What did the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, the

Holy Roman emperor have to do with?

Pope Gregory VII excommunicated King Henry IV because they disagreed about

who should choose church officials. Concordant of Worms says emperor

loses power.

• The conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, the Holy Roman emperor, had to do with the appointment of high-ranking Church officials.

• The Concordat of Worms limited the emperor’s power.

• Pope Gregory VII forbade kings from appointing church officials

• Henry IV was the Holy Roman emperor who was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII

a. elected parliament

b. high church officials

c. the growing middle class

d. organized groups of serfs

During the medieval period in Europe, the political power of the kings and great nobles was often constrained by the actions of

The Crusades

Who launched the Crusades?

The Crusades were a holy war launched by the Catholics against the Muslim Turks.

King Richard fought against the Muslim general named Saladin

How did the Crusades affect the economies of Central and Western

Europe?

The Crusades helped increase trade between Europe and the Middle East.

It also helped end feudalism, gave kings more power, and increased technology.

What were medieval cities like?

Medieval cities were overcrowded, run by a council, dirty, and dangerous.

Power of the Catholic Church• During the medieval period in Europe, the

political power of the kings and great nobles was often constrained by the actions of high church officials

MEDIEVAL CULTURE

• The clergy are people who had been ordained as priests

Who were the clergy?

• very crowded.

• often run by a city council.

• dirty, smelly, and polluted.

Medieval cities were?

With a strong government in place, people in medieval Europe felt safer. As a result, trade, banking, and business prospered.

A good economy meant more money to support learning and the arts and to pay for new churches and other buildings.

Church leaders and wealthy merchants and nobles paid to build large new churches called cathedrals.

Cathedrals were built in the Romanesque style or Gothic style.

Romanesque Gothic

Gothic Cathedrals were famous for their stained glass windows. These windows were picture Bibles for Christians who could not read.

EUROPE’S FIRST UNIVERSITIES

Two of Europe’s first universities were in Bologna, Italy and Paris, France.

Universities were created to educate and train scholars.

I repeat, universities were created to educate and train scholars.

Oxford University

In medieval universities, students studied grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

Students did not have books because books were rare before the European printing press was created in the 1400s.

(Do you like taking notes?)

Students studied their subjects for four to six years.Then a committee of teachers gave them an oral exam.

If they passed, they were given their degree.

After obtaining a basic degree, a student could go on to earn a doctor’s degree in law, medicine, or theology.

A doctor’s degree could take 10 years or more to earn.

During this time period, great universities were created to train and educate scholars.

University students would learn theology or the study of God

and religion.

Thomas Aquinas was a friar who believed that you could combine church teachings with the ideas

of Aristotle.

He also taught that humans has certain

rights that the government

could not control. These

rights were called Natural

Law.

People began to read more as more and more books were

written in their own vernacular, or language of the day.

What is the Magna Carta and whose power does it limit?

Magna Carta• A document that limited the government’s

power.

• The Magna Carta limited the power of the king.

• The Magna Carta forced King John, an English king, to guarantee certain rights

Why was the Magna Carta important?• It stated the king and subjects have certain duties.• It established a principle of limited government.• It acknowledged that people have certain rights

King John was a harsh ruler of England who was forced to sign the

Magna Carta by his nobles.

The Magna Carta limited the king’s and government’s power and guaranteed rights

to all.

What document stated the following:

1.The king and his subjects had certain duties

2.Established limited government

3.That people have certain rights.

THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

England and France’s conflict was known as the Hundred

Years War.

During this war, a French peasant girl named Joan of Arc helped the French seize the city

of Orleans.

The Hundred Years War began when the English King Edward III declared himself king of France

as well.

The Bubonic Plague was a disease that

spread quickly throughout

Europe killing almost 50% of the

population.

The plague spread quickly because the had population

grown and trade with Asia had increased.

The Bubonic Plague affected Europe by forcing wages to rise

and trade to fall.

Bacteria from flea infested rats helped spread the disease

quickly as well.

In the end, the Bubonic Plague also weakened the Europe’s

Feudal system.

10.5Challenges to

Church Authority

In order to maintain power, the Catholic Church started the

Inquisition in order to stop the spread of heresy.

Heresy was any belief that conflicts with church teachings.

Many Jews were persecuted because they refused to convert

to Christianity and many of them were moneylenders.

This persecution of Jews became known as Anti-Semitism.

During the 1300 -1400s,

France, England,

Spain, and Portugal were all involved in a war of some

sort.

During the Middle Ages, the Iberian Peninsula was ruled over

by the Muslims even though most citizens were either

Christian or Jewish.

The purpose of the Reconquista was to end Muslim rule in the

Iberian Peninsula.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain persecuted

both Jews and Muslims in order to make Spain a Catholic nation.