What do I have to do to be successful and still keep my sanity in tact, while trying to have a

life ?

1. Be familiar with the APES Web Page, www.ehsscience.com

2. Read assigned pages at home and learn the objectives.3. Go the textbook web page and answer all quiz questions.4. Don’t wait till the last minute to begin your project.5. Know how to write a lab report, as posted on the web page.6. Always ask questions when you get stuck or don’t

understand something.7. Don’t get intimidated, I am always here to help you. 8. Visit the web page often., keep a journal!9. Use study groups or a study buddy to learn concepts.10.Relax and take a genuine interest in Environmental Science

1. Includes chapter notes!2. Includes class notes!3. Returned papers!4. On-line quiz and essay questions!5. Chapter and class objective answers!6. Class and web research!7. Project information!

With approximately 6.7 billion people on Earth now and a projected 9 billion by mid-century, we must find ways of reducing consumption of resources if we are to avoid dramatic environmental degradation and the potential of global ecosystem collapse.

Sustainability does not just consider the environmental dimension; the social and economic dimensions are what round out the “triple bottom line,” a standard of ethical responsibility many corporations, institutions, and governments have adopted as a guiding principle.

Approximately 6.6 billion humans now inhabit the Earth. By comparison, there might be 20 million mallard ducks and, among a multitude of threatened and endangered species, perhaps 100,000 gorillas, 50,000 polar bears, and less than 10,000 tigers, 2,000 giant pandas and 200 California condors

What is the IPAT Equation, or I = P X A X T?

It describes the multiplicative contribution of population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T) to environmental impact (I). Environmental impact (I) may be expressed in terms of resource depletion or waste accumulation; population (P) refers to the size of the human population; affluence (A) refers to the level of consumption by that population; and technology (T) refers to the processes used to obtain resources and transform them into useful goods and wastes.

In Summary The IPAT equation made a contribution to understanding the multiple causes of environmental impact, and it continues to be developed as a method for improving our understanding of these issues. It has not helped in identifying sustainable scale, but it is a useful framework to assist in thinking about ways of reducing environmental impacts by reducing various types of throughput.

The Tragedy of the Commons on Georges Bank, and ElsewhereIn the Massachusetts State Capitol there is a wooden statue of the Sacred Cod, a tribute to the massive fishing ground called Georges Bank. For 200 years codfish from Georges Bank have enriched New England. Now, says the Northeast Fisheries Center, the cod population of Georges Bank is collapsing.

Zebra mussels can severely effect native mussels and clams by interfering with their feeding, growth, movement, respiration, and reproduction. For example, zebra mussels can colonize a clam shell to such an extent that the clam cannot open its shell to eat. Some native mussels have been found with more than 10,000 zebra mussels attached to them. In addition to colonizing native mussels and clams, zebra mussels may attach to slow-moving species such as crayfish and turtles.

Neotropical migrant birds are the songbirds that represent over 50%, more precisely, 340 of the 600 species, of North American birds. As spring begins, more than 300 species of Neotropical migratory birds head north to breed and raise young in the United States and Canada. In the fall they return to warmer climates in tropical regions of Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.

No environmental issue as vividly demonstrates the impact human-produced chemicals can have on nature as the destruction of stratospheric ozone.

Ozone is a relatively unstable form of molecular oxygen containing three oxygen atoms (O3). Radiation from the sun continuously bombards the Earth's atmosphere, causing molecules to break apart into component elements that form into new chemical compounds. Ozone is produced when upper-atmosphere oxygen molecules (O2) are broken apart by ultraviolet light. Most of the freed oxygen atoms immediately bond with nearby oxygen molecules to form ozone (O + O2 = O3).

Ozone is a gas that occurs both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. In the troposphere, the air closest to the Earth's surface, ground-level or "bad" ozone is a pollutant that is a significant health risk, especially for children with asthma. It also damages crops, trees and other vegetation. It is a main ingredient of urban smog.

Although tropical forests cover only about 7 percent of the Earth’s dry land, they probably harbor about half of all species on Earth.

Many species are so specialized to microhabitats within the forest that they can only be found in small areas. Their specialization makes them vulnerable to extinction.

Global markets consume rainforest products that depend on sustainable harvesting: latex, cork, fruit, nuts, timber, fibers, spices, natural oils and resins, and medicines.

In addition, the genetic diversity of tropical forests is basically the deepest end of the planetary gene pool. Hidden in the genes of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria that have not even been discovered yet may be cures for cancer and other diseases or the key to improving the yield and nutritional quality of foods—which the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization says will be crucial for feeding the nearly ten billion people the Earth will likely need to support in coming decades.

Finally, genetic diversity in the planetary gene pool is crucial for the resilience of all life on Earth to rare but catastrophic environmental events, such as meteor impacts or massive, sustained volcanism.

Varieties of Soy Beans

Environmental ethics is the discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its nonhuman contents.