) Oral histories are constr%cted from asociety.s poems* songs* myths* prover(s* and fol+tales


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*Di A(i)a Sya#i)at ia 'i)&"ali s&,agai

A"t#o$ologi +'aya*T($a" )a-ia" )& atas (asya#a)at 'a"

,'aya )&sa(aa" 'a" $,&/aa",'aya

* +agai(a"a (a"a ,'aya 'i$&la-a#i'a" 'i0a#isi

* +agai(a"a (a"sia (&"gg"a)a",'aya "t) (&"y&sai)a" 'i#i '&"ga"

$s&)ita#a" 'a" '&"ga" ,'aya"ya(a"sia l&,ih fl&)si,&l hi'$"ya.

* +&/a)a" ,'aya s&-agat (( 'a")hss.

*Da as$&) 3t"og#afi 3t"ologi

A"t#o$ologi Sosial

Dapatkah andamengagak apakahciri-ciri budayamasyarakat orang-orang ini? Adakahfamili, agama,ekonomi,peraturan hidup,politik mereka


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• 'hysical and c%lt%ral anthropology are

connected (y two other fields of st%dy!

"# archaeology and

• applied anthropology)

• archaeologists find the remains of

ancient (%ildings* tools* pottery* and

other artifacts (y which a past c%lt%re

may (e dated and descri(ed)


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Applied anthropology

• ma+es %se of the research done (y physicaland c%lt%ral anthropologists in order to helpgovernments and other instit%tions form andimplement policies for specific pop%lationgro%ps)

• Eg) The economic (ac+wardness among theOrang Asli* the 'enan 'eople* The O/U)

• 0esearch findings %sed (y governments inthe form%lation of social* ed%cational* andeconomic policies for ethnic minorities withintheir (orders)


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Applied anthropology

/omadic *enan forest dwellers blockade a logging road into their rainforesthome in the Sungai /yakit area of the 0imbang District, Sarawak, 'alaysia&

The blockade prevents the logging of a 12 s3uare kilometer area of primary,

unlogged rainforest that these people depend on for their survival&

The blockade has been ongoing since 42 April 5225


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Focus! Social anthropology

• 6uman beings are social animals

• 7ur most fundamental behaviour is all social in

orientation!

8 0anguage 9 communication

8 Dress 9 bodily adornment

8 +uisine


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• Some anthropologists regard society as

an organism of its own accord

• :ust as our bodies are composed of

interrelated organs, so the institutions of

society work together to serve the larger

organism, society&


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• Social anthropologists begin their study of

society with the study of basic social

institutions, such as +inship* religion*

economics 1 politics

• Social anthropologists; focus is

fundamentally the gro%p


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Antr%p%l%gi "%sial

!ntuk Apa?* 4&g"aa" il(5 (&"a"g (&"gh#ai

(&(,at g&"alisasi (a(al 'a"(&"y&l&sai (asalah.

* S&,&l( s&sat $&(,a"g"a"'ila)sa"a)a" $a'a s&sat (asya#a)at(asya#a)at ts&,t $l 'i)&tahi6)a-i.

* 4&g"aa" "t) $a"ca"ga" 'a" (&lihat)&sa" 'a#i$a'a s&sat $&(,a"g"a".


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•0ike most social sciences, anthropology had its

beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century

•Some foundations!

8 6enry 'aine, Ancient Law , 4


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A 2istory of Anthropology

• 2enry 3aine

8 'aine based his work on hise(perience as a lawyer in India

8 6is book e(amines thedifferences in the interpretationand application of #law> indifferent types of societies

8 6e regarded India as a#primitive> society and positeda distinction between #status>and #contract> societies


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• Stat%s4(ased societies are founded on kinship,group relations and face-to-face activity, and

one;s position in society is founded on theseprinciples

• Contract4(ased societies are founded on

merit, individual achievement and literacy $whichenables remote communication%, and one;sposition in society is founded on these principles


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-ewis 2enry 3organ

8 3organ was a socialevol%tionist

8 2e conceived of thethree maor phases of

evol%tion of society!

• Savagery

• 5ar(arism

• Civili6ation


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• Savagery

8 Savages are hunters and gatherers&

8 They live in undifferentiated groups $>hordes>% 9 have

few restrictions on se(uality& 0ater, they may develop

matrilineal organi?ation and e(ist in tribes&

8 They recogni?e no ownership of property&


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8 5ar(arism

8 @arbarians are cultivators who have domesticated animals&

8 They may live in tribes, but they are now patrilineal& Se(uality isregulated somewhat, but polygamy is common

8 They do recogni?e the ownership of property, but it is communalownership

• /ote! neither savages nor barbarians are literate


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8 Civili6ation

8 +ivili?ed people are cultivators who can organi?e theirsociety more effectively through the use of written

communication therefore they can create statesocieties& .ventually they become industriali?ed

8 Family structure is monogamous and patriarchal, butpatrilineality has disappeared

8 +orporate ownership of property is replaced withindividual ownership


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Edward Tylor $"78"

8 rappled with the concept of culture

8 .(amined societies cross-culturally

8 +oined the definition of culture that is used as

a foundation for most modern anthropologists


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3odern Anthropology

• B men are regarded as the founders ofmodern anthropology!

• Fran6 5oas

• 5ronislaw 3alinows+i

• 9A) 0) 0) 0adcliffe45rown:


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• @oas and 'alinowski built on the work of

Civers and company and aimed to bring

methodological rigour to the discipline


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8 Fran6 5oas $"7;74"


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• @oas; approach was broadly comparative

• 6is method was to sit tribal elders and collect data oncultural traditions, and perhaps to have those traditions

re-enacted for him

• 6e catalogued and mapped out almost all the /orth American native cultures

• 6is maEor contribution to the discipline of anthropologywas the concept of c%lt%ral relativism


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8 5ronislaw 3alinows+i $"77=4"


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Some 3aor Twentieth4Cent%ry Anthropologists

• A& C& Cadcliffe-@rown

• 'arcel 'auss

• +laude 0Gvi-Strauss

• 'argaret 'ead

• Cuth @enedict

• +lyde )luckhohn

• Alfred )roeber

• +lifford eert?


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conclusion

• Anthropology is one of the social sciences

• 'ore specifically, it is the study of human differences,cultural and biological, in the conte(t of human nature

* Ca,a"g7ca,a"g"ya ialah5

A#)&ologi

A"t#o$ologi +iologi)al

A"t#o$ologi li"gisti)

A"t#o$ologi Sosial

what is anthropologywk2

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