what is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

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Should a football team run or pass? A game theory approach Laura A. McLay (c) 2012 Based on Mathletics by Wayne Winston

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Page 1: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Should a football team run or pass?A game theory approach

Laura A. McLay(c) 2012

Based on Mathletics by Wayne Winston

Page 2: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

The problemThe problem

• An offense can run or pass the ballAn offense can run or pass the ball

• The defense anticipates the offense’s choice and chooses a run or pass offenseand chooses a run or pass offense.

• Given this strategic interaction, – what is the best mix of pass and run plays for the offense?

– what is the best mix of pass and run defenses?

Page 3: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Idealized payoffs (yards)Idealized payoffs (yards)

Run defense (x) Pass defense (1‐x)

Offense runs (q) ‐5 5

Offense passes (1‐q) 10 0Offense passes (1 q) 10 0

We consider a zero sum game. The offense wants the most yards. The defense wants the offense to have the fewest yards.

A pure strategy is deterministic: the offense or defense makes the sameA pure strategy is deterministic: the offense or defense makes the same decision all the time

Amixed strategy is a random strategy that assigns probabilities to the availableA mixed strategy is a random strategy that assigns probabilities to the available choices.

Page 4: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Case 1: Defense chooses a pure strategy

• The offense chooses a mixed strategyThe offense chooses a mixed strategy– Run with probability q

– Pass with probability 1‐qPass with probability 1 q

• If a run defense is chosen the expected gain is:If a run defense is chosen, the expected gain is:

q(‐5) + (1‐q)10 = 10‐15q

• If a pass defense is chosen the e pected gain is• If a pass defense is chosen, the expected gain is:

q(5) + (1‐q) 0 = 5q

Page 5: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Case 1: Defense chooses a pure strategy

• For any value of q chosen by the offense theFor any value of q chosen by the offense, the defense wants to minimize the yards:

min{ 10 15q 5q }min{ 10‐15q, 5q }

• The offense should choose q (0 < q < 1) that maximizes the min{ 10‐15q, 5q }

Page 6: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Case 1: Defense chooses a pure strategy

Expected payoff

q

The offense should run half the time, gaining 2.5 yards per attempt (on average)yards per attempt (on average).

Page 7: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Case 2: Offense chooses a pure strategy

• The defense chooses a mixed strategyThe defense chooses a mixed strategy– Run defense with probability x

Pass defense with probability 1 x– Pass defense with probability 1‐x

If th ff th t d i i• If the offense runs, the expected gain is:

x(‐5) + (1‐x)(5) = 5 – 10x

• If the offense passes, the expected gain is:

x(10) + (1‐x)(0) = 10xx(10) + (1 x)(0)   10x 

Page 8: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Case 2: Offense chooses a pure strategy

• For any value of x chosen by the defense theFor any value of x chosen by the defense, the offense wants to maximize the yards:

max{ 5 10x 10x }max{ 5 – 10x, 10x }

• The defense should choose x (0 < x < 1) that minimizes the max{ 5 – 10x, 10x}

Page 9: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Case 2: Offense chooses a pure strategy

Expected payoff

x

The defense should choose a run defense 1/4 of the time, allowing 2.5 yards per attempt (on average).

(The offense gain and defensive loss are always identical)

Page 10: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Idealized payoffs (yards)Idealized payoffs (yards)

Run defense (x) Pass defense (1‐x)

Offense runs (q) r‐k r+k

Offense passes (1‐q) p+mk p‐mkOffense passes (1 q) p+mk p mk

Suppose the defense chooses run and pass defenses with equal likelihoods.The offense would gain r yards per run, on average.The offense would gain p yards per pass, on average.The correct choice on defense has m times more effect on passing as it does onThe correct choice on defense has m times more effect on passing as it does on running (range of 2mk vs. 2k)

Page 11: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Idealized payoffs, cont’d.Idealized payoffs, cont d.

Run defense (x) Pass defense (1‐x)

Offense runs (q) r‐k r+k

Offense passes (1‐q) p+mk p‐mkOffense passes (1 q) p+mk p mk

Suppose the defense chooses a pure strategy.

If a run defense is chosen, the expected gain is:q(r k) + (1 q)(p+mk) (p+mk) + (r k p mk)qq(r‐k) + (1‐q)(p+mk) = (p+mk) + (r‐k‐p‐mk)q

If a pass defense is chosen, the expected gain is:q(r+k) + (1‐q) (p‐mk) = (p‐mk)+(r+k‐p+mk)q

Page 12: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Case 3: Idealized inputsCase 3: Idealized inputsExpected payoff

q

• q = m/(m+1) [Does not depend on r or p!]

Lik i 1/2 + ( )/(2k + ) f th d f• Likewise, x = 1/2 + (r‐p)/(2km+m) for the defense

Page 13: What is a football team's best mix of running and passing plays?

Case 3: intuitionCase 3: intuition

• For m=1For m=1– Offense runs pass and run plays equally

• For m>1• For m>1– Offense runs more since the defensive call has more of an effect on passing playsmore of an effect on passing plays

• For m<1– Offense passes more since the defensive call has less of an effect on passing plays