What is an individual?

genet ramet

Guiana

Ecuador

Peru Brazil

E. farinosaE. californica

Red-wing blackbird

Regular distribution

Bank swallow

Clumped distribution

Trillium erectum

Clumped distribution

Bird of Paradise – Strelitzia reginae

Marking animals

Sage grouse

adult juvenile

pheasant

adult juvenile

Wood turtle - female

male

Ruffed grouse central tail feather

deer

6 months

18 months 3 ½ years

4 ½ years5 ½ years

7 ½ years

Active dispersal

Passive dispersal

pilobolus

Mussel larvae

Dandelion seed

Spider ballooning

Lotus seedDormancy – dispersal in time

Red breasted merganser

Wildebeest migration

Geographic range Habitat tolerance Local population size

    Large

extensive Broad Small

    Large

  Narrow Small

    Large

restricted Broad Small

    Large

  narrow Small

 Seven of these combinations contain at least one element of rarity3 contain 1 element3 contain 2 elements1 contains all 3 elements