What is Anatomy and Physiology?What is Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy– Anatomy–

Physiology– Physiology–

Integration of these two concepts!Integration of these two concepts!

Body Planes and Body Planes and Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Anatomical position:Anatomical position: The position with the The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms the palms . The anatomical position . The anatomical position is of importance in anatomy because it is is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomical the position of reference for anatomical vocabulary. Anatomic terms such as vocabulary. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, abduction and adduction, and so on apply abduction and adduction, and so on apply to the body when it is in theto the body when it is in the ..

  

Anatomic Position: Body standing erect with arms to the side and palms facing

forward, head and feet forward.

3 Directional Planesor Midsagittal Plane

or Dorsal

or Ventral

or Horizontal Plane

A sagittal plane divides the body A sagittal plane divides the body into into andand sides. sides.

A sagittal plane that goes through the middle of the body, dividing it into right and left sides is called a or median plane.

Medial meanstoward themidline. ( )Lateral meanstowards theside.

Examples:

A transverse plane divides the A transverse plane divides the body into a body into a and and parts.parts.

Horizontal = Transverse

Superior means upper or .Inferior means lower or .Cranial means towards the .Caudal means toward the .

Examples:

A coronal or frontal plane divides the body A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into front and back sections.into front and back sections.

Body parts in front of the plane, or on thefront of the body, are said to be ventral oranterior. Body parts on the back of the bodyor behind the plane are said to be dorsal orposterior.

The terms ventral/anterior and dorsal/posterior can also be used to describe relative or comparative positions. For example, we can say that the heel is posterior to the toe. The heel is dorsal to the toe. The toe is ventral to the heel. The toe is anterior to the heel.

3 Directional Planesor Midsagittal Plane

or Dorsal

or Ventral

or Horizontal Plane

Two other directional terms you need to know are proximal and distal.

Body parts to a reference point are said to be proximal. (Think of the word approximate, near, close.)

Body parts from a reference point are said to be distal. (Think of the word distance, far.)

Example: If our point of reference is the shoulder, and we want to describe the relationships of the wrist and elbow, we can say that the wrist is distal and the elbow is proximal.

Shoulder – point of reference

Elbow – proximal (nearer, closer)

Wrist – distal (further)

FOUR Main Body CavitiesFOUR Main Body Cavities::

          CRANIAL CAVITYCRANIAL CAVITY - encases the - encases the . .             SPINAL CAVITYSPINAL CAVITY - extending from the cranial cavity to - extending from the cranial cavity to the base of the spine, surrounds thethe base of the spine, surrounds the . . THE TWO MAIN CAVITIES IN THE TRUNK OF THE THE TWO MAIN CAVITIES IN THE TRUNK OF THE HUMAN BODY ARE SEPARATED BY A WALL OF HUMAN BODY ARE SEPARATED BY A WALL OF MUSCLE CALLED THEMUSCLE CALLED THE . .         THORACIC CAVITYTHORACIC CAVITY - The upper compartment, - The upper compartment, contains the heart, the esophagus, and the organs of the contains the heart, the esophagus, and the organs of the respiratory system - the lungs, trachea, and bronchi. respiratory system - the lungs, trachea, and bronchi.         ABDOMINAL CAVITYABDOMINAL CAVITY - The lower compartment, - The lower compartment, contains organs of the digestive, reproductive, and contains organs of the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems. excretory systems.

Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal Quadrants

Nine Regions of the AbdomenNine Regions of the Abdomen

The EndThe End

Systems of the BodySystems of the Body