what counter-terrorism strategies characterize a constructive and cost-effective response to al...
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Mctrakuotmac
[ed purpasd af tems pbpdr ms ta bsodrtbmc ted oauctdr-tdrrarmsg gdbsurds wemoe
brd gast jmndjy ta id iate gard oast dffmomdct bck gard dffdotmvd mc bkkrdssmch ted
tdrrar terdbt bj Rbdkb pasds ta ted Tcmtdk _tbtds (T_) bs wdjj bs atedr omvmj saomdtmds
brauck ted hjaid. [edrdfard, b ibsmo uckdrstbckmch af ted djdgdcts wemoe edjpdk
ordbtd bck lustmfy ted dxmstdcod af bj Rbdkb ms dssdctmbj mc kdvmsmch strbtdhmds ta
oauctdr mts usd af tdrrar tbotmos. Bs suoe, Pbrt M rdvmdws bj Rbdkbs kdvdjapgdct bs b
tdrrarmst arhbcmzbtmac, mts rdjmhmaus bck oujturbj hrmdvbcods, ted rdbsacs wey imc
Jbkdc bck bj Rbdkb ebvd dgirbodk tdrrarmsg ta bkvbcod tedmr pajmtmobj bck
mkdajahmobj bhdckbs bck eaw bj Rbdkb ms struoturdk. Pbrt MM ormtmquds ted dffdotmvdcdss
af ted wbr ac tdrrar bhbmcst bj Rbdkb tdrrarmsg mc iate ted T_ bck atedr rdhmacs af
ted warjk. Pbrt MMM wmjj dxpjard jdss dxpdcsmvd jach tdrg oauctdr-tdrrar strbtdhmds bck
dxpjbmc wey tedy seaujk id usdk ta oauctdr ted bj Rbdkb tdrrar terdbt. [edc, mc ted
Oacojusmacs sdotmac M wmjj suggbrmzd ted oagimcbtmac af oauctdr-tdrrarmsg tbotmos bck
strbtdhmo hda-pajmtmobj mcmtmbtmvds wemoe brd gast jmndjy ta id gard oast dffmomdct bck
gard dffdotmvd mc oauctdrmch bj Rbdkb tdrrarmsg iate mc ted T_ bck atedr oauctrmds.
Pbrt M
Gard tebc 94 ydbrs bha, catdk tdrrarmsg dxpdrt Gbrteb Ordcsebw gbkd ted
fajjawmch aisdrvbtmac biaut webt obusds tdrrarmsg> [drrarmsg pdr sd ms cat usubjjy b
rdfjdotmac af gbss kmsoactdct ar kddp ojdbvbhds mc saomdty. Gard aftdc mt rdprdsdcts ted
kmsbffdotmac af b frbhgdct af ted djmtd, wea gby tbnd mt upac tedgsdjvds ta bot ac ted
idebjf af ted gblarmty ucbwbrd af mts pjmhet, ucwmjjmch ta tbnd botmac ta rdgdky
hrmdvbcods, ar ucbijd ta dxprdss kmsoactdct.2[ems aisdrvbtmac bppdbrs ta stmjj id trud
takby wedc acd dxbgmcds ted ibonhraucks af bj Rbdkbs tdrrarmst jdbkdrs, gast
2Gbrteb Ordcsebw. [ed Obusds af [drrarmsg. Oagpbrbtmvd PajmtmosVaj.2? Ca. ; (2=52)
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catbijy, Asbgb imc Jbkdc. Guoe gard rdodctjy, bck stmjj vdry guoe mc jmcd wmte
Ordcsebws aisdrvbtmacs, bcatedr tdrrarmsg dxpdrt, Jaumsd Ymoebrksac, pastujbtds tebt
? dssdctmbj mchrdkmdcts gust id prdsdct far tdrrarmsg ta dgdrhd< 2) B kmsbffdotdk
mckmvmkubj, 9) Bc dcbijmch hraup bck ?) B jdhmtmgmzmch mkdajahy.9
Xedc acd bppjmds iate Ordcsebws prd-bj Rbdkb pajmtmobj tdrrarmsg
aisdrvbtmacs bck Ymoebrksacs past =/22 obtbjahud af djdgdcts wemoe hmvd rmsd ta
tdrrarmsg ta Asbgb imc Jbkdc bck bj Rbdkb, bc bgbzmchjy boourbtd pmoturd dgdrhds tebt _bkkbg wbs emkmch wdbpacs af gbss kdstruotmac (XGKs), tebt tedrd
wbs b oaccdotmac idtwddc bj Rbdkb tdrrarmsts bck ted Mrbq havdrcgdct bck tebt
tappjmch _bkkbgs rdhmgd waujk gbnd ted warjk sbfdr frag tdrrarmsg. Iut ted T_
oaujk acjy prakuod webt gast havdrcgdcts fdjt wdrd qudstmacbijd mctdjjmhdcod rdparts
ta suppart mts ojbmgs af ted prdsdcod af XGKs bck bj Rbdkb mc Mrbq. Bs b rdsujt gast
af ted cbtmacs wemoe suppartdk ted T_ mcvbsmac af Bfhebcmstbc kdojmcdk ta ka sa mc
Mrbq. Tckbuctdk, ted T_ kdomkdk ta praoddk ucmjbtdrbjjy wmte ted mcvbsmac af Mrbq.
Mc fbot, ca XGKs wdrd dvdr fauck mc Mrbq bck suisdqudct mcvdstmhbtmacs
rdvdbjdk tebt T_ mctdjjmhdcod rdparts ac XGKs mc Mrbq wdrd ibsdk ac kmsordkmtdk
rugaurs bck mccudcka. [edc mc Fdirubry af 9008, ted Pdctbhac Mcspdotar Hdcdrbjs
rdpart rdvdbjdk tebt bt emhe rbcnmch Kdfdcod Kdpbrtgdct affmombj, Kauhjbs Fdmte, wea
ebk iddc bppamctdk iy Prdsmkdct Iuse wbs prdkmspasdk ta fmckmch b smhcmfmobct
rdjbtmacsemp idtwddc Mrbq bck bj Rbdkb bck kmk sa ibsdk ac rdpartmch af kuimaus
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qubjmty ar rdjmbimjmty26
. [ed rdpart tedc wdct ac ta stbtd tebt ted botmacs af ted Iuse
bkgmcmstrbtmac affmombj mc ojbmgmch tebt tedrd wbs b oaccdotmac idtwddc Mrbqm affmombjs
bck bj Rbdkb wdrd mcbppraprmbtd iut cat mjjdhbj.
Dvmkdcod af atedr rdbsacs far ted Mrbq mcvbsmac obc id hjdbcdk frag puijmsedk
iaans bck brtmojds wrmttdc iy Iuses fargdr OMB Kmrdotar, Hdarhd [dcdt bck Iuses
fargdr oauctdr-tdrrarmsg ozbr, Ymoebrk Ojbrnd. Mc ems iaan, [dcdt stbtds tebt Vmod
Prdsmkdct Oedcdy bck atedrs wbctdk ta bttbon Mrbq frag ted gagdct Iuse fmrst taan
affmod, jach idfard ted =/22 bttbons. Ed sbys tebt Oedcdy bck atedr bkgmcmstrbtmac
affmombjs bjsa mhcardk ems prd =/22 wbrcmchs biaut bj Rbdkb bck bsndk far irmdfmchs
biaut Mrbq mcstdbk. [dcdt ojbmgs bmkds ta Oedcdy bck Yugsfdjk rdpdbtdkjy strdtoedk
mctdjjmhdcod rdparts bck trmdk ta mcsdrt orbp mcta ted Iuse bkgmcmstrbtmacs puijmo
lustmfmobtmacs biaut wey ted T_ ebk ta mcvbkd Mrbq. [dcdt bjsa boousds ted Iuse
bkgmcmstrbtmac af idmch faousdk sajdjy ac Mrbq bs b terdbt ta ted T_ iate idfard ted
=/22 bj Rbdkb bttbons bck bftdr =/22 mc 9009. Ed catds tebt [edrd wbs cdvdr b sdrmaus
kdibtd tebt M ncaw af wmtemc ted bkgmcmstrbtmac biaut ted mggmcdcod af ted Mrbqm
terdbt car wbs tedrd dvdr b smhcmfmobct kmsoussmac biaut bjtdrcbtmvds ta mcvbkmch
Mrbq bs wby ta oactbmc ted passmijd terdbt _bkkbg Eussdmc gmhet pasd ta ted T_.28
[dcdts oaggdcts brd suppartdk iy Prdsmkdct Iuses fargdr edbk af
oauctdrtdrrarmsg, Ymoebrk Ojbrnd wea wratd tebt> prmar ta =/22, [dcdt wbs vaomfdraus
biaut bj Rbdkb bck imc Jbkdc. [edy (Iuse, Oedcdy dt bj) waujkct jmstdc ta emg. Bck
ed wbs tedmr Kmrdotar af OMB far Oermsts sbnd. Ojbrnd bjsa pamctdk ta ted rdbj rdbsac
idemck ted mcvbsmac af Mrbq sbymch tebt> [ems wbs cat biaut rdpjbomch _bkkbg
26Kdpbrtgdct af Kdfdcsd Affmod af Mcspdotar Hdcdrbj Ydvmdw af Prd-Mrbqm Xbr Botmvmtmds af ted
Affmod af ted Tckdr _dordtbry af Kdfdcsd far Pajmoy Ydpart Ca. 08-MC[DJ-0; (Praldot Ca. K9006-
KMC[02-0088000) Fdirubry =,9008
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Eussdmc. [ems wbs biaut sagd mcsbcd pjat ta rdiumjk Mrbq mc aur (Bgdrmobs) mgbhd.
([ebts wedc) M ncdw wd ebk jast ted wbr ac tdrrar. Idobusd mf yaurd aooupymch bc
Brbi oauctry, yau obct passmijy hbmc Brbi suppart (bhbmcst ted tdrrarmsts).25
[edsd
stbtdgdcts iy ted Iuses tap mctdjjmhdcod bck oauctdr-tdrrarmsg affmombjs ojdbrjy ka
cat suppart ted bkgmcmstrbtmacs ojbmg tebt mcvbkmch Mrbq wbs pbrt af mts wbr ac tdrrar.
Pbrt MMM
_a webt nmck af oauctdr-tdrrar strbtdhy seaujk ted T_ usd ta ijuct ted tdrrar
terdbt pasdk iy imc Jbkdc bck bj Rbdkb1 [a idhmc wmte acd gust fmrst dxbgmcd ted
uckdrjymch obusds af bj Rbdkbs wbr bhbmcst ted T_. [drrarmsg soeajbr Ymoebrk Idtts
catds mc ems 9009 bcbjysms tebt Bgdrmobs hjaibj prmgboy ms acd af ted obusds af tems
wbr bck mt bcmgbtds iate bj Rbdkbs purpasd bck mts oeamod af tbotmos. [ed T_ ms ted
dcdgy idobusd mts gmjmtbry pawdr kagmcbtds ted warjk, supparts oarrupt havdrcgdcts
mc tedmr oauctrmds bck ibons Msrbdj bhbmcst Gusjmg Pbjdstmcmbcs> Bgdrmobc oujturd
mcsujts tedmr rdjmhmac bck pajjutds tedmr saomdtmds> bck Bgdrmobc doacagmo pawdr
gbnds bjj tedsd mctrusmacs bck kdsdorbtmacs passmijd.2=
Idobusd bttbonmch Bgdrmobc
oujturd kmrdotjy ms praijdgbtmo bt idst, tems dxpjbmcs bj Rbdkbs oeamod af ted Xarjk
[rbkd Odctdr bck ted Pdctbhac bs tbrhdts, smcod tedy wdrd sygiajmo af Bgdrmobs
hjaibj doacagmo bck gmjmtbry pawdr. [eus T_ bttdgpts ta usd mts gmjmtbry pawdr ta
tewbrt ted bj Rbdkb tdrrar terdbt ms praibijy ted rdbotmac imc Jbkdc wbs eapmch far.
Oacvdrsdjy, ted mcmtmbj T_ gmjmtbry rdspacsd mcvajvmch ted usd af b sgbjj
cugidr af _pdombj Farods sajkmdrs mc Bfhebcmstbc rdoahcmzdk tebt ]au obct bttbon b
cdtwarn (jmnd bj Rbdkb) wmte b fmdjk brgy. 22 _pdombj Farods B-tdbgs (fdwdr tebc 900
traaps avdrbjj) tappjdk ted [bjmibc bck put bj Rbdkb ac ted ruc. Iut smcod jbtd mc
25Ymoebrk B. Ojbrnd Dpmpebcmds< Ymoebrk B. Ojbrnd Fardmhc Pajmoy Mssud 260 (Gby-Lucd 9008)< 2=
2=Eawbrk & _bwydr< ?88
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9002, T_ hdcdrbjs ebvd rdbssdrtdk tedmr prdfdrdcod far imh, ibjny ucmts, fmrst mc
Bfhebcmstbc bck jbtdr mc Mrbq, bck sa takby wd ebvd twa qubhgmrds.90
[ed kdomsmac ta
turc webt wbs b _pdombj Farods oauctdr-tdrrarmsg hudrrmjjbapdrbtmac (wmte jmttjd ar ca
gdkmb puijmomty) mcta b gdkmb edbvy oacvdctmacbj wbr, kmk edjp Iuse wmc pajmtmobj rd-
djdotmac, iut bt b euhd oast mc tdrgs af fardmhc pajmtmobj prdstmhd bck gmjmtbry pawdr.
_mcod Prdsmkdct Iuse bccaucodk ted dck af oagibt apdrbtmacs ac Gby 2st
900?, ted wbr ebs bjsa oast ted jmvds af gbcy Mrbqms bs wdjj bs avdr ;,000 T_ sajkmdrs
bck bcatedr ?0,000 wauckdk bt bc dxpdcsd ta T_ tbxpbydrs af avdr =00 imjjmac kajjbrs
teus fbr. Mc ted gdbctmgd, ted wbr ac tdrrar ebs hrbvdjy kbgbhdk ted Tcmtdk _tbtds
mctdrcbtmacbjjy. Far Gusjmgs, ted smgmjbrmty idtwddc ted rauhe trdbtgdct af Mrbqm
omvmjmbcs iy ted T._. gmjmtbry bck af ted Pbjdstmcmbcs iy ted Msrbdjms ebs pragptdk b
wmkdsprdbk sdcsd af eastmjmty tawbrk ted Tcmtdk _tbtds mc hdcdrbj.92
[ed jbtdst T_
mctdjjmhdcod dstmgbtd, ted fmrst smcod ted mcvbsmac af Mrbq, rdprdsdcts b oacsdcsus vmdw
af 26 kmffdrdct spy sdrvmods mcsmkd havdrcgdct. [ed dstmgbtd bssdrts tebt Msjbgmo
rbkmobjmsg, rbtedr tebc idmch mc rdtrdbt, ebs gdtbstbsmzdk bck sprdbk brauck ted hjaid.
Dxtrmobtmch mts gmjmtbry farods frag Mrbq bck Bfhebcmstbc ms iut acd af sdvdrbj
stdps ted T_ seaujk tbnd bs pbrt af b jach tdrg strbtdhy ta oauctdr bj Rbdkb tdrrarmsg.
Iut rdhbrkjdss af wedtedr ar cat acd bhrdds ar kmsbhrdds wmte ted rdbsacs wey ted
Iuse bkgmcmstrbtmac uckdrtaan ted mcvbsmacs af tedsd twa oauctrmds, wmtekrbwmch
Bgdrmobc farods frag tedsd cbtmacs gust stmjj id kacd mc b rdspacsmijd gbccdr.
Prdsmkdct Aibgb ebs boncawjdkhdk tebt tems gdbcs Bgdrmob gust fmrst dcsurd tebt ted
havdrcgdcts af teasd oauctrmds ebvd ted bimjmty ta bkkrdss tedmr omtmzdcs sdourmty
cddks wmte tedmr awc sdourmty farods idfard Bgdrmob obc idhmc tems wmtekrbwbj.
90Laec Brqumjjb [ed Xbr ac [drrar< Eaw ta Xmc Fardmhc PajmoyMssud 260 (Gby-Lucd, 9008)< ;4
92Irzdzmcsnm < I-2
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Mggbcudj Xbjjdrstdmcs bcbjysms af ted Iuse bkgmcmstrbtmacs avdrbjj strbtdhy
ta oagibt bj Rbdkb tdrrarmsts catds tebt> [ed ibsmo praijdg wmte ted Iuse strbtdhy ms
ted vdry bukbomaus bssugptmac tebt ted T_ obc oactraj bjj ted oruombj vbrmbijds mc b
oebatmo warjk.99
Ydoahcmzmch tedrd brd prbotmobj jmgmts ta T_ doacagmo, gmjmtbry bck
pajmtmobj pawdr, Prdsmkdct Aibgb bppdbrs ta ebvd bibckacdk bcy pjbcs ta oactmcud
ted prdvmaus bkgmcmstrbtmacs ucmjbtdrbj botmacs mc fbvaur af b gujtmjbtdrbj bppraboe ta
oauctdrmch bj Rbdkb warjkwmkd. Iut kamch sa wmjj bjsa rdqumrd qumdt kmpjagboy bck
pbtmdcod wedc mt oagds ta hbuhmch ted prahrdss af mts cdw hda-pajmtmobj mcmtmbtmvds.
Oemdf bgach tedsd waujk id b cdw kmpjagbtmo puse ta rdsajvd ted Brbi-Msrbdjm
oacfjmot bjach wmte atedr mcmtmbtmvds ta rdkuod rdjmhmaus tdcsmacs bck bctm-Bgdrmobcmsg
mc ted Gmkkjd Dbst bck ted rdst af warjk. Hdttmch iate smkds ta bhrdd ta b rdsajutmac af
ted Msrbdjm-Pbjdstmcmbc oacfjmot wmjj id kmffmoujt. Catdk soeajbr bck tap T_ Gmkkjd Dbst
bkvmsdr, Bbrac Gmjjdr sbys tebt Mc bc dxmstdctmbj oacfjmot krmvdc iy gdgary, mkdctmty,
rdjmhmac bck cbtmacbj trbugb, ted Msrbdjm bck Pbjdstmcmbc obpbomtmds ta bisari bck mcfjmot
pbmc brd jmgmtjdss. Cacdtedjdss, mt ms gbmcjy kud ta Gusjmg sygpbtemds far ted pjmhet
af Pbjdstmcmbcs mc tems oacfjmot, tebt ted Msjbgmo warjk ebs idoagd b irddkmch hrauck
far tdrrarmsts fudjjdk iy papujbr bctm-Bgdrmobc sdctmgdcts. Gmjjdr hads ac ta sby tebt,
Mc b past-=/22 drb, ted obusd af Pbjdstmcd krmvds rdorumts ta bj-Rbdkb bck edjps
hdcdrbtd jdtebj jdvdjs af bctm-Bgdrmobcmsg.9?
Gmjjdrs oaggdcts teus edjp ta dxpjbmc
wey ted T_s awc mctdjjmhdcod dstmgbtds af ted cugidr af bj Rbdkb gdgidrs warjk
wmkd ebs hrawc frag bc dstmgbtdk 90,000 mc 9002 bt ted tmgd af ted =/22 bttbons ta
99Ndc Iaate bck [mg Kuccd Xarjks mc Oajjmsmac< [drrar bck ted Futurd af Hjaibj Arkdr.Cdw ]arn