Think back

What did George Washington warn us about?

You idiots!To stay out of European Conflicts!!

Alliances, no matter how you view them are preparations for war.Allies are France, Great Britain, Russia, and turn-coat Italy.Central Powers are Germany, Austria- Hungary, and the Ottoman EmpireEurope had been at war with one another since the mid to late 1800s that helped to cause these alliancesArchduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian national organization known as the Black Hand. So in order to stop future Serbian uprisings AH declares war on Serbia. Remember Russia promised to protect all Slavic people no matter what government they were under and therefore declare war on AH."One day the great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans."Otto von BismarckHow it all Began

BANG!!!

This causes Germany to declare war on Russia because of their alliance with AH, and then declares war on Russias ally: France.Great Britain then declares war on Germany and AH because of its alliance with France.

What the Heck is going on!!!

Happy to go to War???

Where is Adolf?

Germany began the war offensive with invading Belgium on August 4th 1914 following the Schlieffen Plan. Unable to save Belgium the British and the French retreat to the Marne River and stopped the German advancement in September 1914. WWI Officially Begins

My plan is the bomb homeboy!!!

6By the spring of 1915 two lines of deep rat-infested trenches zigzagged across northern and eastern France.German soldiers occupied one line and Allied soldiers occupied the other line.

Stalemate

This Sucks!!!

Between them lay no mans land a barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire entanglements. Every once in a while, the soldiers would climb out of their trenches and try to overrun enemy lines, while machine guns blazed and poison gas filled the air. Trench warfare was the name given to this style of combat

No Mans Land

Began on July 1st 1916 and lasted until mid-November the British lost 60,000 troops on the first day alone.Final casualties totaled about 1.2 million-650,000 Germans, 420,000 British, and nearly 200,000 French. Yet only 7 miles of ground changed hands. This kind of fighting would continue for more than three years (war of attrition)

Battle of the Somme

Christmas TruceBegan on Christmas Eve December 24, 1914 all along the Western FrontTwo sides: Germans and British mainly (with some French) come together and eat, drink, sing Christmas carols, and play soccer. Soldiers would communicate with one another when they would be firing at the others trenchIt lasted until New Years Day 1914 some lasted a little longerOver 100,000 troops participated United States Exports to Europe 1910-1915 Numbers represent dollars (in millions)

Many Americans did not see a need to fight in a war that was 3,000 miles away (isolationism)Despite the widespread opposition to war, a general feeling of sympathy for Great Britain and France emerged. They finally commit to war in 1917 to push the Allies over the top.

America Remains Neutral (Kind Of)The Great WarWhy did the U.S. get involved in a European war?

The U.S. was set to make a killingBy 1917, the U.S. GNP was 20% higher than it was in 1913 (That means that we were producing a LOT more!)We would lend money to countries who would then use that money to buy stuff from us!We did most of our trading, though, with the Allies.As profitable as war was, it posed some problemsUnder international law, countries at war could intercept and detain neutral ships, inspect them and confiscate contraband.In 1915-the British Navy began a blockade of GermanyThe Germans responded with their new weaponZie Unterseeboot!

The Germans warned that the waters around the British Isles were a war zoneThe Lusitania was a British ship that was sailing from NY to England. The Germans sunk it with a torpedo128 Americans died

Should we go to war?The debate over involvement began to intensifyWomens groups, political and labor radicals were some of the people who opposed involvement.Who do you think favored intervention?1916 Presidential ElectionWilson wants to be re-elected and uses the slogan: HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR!!!He wins the election with the vote from the South and West-who wanted nothing to do with the warWe stay out!Germany appeared to be winning the war and decided to take a

They sent a secret message to the MexicansRememberthe Mexicans were basically in the middle of a revolution and Pancho Villa was still leading people in anti-American sentiment

THE ZIMMERMANN NOTEApril 1917-Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war!The world must be made safe for democracy

We ended up declaring war on April 6, 1917Many people were opposed to war, they called it a Rich mans war and a poor mans fightMany people were excited to go Over there

Over ThereJohnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Take it on the run,On the run, on the run.Hear them calling, you and me,Every son of liberty.Hurry right away,No delay, go today,Make your daddy gladTo have had such a lad.Tell your sweetheart not to pine,To be proud her boy's in line. (chorus sung twice)

Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Johnnie show the HunWho's a son of a gun.Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee Doodle do or die.Pack your little kit,Show your grit, do your bit.Yankee to the ranks,From the towns and the tanks.Make your mother proud of you,And the old Red, White and Blue. (chorus sung twice)

Over ThereChorusOver there, over there,Send the word, send the word over there -That the Yanks are coming,The Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tummingEv'rywhere.So prepare, say a pray'r,Send the word, send the word to beware.We'll be over, we're coming over,And we won't come back till it's overOver there.

Should we have gone to war?

The world must be made safe for democracy.We shall fight for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, and to make the world itself at last freeWoodrow Wilson Vs.Let the capitalists do their own fighting.

The capitalists tell us it is patriotic to fight for your country and shed your blood for the flag. Very Well! Let them set the example. It is their country; they own it and therefore according to their logic it is their patriotic duty to the youth of the nationEugene Debs

Upon entering the war, the French and British came over and asked to borrow money from us, so they could buy weapons/munitions, etc. from us Not much was expected from the American military other than money, supplies, and naval support.We sent a small contingent of 14,500 men in June of 1917 led by General John Pershing (the AEF) He then advocated for a million menand got them by Spring of 1918but only through strenuous efforts. Conscription was enacted in 1917by end of war 2 million men crossed the Atlantic and 1.4 million saw combatThis was a Total WarHomefront had to be mobilizedPropagandaWar socialismCurtailment of Civil Liberties

PropagandaCommittee on Public Information headed by George CreelPropaganda75,000 4 Minute Men gave impromptu speeches.Movies such as The Kaiser: Beast of BerlinExhibitions of frightfulness committed by the Germans!Posters, songs, no more hamburgersliberty sandwiches

War SocialismNew agencies created to organize at homeFood Administration, Council of Nat. Defense, War Industries Board (most important one-headed by Bernard Baruch-who became a virtual dictator over the economyallocated raw materials, told manuf. what to produce, fix prices, build new plants, etc.). National War Labor Board setup to avert strikes.

Controlling the people (thought) was a top prioritySedition and Espionage ActsMade it a crime to speak against war or incite insubordination and thenfor saying, printing, or writing anything disloyal, profane scurrilous, or abusive about the American form of government, Constitution, army or navy.More than 1,000 convictions! Debs I would rather be a free soul in jail than a sycophant and a coward in the streets. arrested and put in jail.Ran for pres in 1920 and received nearly a million votes!Schenck v. U.S. (1919) upheld these actsA New Labor Force also changed the homefrontImmigration ceased and 4 million men went into armed services.Women went into workforceGreat Migration began as Northern businesses sent recruiting agents into deep South. 400,000 AA migrated northward

Great Migration by Jacob Lawrence

By 1930-# of AA in North TRIPLED that of 1910To die from frost is far more glorious than at the hands of a mob-Chicago DefenderRacial Tensions increased in NorthChicago Race riot in 1919

Racial feeling, which had been on a par with the weather during the day took fire shortly after 5 oclock when white bathers at the Twenty-ninth street improvised beach saw a colored boy on a raft paddling into what they termed white territory. A snarl of protest went up from the whites and soon a volley of rocks and stones were sent in his direction. One rock, said to have been thrown by George Stauber of 2904 Cottage Grove avenue, struck the lad and he toppled into the water. Cop Refuses to Interfere. Colored men who were present attempted to go to his rescue, but they were kept back by the whites, it is said. Colored men and women, it is alleged, asked Policeman Dan Callahan of the Cottage Grove station to arrest Stauber, but he is said to have refused. Then, indignant at the conduct of the policeman, the Negroes set upon Stauber and commenced to pummel him. The whites came to his rescue and then the battle royal was on. Fists flew and rocks were hurled. Bathers from the colored Twenty-fifth street beach were attracted to the scene of the battling and aided their comrades in driving the whites into the water. Negroes Chase Policeman. Then they turned on Policeman Callahan and drove him down Twenty-ninth street. He ran into a drug store at Twenty-ninth street and Cottage Grove avenue and phoned the Cottage Grove avenue police station. Two wagon loads of cops rolled to the scene, and in a scuffle that ensued here Policeman John OBrien and three blacks were shot. Reserves Called Out. In less than a half hour after the beach outbreak, Cottage Grove avenue and State street from Twenty-ninth south to Thirty-fifth were bubbling caldrons of action. When the situation had gotten beyond the control of the Cottage Grove police, Acting Chief of Police Alcock was notified. He immediately sent out a call to every station in the city to rush all available men to the black belt. Chicago Tribune-28 July, 1919For Women, intervention in WWI had more positive effects.Traditional support was there from womenRed cross, conservation organizations, army nurse corps, organized war bond drivesNew opportunities aroseDockworkers, railway crews, steel mills, etc.Ill never work in nobodys kitchen but my own any more.BUT, most returned to previous jobs after warOverall, though, the movement for suffrage was greatly enhanced.As a direct result of WWIthe 19th Amendment was passed! Yippee!To what extent should a defeated wartime enemy be punished? Is harsh punishment practical? Worthwhile? Legitimate?What do you do after the war? What happens to the Central Powers?The Paris Peace Conference Palace of Versaillesthe victorious nations meet to decide the fate of Europe

The Big Four: Britains Lloyd George, Frances Clemenceau, Italys Orlando, and President Woodrow Wilson all met to negotiate a peace treaty in Frances Hall of Mirrors, Versailles. Germany, nor any of the Central Powers were represented at the settlement talks. President Wilson Has His Ideas for Peace14 Points - the principles making up Wilsons plan for world peace following WWI -> provided liberty & self-determination for all nations, even the enemies.League of Nations (the 14th Point) - an association of nations established to promote international cooperation & peace.Sounds like a great idea, right?WRONG - Both Congress and the Allies reject Wilsons plan for peace - not strict enoughThe allies have their own ideas!REVENGE!!!Britain & France wanted to make Germany pay for the death, destruction, and hardship that they had caused.Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles - treaty that ended World War I, expressed the selfish territorial aims of mainly Great Britain and France.

what the treaty called for . . .established 9 new nationsgave France and Britain mandates (temporary colonies)demilitarized Germanyforced Germany to pay $33 billion in reparationsforced Germany to sign a war-guilt clause (stating that Germany was solely responsible for WWI)

Europe 1914

Europe 1919What did the Treaty fail to take into consideration?

Ethnic Map of Europe 1918Major Problems with the Treatyhumiliated Germany (not only did they have to pay for the war, they had to accept the total blame for the war)upset Russia (they lost land)created international instability (disputes over territories, disputes over governments)The Treaty of Versailles sewed the seeds for World War II. It created even more international unrest than before World War I!!!Sacrifices That Proved In Vainruined farms, factories, and townsdestruction of commercepolitical & social disorderfinancial bankruptcyfour years of want & sufferingover 10 million deadover 20 million wounded

*Yet nothing was accomplished, all of these sacrifices for nothing! But, why? Why did the meeting powers decide on the Treaty of Versailles?REVENGE!!!