whap review
TRANSCRIPT
WHAP REVIEW
ALL PERIODS
PERIOD 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCE
KEY CONCEPT 1.1: Early Humans & Migration
“Out of Africa” theory
Foragers → egalitarian, small kinship groups, no private wealth
Human use of fire → increased brain size, led to socialization / language
PERIOD 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCE
KEY CONCEPT 1.2: Neolithic Revolution & Early Agricultural Societies
Neolithic Rev → pastoralism, domestication, irrigation, pop. increase, specialization
of labor, trade/transportation improvements, social stratification
First permanent settlements → Catal Huyuk (first city)
All different times
All around the world
All near rivers / water source
PERIOD 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCE
KEY CONCEPT 1.3: Early Societies
Characteristics of Civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Shang, Indus River Valley)
• Large, powerful states that had cities w/ complex bureaucracies, armies
• Agricultural surplus allowed for specialization // wealth
• Monumental architecture (ziggurats, pyramids, walls)
• Writing → cuneiform, hieroglyphics, quipu → legal codes
• Leaders used DIVINE right to rule / support of army
• Competition for resources between civs, some had more (Hittites = iron)
• Pastoral innovation → new weapons
PERIOD 2: 600 BCE - 600 CEKEY CONCEPT 2.1: Religion & Culture
Judaism & Hinduism (India, Vedic, polytheistic, CASTE) continue from U1
New religions from this time:
Buddhism → India (500 BCE), end suffering by ending desires, Ashoka
Daoism → China (500 BCE), live in harmony with nature, balance
Confucianism → China, 5 relationships, filial piety, education, patriarchal
Christianity → M.E. (30 CE), Jesus = son of god, Judaism 2.0, Rome
Greco-Roman Philosophy → reason/logic, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Animism → spirits within natural world, outside of core civs (Native American)
Ancestor veneration → worship of ancestors
PERIOD 2: 600 BCE - 600 CEKEY CONCEPT 2.2: States & Empires
Persia → Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, Alex the Great
China → Qin (legalism, centralized), Han (silk road, chang’an, paper)
India → Mauryan (Ashoka, buddhism, rock & pillar), Gupta (peace = sci. / tech)
Greece / Hellenistic → democracy, wars, conquered by Alex the Great
Rome → Kingdom, Republic (Caesar), Empire (Augustus / Constantine)
Meso-American → Teotihuacan (Mexico), Mayan (calendar), Moche (Peru)
RISE = bureaucratic, coded laws (12 tables / Justinian), roads, military, slavery
FALL = environ. damage (deforest.), outside invaders, internal revolt, disease
PERIOD 2: 600 BCE - 600 CE
KEY CONCEPT 2.3: TRADE
PERIOD 2: 600 BCE - 600 CE
KEY CONCEPT 2.3: TRADE
SILK, SEA, SAND routes
New technology = Yokes (tied animals together), Saddles, Stirrups, Lateen Sails, Dhows
Things traded:
• Rice, Cotton
• Qanat technology (irrigation system, Persia → Asia)
• Disease→ (Plague of Galen [165 CE], Plague of Justinian [541 CE], Plague of Cyprian [250 CE]) all smallpox
• Religion: Christianity (to Eur.), Buddhism (E & SE Asia), Hinduism (SE Asia)
PERIOD 3: 600 CE - 1450 CEKEY CONCEPT 3.1: TRADE CONTINUED
KEY CONCEPT 3.1: TRADE CONTINUED
ISLAMIC EMPIRES, MONGOLS, VIKINGS
New cities on routes → Timbuktu, Huangzhou, Baghdad, Venice, Malacca
New/more luxury goods → spices, silk, porcelain, gems, exotic animals
New tech → camel saddles, Caravanserai (Roadside Inns)
New navigations → compass (China), Astrolabe (Hellenistic), big ships
New econ tools → paper money, credit/loans (flying cash), trading orgs (Hanseatic League)
Migrations → Bantu & Polynesian
Diasporas → Muslims (I.O.), Chinese (SE Asia), Jews (Mediterranean)
Explorers → Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, Zheng He
PERIOD 3: 600 CE - 1450 CE
KEY CONCEPT 3.2: POLITICS & STATE BUILDING
ISLAMIC CALIPHATES (661-1258)
Abbasids, Umayyads Delhi Sultanate, Al-Andalus (Spain), Big on trade/conq
MONGOLS (1206-1368)
Four Khanates → Golden Horde (Russia), Yuan (China), Chagatai (C. Asia), Ilkhanate (M. East) → trade, Genghis, rel. tolerant, largest empire ever
BYZANTINE → E. Rome, Justinian, Caesaropapism, Eastern Orthodox
CHINA → Sui (Grand Canal), Tang (civil service exam), Song (paper money)
AMERICAS → Maya, Aztecs, Incas
FEUDALISM → Europe (lords, serfs, Charlemagne - Franks), Japan (Samurai)
PERIOD 3: 600 CE - 1450 CE
KEY CONCEPT 3.3: ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY & CONSEQUENCES
Production → more crops (chinampas, champa rice)
Urbanization → Rise (Venice, Calicut, Baghdad) & Fall (Athens, Rome, Chang’an)
invasions, disease, agricultural decline (LITTLE ICE AGE!)
Fun new social changes:
• Free peasants, nomadic pastoralists, guilds, coerced labor, military oblig.
• Religious revolts → White Lotus (Red turban) China, became Ming dynasty
• Spread of religion → gender relations, literacy, family structure
PERIOD 3: 600 CE - 1450 CE
PERIOD 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CEKEY CONCEPT 4.1: GLOBALIZATION
Explorers → Columbus, Henry the Nav., Vasco Da Gama (India)
New tech → astrolabe, maps, wind patterns, caravels
Circulations of Goods:
• Atlantic → from NW = corn, potatoes, cacao, from OW = disease, slaves, sugar
• Asia → Silver (from Am.) to Asia (Europeans transported between countries)
Joint-Stock Companies → VOC (Dutch), British East India Company
Impact:
• Spread of religion (Islam, Christianity, Buddhism)
• Syncretic religions (Vodun, Cult of Saints, Sikhism)
• Innovations in arts → Renaissance, Wood Block Printing, Kabuki
KEY CONCEPT 4.2: NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & MODES OF PRODUCTION
Global demand for goods → new labor systems / trends
Peasant labor increased (Siberia)
Coerced Labor
Spanish use of Incan Mita to mine silver)
Encomienda / Hacienda system (trade labor for religious/lang educat.)
Indentured Servitude (temp. labor to pay off debt)
Chattel Slavery (people = property, Atlantic Slave Trade)
New elites (Manchus, Creoles), Existing Elites (Euro Nobles, Zamindars, Daimyo)
Social changes = Euro men depended on SE women, smaller families in Europe
Racial = mestizo (Euro + Native), mulatto (Euro + black), Creole (Sp. in America)
PERIOD 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CE
KEY CONCEPT 4.3: STATE BUILDING & EXPANSION
ALL ABOUT POWER
Maintaining power:
Arts (archit.), Religion (divine right, human sacrifice), Bureaucracy (exam)
Who has the power:
Land Empires → Manchus, Mughals, Ottomans, Russians
Maritime Empires → Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British
Competing for power:
For trade (Ottoman vs. Euro), State Rivalries (30 year war, Ottoman vs. Safavid), Local Resistance (Peasant uprisings, samurai revolts)
PERIOD 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CE
PERIOD 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CEKEY CONCEPT 5.1: INDUSTRIALIZATION & CAPITALISM
IR starts in GB → coal, pop growth, property rights, rivers/canals, capital
Tech advances → steam engine
New demand for raw materials & markets → Europe took over world
Capitalism → Smith, Liberalism → Mill, stock markets, gold standard
Transp. / comm. → railroads, steamships, canals (Erie, Suez, Panama), telegraph
Response to Industrialization
Workers organized in unions for better wages, hours, conditions
Alternative visions → Marxism, Anarchism
Some Resisted → Qing, Ottoman
Some tried → Meiji, Russa
KEY CONCEPT 5.2: IMPERIALISM & STATE BUILDING
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM → markets & materials, social darwinism, WMB
HOW:
Methods used by the west → Diplomacy (Native Am. treaties, Berlin Conf.), Warfare (Belgians in Congo), Economic (Opium, Monroe Doctrine)
EFFECTS:
Colonies cont. → British India, Dutch Indonesia
States Expanded → America (manifest destiny), Russia, Meiji Japan
States Dissolved → Balkan Indep., Egyptian Semi-Ind., Euro. in N. Africa
Settler Colonies → South Africa, America, Australia
Loss of native culture
PERIOD 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CE
KEY CONCEPT 5.3: REVOLUTION
Catalyst = Enlightenment
Voltaire (rel. tol.), Rousseau (soc. con.), Locke (nat rights.), Montesq. (3 bran.)
Docs to know: Dec of Ind., Dec of Rights of man, Jamaica Letter
Revolutions → Murathan over Mughals, USA over GB, France over Louis XVI, Haiti over France, Latin America over Spain
Other movements against authority:
Slave Rebellions: Maroon societies, Haiti, Anti-Imperialism: Sepoy Rebellion, Boxer Reb., Religion: Ghost Dance, Taiping
Led to reforms (Tanzimat - Ottom., Self-Strengthening - China)
Global movements: liberalism, socialism, communism, feminism
PERIOD 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CE
KEY CONCEPT 5.4: MIGRATIONS
Causes: pop growth (improved food prod and meds), improved transport
Migrants: free will (jobs), coerced (slaves, indent serv [indian & chinese], convict
labor [australia]), temporary (seasonal [japan, italy])
Outcomes: gender (male migrants left women to fill jobs), ethnic enclaves
(chinatown), anti-immigrant policies (chinese excl act 1882)
PERIOD 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CE
PERIOD 6: 1900 CE - PresentKEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• New transportation: cars, airplanes, space exploration
• New communication: telephone, radio, internet
• New scientific theories: relativity, quantum mechanics, big bang, psych
• New environ issues: Greenhouse effect, defor., erosion, climate ch., extinctions
• Demographic shifts: Sp. flu, AIDS, Ebola, Alzheimer's, Diabetes, cholera, TB
• Medical innovations: polio, antibiotics, artificial heart, birth control
• Energy innovations: oil, nuclear power
• Military tech: tanks, planes, atomic bomb
• Military tactics: trench warfare, firebombing (increased civ casualties)
• Green Rev: new ways to produce food for more people (chem & GMO)
KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS
• Collapse of old empires (1910s) → Ottoman, Russia, Ming
• Decolonization → negotiated (India, Ghana), war (algeria, vietnam, angola)
• Nationalists lead → Gandhi (India), Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), Nkrumah (Ghana)
• Regional ethnic movements → Jinnah (Pakistan), Quebecois separatist
• Transnational movements → Communism, pan-africanism, pan-arabism
• Land Redistribution → Venezuela, Cuba, Kenya, China, Russia, Vietnam
• Mvmt of people → India/Pak, Israel/Pal, S.A. to GB, Alg. to Fr., Filip. to USA
• Genocide → Armenia, Holocaust, Cambodia, Rwanda
• Global wars → WWI, WWII (militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism)
• Cold War → Cap (USA, W. Europe) vs. Comm (USSR, China, Cuba, Korea, Vietnam) non-aligned , uprisings of 1968, dictators, uprisings of 1988-89
PERIOD 6: 1900 CE - Present
KEY CONCEPT 6.3: GLOBALIZATION & ECONOMICS
Communist response → 5 year plans, great leap forward, cultural rev
Capitalist response → New Deal, liberalism, free market policies (Reagan)
Int’l pol orgs → League of Nations, UN, Int’l Criminal Court,
Int’l econ orgs → IMF, World Bank, World Trade Organization
Humanitarian orgs → UNICEF, Amnesty Int’l, Red Cross, World Health Org
Regional Trade Agreements → EU, NAFTA, SEATO
Multinational corporations → Shell, Coca-cola, Sony
Environ. Movements → Greenpeace, Earth Day
Human Rights Movements → Decl. of Human Rights, Feminism, end white aussie
Religion & Pol → Fundamentalism, Liberation Theology
Pop culture diffusion → World Cup, Olympics, cricket, reggae, Bollywood
PERIOD 6: 1900 CE - Present