what did putin really say? speech presentation in a news story on the bbc news website

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What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website.

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Page 1: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news

story on the BBC News website.

Page 2: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

The structure of the talk

• Data • Framework• Analysis

Page 3: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

The Data

Page 4: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

• Vladimir Putin interview with Russian state television (24/02/2015)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-31596634

Page 5: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

The Data

• Web news story consists of:– Short video clip of interview with translation– Summary of the interview with some background– Analysis by Sarah Rainsford

Page 6: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Data

• Also drawing on translations / transcriptions of interview provided by:

• Kremlin - http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/47730

• Kristina Russ - http://fortruss.blogspot.co.uk/

• Fort Russ is a team blog of dedicated volunteer translators and analysts, who bring you Russian, as well as Polish, German, French, Greek and Italian translations of the best news, analysis, bloggers and social media pertaining to Russia, Ukraine, former USSR and geopolitical balance in the world today.

Page 7: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Focus

• Interested in how the news article presents what Putin said in the interview.

• Speech presentation• Discourse presentation

Page 8: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

• Prototypically, discourse presentation refers to the presentation of speech, writing or thought from an anterior discourse in a posterior discourse.

Page 9: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

I love Stylistics!

Brian said “I love Stylistics!”

Anterior discourse

Posterior discourse

Coming before in time; earlier

Coming after in time; later

Page 10: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

Brian thought “I love Stylistics!”

Anterior discourse

Posterior discourse

Coming before in time; earlier

Coming after in time; later

I love Stylistics!

Page 11: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

Brian wrote “I love Stylistics!”

Anterior discourse

Posterior discourse

Coming before in time; earlier

Coming after in time; later

Dear diary, I

love Stylistics

!

Page 12: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

• A person can present the speech and/or writing and/or thoughts of a third party or themselves.

• However, there is not necessarily always an anterior discourse.

Page 13: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

I love Stylistics!

Brian said that he loves

Stylistics!”

At any moment, Brian is going to say that he

loves Stylistics.

I love Stylistics!

Page 14: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

• A speaker might project a future hypothetical discourse. – “If she keeps asking for a lift to work I’m going to

say ‘OK, but how about chipping in for the petrol’”.• In this instance the speech presentation is

hypothetical – there is no anterior discourse.

Page 15: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

• Fiction– Prototypical narration tells of events that

supposedly happened at some time in the past– These past events usually involve characters

talking to one another– So, a narrator tells the narratee / reader not only

about the event but also what was said, thought or written by the characters

Page 16: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

• But – there is no anterior discourse• It’s all made up!

• But this is news report – and there is an anterior discourse situation.

Page 17: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What is discourse presentation?

• A person can present the (hypothetical and fictional) speech and/or writing and/or thoughts of a third party or themselves

• They can use a variety of different forms.• Create different (interesting) effects

Page 18: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Discourse presentation model• The development of a model of speech and thought

presentation first developed in relation to literary fiction (see Leech and Short 1981).

• Some other text types have now also been investigated (e.g. newspaper report)

• The model has been developed with a view to making as complete a model as possible of how we quote others in English texts.

Page 19: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Discourse presentation

• What are the different forms of discourse presentation?

• (focus on speech)

Page 20: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Discourse presentation model

• “I love corpus linguistics!”– expresses the exact words of the original utterance– first person pronouns, present tense verbs and proximal deictics.

• “I love corpus linguistics!” he said.– includes the exact words plus a reporting clause indicating the

presence of a narrator,– first person pronouns, present tense verbs and proximal deictics.

Page 21: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Discourse presentation model

• He said that he loved corpus linguistics.– presents the original utterance in an indirect form, with the original

speaker’s words contained within a subordinate clause, – includes a reporting clause (he said)– present tense verbs changed to past, – first person pronouns change to third person – and proximal deictics changed to distal ones

Page 22: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Discourse presentation model

• He loved corpus linguistics!– is a free indirect rendering that blends aspects of a narratorial report

with a flavour of the original speaker’s utterance (in this case, the exclamation mark)

– tense, pronouns and deixis similar to IS

Page 23: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Discourse presentation model

• He exclaimed his feelings.– reports only the speech act of the original speaker (apologise,

deny, etc.)– none of the propositional content of the original utterance can

be reconstructed– possibly followed by some indication of the subject-matter

of the speech act.

Page 24: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Discourse presentation model

• He spoke loudly.– reports only the fact that speech occurred.– possibly followed by a prepositional phrase or noun phrase

giving the subject-matter of the verbiage.

Page 25: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Discourse presentation

Table 1. Discourse presentation Model – after Short (2007)

Discourse presentation

Speech presentation Writing presentation Thought presentation

FDS Free Direct Speech FDW Free Direct Writing FDT Free Direct Thought

DS Direct Speech DW Direct Writing DT Direct Thought

FIS Free Indirect Speech FIW Free Indirect Writing FIT Free Indirect Thought

IS Indirect Speech IW Indirect Writing IT Indirect Thought

NRSA Narrator’s (Re)presentation of a Speech Act

NRWA Narrator’s (Re)presentation of a Writing Act

NRTA Narrator’s (Re)presentation of a Thought Act

NV Narrator’s Presentation of Voice

NW Narrator’s Presentation of Writing

NT Narrator’s Presentation of Thought

NI Internal Narration

NRS Narrator’s Reporting of Speech

NRW Narrator’s Reporting of Writing

NRT Narrator’s Reporting of Thought

N Narration N Narration N Narration

Page 26: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Cline of narrator interference

• ‘You should shut up!’ [FDS]• ‘You should shut up!’, she said. [DS]• He should shut up! [FIS]• She said that he should shut up. [IS]• She commanded him. [NRSA]• She shouted at him. [NV]

Original speaker’s

words

Narrator’s words

Page 27: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Cline of narrator interference

• ‘You should shut up!’ [FDS]• ‘You should shut up!’, she said. [DS]• He should shut up! [FIS]• She said that he should shut up. [IS]• She commanded him. [NRSA]• She shouted at him. [NV]

Most faithful to original

Least faithful to original

Page 28: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Cline of narrator interference

• ‘You should shut up!’ [FDS]• ‘You should shut up!’, she said. [DS]• He should shut up! [FIS]• She said that he should shut up. [IS]• She commanded him. [NRSA]• She shouted at him. [NV]

Greatest claim to faithfulness

Least claim to faithfulness

Page 29: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Consequences for ideology

• Opportunity for narrator to interpret the actual speech – allowing for misrepresentation

• Readers/listeners are aware of the intervention of a narrator and will find direct speech and writing more believable than other modes.

• (probably not the case with thought – indirect forms more believable)

Page 30: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Analysis

Page 31: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Russian President Vladimir Putin has said war with neighbouring Ukraine is "unlikely", in an interview for Russian television.Mr Putin also stressed his support for the recent Minsk ceasefire deal as the best way to stabilise eastern Ukraine.Ukraine says Russian troops have been fighting in Ukraine. Mr Putin repeated denials that this was the case.[...]In his interview - his first extended comments since the ceasefire deal was agreed on 12 February - Mr Putin was asked if there was a real threat of war, given the situation in eastern Ukraine."I think that such an apocalyptic scenario is unlikely and I hope this will never happen," he said.Mr Putin said that if the Minsk agreement was implemented, eastern Ukraine would "gradually stabilise"."Europe is just as interested in that as Russia. No one wants conflict on the edge of Europe, especially armed conflict," he said.

Page 32: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Russian President Vladimir Putin has said war with neighbouring Ukraine is "unlikely", in an interview for Russian television.Mr Putin also stressed his support for the recent Minsk ceasefire deal as the best way to stabilise eastern Ukraine.Ukraine says Russian troops have been fighting in Ukraine. Mr Putin repeated denials that this was the case.[...]In his interview - his first extended comments since the ceasefire deal was agreed on 12 February - Mr Putin was asked if there was a real threat of war, given the situation in eastern Ukraine."I think that such an apocalyptic scenario is unlikely and I hope this will never happen," he said.Mr Putin said that if the Minsk agreement was implemented, eastern Ukraine would "gradually stabilise"."Europe is just as interested in that as Russia. No one wants conflict on the edge of Europe, especially armed conflict," he said.

Page 33: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Analysis

Russian President Vladimir Putin has said war with neighbouring Ukraine is "unlikely", in an interview for Russian television.

"I think that such an apocalyptic scenario is unlikely and I hope this will never happen," he said.

• Indirect speech with apparent direct speech and an apparent claim to faithfulness.

• Direct speech

Page 34: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

I believe that such an apocalyptic scenario is hardly possible and I hope that it will never come to this. As regards the return of some territories these are things of a revanchist nature and it is not about returning territories to someone. The point is that in my view the leadership of such a large European country as Ukraine should first of all bring the country back to normal life and restore the economy and the social sphere, get the relations with the south east of the country on the right track in a civilised way, and ensure the lawful rights and the interests of the people who live say in Donbass. If the Minsk agreements are implemented then I am sure that this is what will be done.

BBC

Page 35: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

I think that this apocalyptic scenario is highly unlikely, and I hope it never comes to that. As for returning any territories, that is revanchist talk and it’s not about returning territories anywhere. In my opinion – and I do not want to give any advice, but still – the current leadership of a large European nation such as Ukraine should first return the country to normal life: fix the economy, the social sector, its relations with the southeast region of the country in a civilised manner, and ensure the lawful rights and interests of the people living in Donbass. If the Minsk agreements are implemented, I am certain that this will be done.

Kremlin

Page 36: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

I think that such apocalyptic scenario is hardly possible, I hope that it will never get to that point. As far as returning of some territories, such things are of a revanchist character, and this is not about returning some territories somewhere. The thing is, in my view, and I don’t want to give any advice, but the leadership of such a big European country, as Ukraine, should first of all return the country to a normal life, fix the economy, the social sphere, fix their relationship with South-Eastern Ukraine in a civilized manner, provide legal rights and interests of the people, who reside in Donbass. If Minsk agreements will be realized, I am convinced that it will be done.

Kristina Russ

Page 37: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Russian President Vladimir Putin has said war with neighbouring Ukraine is "unlikely", in an interview for Russian television.Mr Putin also stressed his support for the recent Minsk ceasefire deal as the best way to stabilise eastern Ukraine.Ukraine says Russian troops have been fighting in Ukraine. Mr Putin repeated denials that this was the case.[...]In his interview - his first extended comments since the ceasefire deal was agreed on 12 February - Mr Putin was asked if there was a real threat of war, given the situation in eastern Ukraine."I think that such an apocalyptic scenario is unlikely and I hope this will never happen," he said.Mr Putin said that if the Minsk agreement was implemented, eastern Ukraine would "gradually stabilise"."Europe is just as interested in that as Russia. No one wants conflict on the edge of Europe, especially armed conflict," he said.

Page 38: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Analysis

Mr Putin also stressed his support for the recent Minsk ceasefire deal as the best way to stabilise eastern Ukraine.

• NRSA – with topic• Allows BBC reporter to choose speech act verb

‘stressed’.

Page 39: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

I believe that such an apocalyptic scenario is hardly possible and I hope that it will never come to this. As regards the return of some territories these are things of a revanchist nature and it is not about returning territories to someone. The point is that in my view the leadership of such a large European country as Ukraine should first of all bring the country back to normal life and restore the economy and the social sphere, get the relations with the south east of the country on the right track in a civilised way, and ensure the lawful rights and the interests of the people who live say in Donbass. If the Minsk agreements are implemented then I am sure that this is what will be done.

BBC

Page 40: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Analysis

• Does this amount to ‘stressing’?• Looking at the transcriptions from the Kremlin

and fortruss .....

Page 41: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

If the Minsk agreements are implemented, I am certain that this will be done. [...]If – again, I’ve said it before and I’ll repeat it – if the Minsk agreements are implemented, I am confident that the situation will gradually return to normal.

(Kremlin)

If Minsk agreements will be realized, I am convinced that it will be done.[...]I have said it before, and will say it again, if the Minsk agreements will be followed, I am convinced that the situation will gradually normalize.

(fortruss)

Page 42: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Analysis

Mr Putin said that if the Minsk agreement was implemented, eastern Ukraine would "gradually stabilise".

• IS – but with some DS.• Apparent claim to faithfulness.

I am confident that the situation will gradually return to normal.I am convinced that the situation will gradually normalize.

Page 43: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Russian President Vladimir Putin has said war with neighbouring Ukraine is "unlikely", in an interview for Russian television.Mr Putin also stressed his support for the recent Minsk ceasefire deal as the best way to stabilise eastern Ukraine.Ukraine says Russian troops have been fighting in Ukraine. Mr Putin repeated denials that this was the case.[...]In his interview - his first extended comments since the ceasefire deal was agreed on 12 February - Mr Putin was asked if there was a real threat of war, given the situation in eastern Ukraine."I think that such an apocalyptic scenario is unlikely and I hope this will never happen," he said.Mr Putin said that if the Minsk agreement was implemented, eastern Ukraine would "gradually stabilise"."Europe is just as interested in that as Russia. No one wants conflict on the edge of Europe, especially armed conflict," he said.

Page 44: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Analysis

Ukraine says Russian troops have been fighting in Ukraine. Mr Putin repeated denials that this was the case.

• DP category?• Form suggests IS

– Issues to do with propositional content– What would the original look like?

• NRSA + topic?

Page 45: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Solovyov: We say that a civil war is underway. Ukraine says, “No, this is a direct intervention by Russia.” Why doesn’t the world see the truth?

Page 46: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Putin: It doesn’t want to. First of all, the world is complex and diverse; some people see it, while others don’t want to see it and do not notice it. World media monopoly of our opponents allows them to behave as they do. Moreover, I suppose that my somewhat careless comment during my visit to Hungary had some effect, when I said that it is disappointing to lose to yesterday’s miners and tractor drivers. It is unpleasant to lose to Russia as well, but it’s less humiliating somehow. At the same time, we are aware of the statements made by Ukraine’s top officials, including high-ranking officials in the Ukrainian army. As the head of the General Staff said, “We are not fighting against the Russian army.” What else do you need? But in general, all this is very bad: the attempts to justify defeat and attempts to blame it on Russia. The bad thing is that this is fanning the conflict between Ukraine and Russia, or an attempt to fan that conflict. (Kremlin)

Page 47: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Analysis

• "Europe is just as interested in that as Russia. No one wants conflict on the edge of Europe, especially armed conflict," he said.

And I imagine that Europe is just as interested in implementing the Minsk agreements as Russia. Nobody needs a conflict on the periphery of Europe, especially an armed conflict.

And Europe is interested in the implementation of the Minsk agreements, no less then Russia, because no one needs a military conflict on the periphery of the EU.

Page 48: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Sarah Rainsford

This was a confident Vladimir Putin, fielding soft questions on the Ukraine conflict with ease, even smiles. Russia's president said that in his eyes, the way to peace in Ukraine is clear - the deal struck in Minsk has to be implemented.

• What category of DP?

Page 49: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Sarah Rainsford

As for Russia invading Ukraine, President Putin once again shrugged off evidence that he's deployed troops to help the rebels. He said Kiev was claiming that to hide its humiliation at being defeated by former miners and tractor drivers.

Moreover, I suppose that my somewhat careless comment during my visit to Hungary had some effect, when I said that it is disappointing to lose to yesterday’s miners and tractor drivers. It is unpleasant to lose to Russia as well, but it’s less humiliating somehow.

Page 50: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Sarah Rainsford

He was just as scathing on the issue of Crimea, which Russia annexed last year, advising Ukraine's president to concentrate on saving his country's collapsing economy, instead of vowing to take back that land.

• DP category?• NRSA with topic ?

Page 51: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

I believe that such an apocalyptic scenario is hardly possible and I hope that it will never come to this. As regards the return of some territories these are things of a revanchist nature and it is not about returning territories to someone. The point is that in my view the leadership of such a large European country as Ukraine should first of all bring the country back to normal life and restore the economy and the social sphere, get the relations with the south east of the country on the right track in a civilised way, and ensure the lawful rights and the interests of the people who live say in Donbass. If the Minsk agreements are implemented then I am sure that this is what will be done.

BBC

Page 52: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Conclusions

Page 53: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Presenting speech

• Viewpoint of the participants who are discussed in texts

• Words and thoughts are mediated by the narrating voice of the text.– Supposedly ‘neutral’ voice of, say, the BBC.– Explicit and personal voice. – A bit of both.

Page 54: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Mediated speech and thought

• Always a gap between ‘original’ and reported form

• Even if trying to be faithful to original• Faithfulness not always clear cut

Page 55: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

What did Putin say?

Page 56: What did Putin really say? Speech presentation in a news story on the BBC News website

Further reading

• Leech and Short (1981 [2007]) - perhaps the most comprehensive model of discourse presentation.

• Developed over a number of years through research projects at Lancaster University (see Semino and Short 2004).