What does theWhat does thefuture holdfuture holdfor Europe?for Europe?

•Unification?Unification?•Instability?Instability?

Europe’s Modern Transformation

Supranationalismand Devolution

Contradiction

Devolution- regions within a state demand political

strength and autonomy at the expense of the central government

Supranationalism three or more states combine for political,

cultural, or cultural cooperation

Devolution in Europe

Scotland Northern Ireland Wales Flemish/French Kaliningrad Polish in Belarus Basques Catalonia S. Tyrol Corsica Sardinia Yugoslavia

Early European Supranationalism

Outgrowth of the World War IIBeneluxMarshall Plan 1948-52

1948 Organization of European Economic Cooperation

1949 Council of Europe

European Supranationalism

Why would anyone want to give away international autonomy, one of the most sought after goals of the past century?

1944 1944 Benelux Benelux

AgreementAgreement

•NetherlandsNetherlands•BelgiumBelgium•LuxembourgLuxembourg

History of European Supranationlism

1947 – MARSHALL PLAN 1948 - Organization for European

Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1949 - Council of Europe 1951 - ECSC 1957 - Treaty of Rome 1958 - EEC effective 1959 - EFTA signed 1965 - EEC-ESC-EURATOM 1973 - EEC

Primary function of the OEEC: To accept and

distribute funds allocated under

the Marshall Plan

13 Billion $ from U.S. to help 13 Billion $ from U.S. to help rebuild European countriesrebuild European countries

Marshall Plan 1948-52

European Iron and Steel Community-1951

France, Italy, Germany, and Benelux shared: ironscrapcoal finished goods

To maintain peace in Europe To present a united front against communism Out-of-date steel plants closed

Common Market - 1958

Objective - a single market in which the following flow freely: goods and services labormarketscapital

Founders determined that Europe would never go to war again

1973 European Community - 9 Nations

FranceGermanyItalyBeneluxUnited Kingdom IrelandDenmark

1979 European Parliament

410 directly elected representatives (MEPs)

Parliament meets in Strasbourg

New nations joined 1981 Greece 1986 Spain and Portugal 1990 E. Germany

15 Nations

1991 Maastricht Treaty

Set goals and 279 directives for 15 nations Social Compact Environment Research Agriculture Regional Development Banking Foreign Policy

Common Agricultural Policy

Huge subsidies to agriculture absorb 50% budget

Inadequate controls lead to corruptionSurpluses sold at a loss

European Monetary and Economic Union

Euro - a single European currency by Jan 1, 1999

By 2002 European notes and coinsComplements European market with its

free movement of:peoplegoods and servicescapital

Development Areas

Under the Structural Funds there are 3 Objectives:

Objective 1: promoting the development of regions whose development is lagging behind;

Objective 2: supporting the economic and social conversion of areas facing industrial decline

Objective 3: supporting the adaptation and modernisation of policies and systems of education, training and employment.

Special Problem Areas

Political AsylumNon EU Migrant workersTerroristsGuns, drugs, rabies, Fear of GermanyUnemployment

Development Areas

GNI per capita

What Does EU Mean to Citizens?

European citizenship and passportFreedom of movement to live, study, and

workCleaner air, water, and beachesBetter health and safety at workFunds programs for elderly, poor, and

disabled

Foreign Policy

Ideal - a common foreign policy Reality

Persian GulfBosnia Iraq

€ 2002 Euro Currency

2002 Euro replaces national currency in most EU nations

Denmark, Sweden, and UK opt out of Euro

2004 Historic Expansion

10 New nations join the European Union

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Poland, Czech Republic,

Slovakia Hungary, Slovenia, Malta,

Cyprus

Potential Members

Other Eastern European nations anxious to join to strengthen their weak economies to safeguard fragile democracies

Romania and Bulgaria joined in 2007

•EU MembersEU Members•Non-members Non-members •Prospective Prospective MembersMembers

European Supranationalism