Faraday Discussions Vol 146

Wetting Dynamics of Hydrophobic and Structured Surfaces

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Wetting Dynamics of Hydrophobic and Structured SurfacesJefferson Hotel, Richmond, Virginia, USA 12–14 April 2010

FARADAY DISCUSSIONSVolume 146, 2010

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The Faraday Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, previously the Faraday Society, founded in 1903 to promote the study of sciences lying between Chemistry, Physics and Biology.

EDITORIAL STAFF

EditorPhilip Earis

Deputy editorJane Hordern

Senior Publishing editorNicola Nugent

Development editorVibhuti Patel

Publishing editorsHelen Lunn, Anna Roffey

Publishing assistantKate Bandoo

PublisherNiamh O’ Connor

Faraday Discussions (Print ISSN 1359-6640, Electronic ISSN 1364-5498) is published 4 times a year by the Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, UK CB4 0WF. Volume 146 ISBN-13: 978 1 84973 0563

2010 annual subscription price: print+electronic £622, US $1,160; electronic only £560, US $1,045. Customers in Canada will be subject to a surcharge to cover GST. Customers in the EU subscribing to the electronic version only will be charged VAT. All orders, with cheques made payable to the Royal Society of Chemistry, should be sent to RSC Distribution Services, c/o Portland Customer Services, Commerce Way, Colchester, Essex, UK CO2 8HP. Tel +44 (0) 1206 226050; E-mail sales@rscdistribution.org

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Faraday Discussions documents a long-established series of Faraday Discussion meetings which provide a unique international forum for the exchange of views and newly acquired results in developing areas of physical chemistry, biophysical chemistry and chemical physics.

ORGANISING COMMITTEE, Volume 146

Chair Dr Hugo K Christenson (University of Leeds, UK) (Co-chair)Professor Alenka Luzar (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA) (Co-chair)

Professor Bob Evans (University of Bristol, UK) Dr Jim R Henderson (University of Leeds, UK) Professor Pablo G Debenedetti (Princeton University, USA)Professor John D Weeks (University of Maryland, USA)Professor Michael L Klein (University of Pennsylvania, USA)

© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the Publishers or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK. US copyright law applicable to users in the USA. The Royal Society of Chemistry takes reasonable care in the preparation of this publication but does not accept liability for the consequences of any errors or omissions.

Royal Society of Chemistry: Registered Charity No. 207890.

∞The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

FARADAY STANDING COMMITTEE ON CONFERENCES

ChairD E Heard (Leeds, UK)

W A Brown (UCL, UK)I Hamley (Reading, UK)J Hirst (Nottingham, UK)A Mount (Edinburgh, UK)

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Wetting Dynamics of Hydrophobicand Structured SurfacesFaraday Discussions

www.rsc.org/faraday_d

A General Discussion on Wetting Dynamics of Hydrophobic and Structured Surfaces was held at Jefferson Hotel,Richmond, Virginia, USA on 12th, 13th and 14th April 2010.

RSC Publishing is a not-for-profit publisher and a division of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Any surplus made isused to support charitable activities aimed at advancing the chemical sciences. Full details are available fromwww.rsc.org

CONTENTS

ISSN 1359-6640; ISBN 978-1-84973-056-3

Cover

See Daub et al., Faraday Discuss., 2010, 146,

67---77. Molecular picture (top): Nanoscale

roughness renders hydrophilic surface more

hydrophobic (left panel); Superhydrophobicity

is achieved even when surface roughness is

limited to nanoscale alone (right panel).

See Reyssat et al., Faraday Discuss., 2010, 146,

19---33. Macroscopic picture (bottom): Top

view of the impact of a water drop hitting

a superhydrophobic solid decorated with

a square lattice of micropillars. Interval

between successive pictures is 1 ms.

Images reproduced by permission of

Professors Alenka Luzar and David Quere.

PREFACE

This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry

9 PrefaceAlenka Luzar and Hugo K. Christenson

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE

13 Exploring nanoscale hydrophobic hydrationPeter J. Rossky

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS

19 Dynamical superhydrophobicityMathilde Reyssat, Denis Richard, Christophe Clanet and David Quere

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35 Superhydrophobic surfaces by hybrid raspberry-like particlesMaria D’Acunzi, Lena Mammen, Maninderjit Singh, Xu Deng, Marcel Roth,Gunter K. Auernhammer, Hans-Jurgen Butt and Doris Vollmer

49 Microscopic shape and contact angle measurement at a superhydrophobic surfaceHelmut Rathgen and Frieder Mugele

57 Transparent superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic coatingsLiangliang Cao and Di Gao

67 The influence of molecular-scale roughness on the surface spreading of an aqueous nanodropChristopher D. Daub, Jihang Wang, Shobhit Kudesia, Dusan Bratko and Alenka Luzar

79 General Discussion

103 Contact angle hysteresis: a different view and a trivial recipe for low hysteresis hydrophobicsurfacesJoseph W. Krumpfer and Thomas J. McCarthy

113 Amplification of electro-osmotic flows by wall slippage: direct measurements on OTS-surfacesMarie-Charlotte Audry, Agnes Piednoir, Pierre Joseph and Elisabeth Charlaix

125 Electrowetting and droplet impalement experiments on superhydrophobic multiscale structuresF. Lapierre, P. Brunet, Y. Coffinier, V. Thomy, R. Blossey and R. Boukherroub

141 Macroscopically flat and smooth superhydrophobic surfaces: Heating induced wettingtransitions up to the Leidenfrost temperatureGuangming Liu and Vincent S. J. Craig

153 Drop dynamics on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfacesB. M. Mognetti, H. Kusumaatmaja and J. M. Yeomans

167 Dynamic mean field theory of condensation and evaporation processes for fluids in porousmaterials: Application to partial drying and dryingJ. R. Edison and P. A. Monson

185 Molecular dynamics simulations of urea---water binary droplets on flat and pillaredhydrophobic surfacesTakahiro Koishi, Kenji Yasuoka, Xiao Cheng Zeng and Shigenori Fujikawa

195 General Discussion

217 First- and second-order wetting transitions at liquid---vapor interfacesK. Koga, J. O. Indekeu and B. Widom

223 Hierarchical surfaces: an in situ investigation into nano and micro scale wettabilityAlex H. F. Wu, K. L. Cho, Irving I. Liaw, Grainne Moran, Nigel Kirby and Robert N. Lamb

233 An experimental study of interactions between droplets and a nonwetting microfluidic capillaryGeoff R. Willmott, Chiara Neto and Shaun C. Hendy

247 Hydrophobic interactions in model enclosures from small to large length scales: non-additivityin explicit and implicit solvent modelsLingle Wang, Richard A. Friesner and B. J. Berne

263 Water reorientation, hydrogen-bond dynamics and 2D-IR spectroscopy next to an extendedhydrophobic surfaceGuillaume Stirnemann, Peter J. Rossky, James T. Hynes and Damien Laage

283 General Discussion

6 | Faraday Discuss., 2010, 146 This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010

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299 The search for the hydrophobic force lawMalte U. Hammer, Travers H. Anderson, Aviel Chaimovich, M. Scott Shelland Jacob Israelachvili

309 The effect of counterions on surfactant-hydrophobized surfacesGilad Silbert, Jacob Klein and Susan Perkin

325 Hydrophobic forces in the wetting films of water formed on xanthate-coated gold surfacesLei Pan and Roe-Hoan Yoon

341 Interfacial thermodynamics of confined water near molecularly rough surfacesJeetain Mittal and Gerhard Hummer

353 Mapping hydrophobicity at the nanoscale: Applications to heterogeneous surfaces and proteinsHari Acharya, Srivathsan Vembanur, Sumanth N. Jamadagni and Shekhar Garde

367 General Discussion

CONCLUDING REMARKS

395 Concluding remarks FD 146: Answers and questionsFrank H. Stillinger

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

403 Poster titles

409 List of participants

413 Index of contributors

This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Faraday Discuss., 2010, 146 | 7

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This paper is published as part of Faraday Discussions volume 146:

Wetting Dynamics of Hydrophobic and Structured Surfaces

Introductory Lecture Exploring nanoscale hydrophobic hydration

Peter J. Rossky, Faraday Discuss., 2010

DOI: 10.1039/c005270c

Papers

Dynamical superhydrophobicity Mathilde Reyssat, Denis Richard, Christophe Clanet and David Quéré, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c000410n

Superhydrophobic surfaces by hybrid raspberry-like particles Maria D'Acunzi, Lena Mammen, Maninderjit Singh, Xu Deng, Marcel Roth, Günter K. Auernhammer, Hans-Jürgen Butt and Doris Vollmer, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925676h

Microscopic shape and contact angle measurement at a superhydrophobic surface Helmut Rathgen and Frieder Mugele, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925956b

Transparent superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic coatings Liangliang Cao and Di Gao, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c003392h

The influence of molecular-scale roughness on the surface spreading of an aqueous nanodrop Christopher D. Daub, Jihang Wang, Shobhit Kudesia, Dusan Bratko and Alenka Luzar, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b927061m

Discussion

General discussion Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c005415c

Papers

Contact angle hysteresis: a different view and a trivial recipe for low hysteresis hydrophobic surfaces Joseph W. Krumpfer and Thomas J. McCarthy, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925045j

Amplification of electro-osmotic flows by wall slippage: direct measurements on OTS-surfaces Marie-Charlotte Audry, Agnès Piednoir, Pierre Joseph and Elisabeth Charlaix, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b927158a

Electrowetting and droplet impalement experiments on superhydrophobic multiscale structures F. Lapierre, P. Brunet, Y. Coffinier, V. Thomy, R. Blossey and R. Boukherroub, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925544c

Macroscopically flat and smooth superhydrophobic surfaces: Heating induced wetting transitions up to the Leidenfrost temperature Guangming Liu and Vincent S. J. Craig, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b924965f

Drop dynamics on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces B. M. Mognetti, H. Kusumaatmaja and J. M. Yeomans, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b926373j

Dynamic mean field theory of condensation and evaporation processes for fluids in porous materials: Application to partial drying and drying J. R. Edison and P. A. Monson, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925672e

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Molecular dynamics simulations of urea–water binary droplets on flat and pillared hydrophobic surfaces Takahiro Koishi, Kenji Yasuoka, Xiao Cheng Zeng and Shigenori Fujikawa, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b926919c

Discussion

General discussion Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c005416j

Papers

First- and second-order wetting transitions at liquid–vapor interfaces K. Koga, J. O. Indekeu and B. Widom, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925671g

Hierarchical surfaces: an in situ investigation into nano and micro scale wettability Alex H. F. Wu, K. L. Cho, Irving I. Liaw, Grainne Moran, Nigel Kirby and Robert N. Lamb, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b927136h

An experimental study of interactions between droplets and a nonwetting microfluidic capillary Geoff R. Willmott, Chiara Neto and Shaun C. Hendy, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925588e

Hydrophobic interactions in model enclosures from small to large length scales: non-additivity in explicit and implicit solvent models Lingle Wang, Richard A. Friesner and B. J. Berne, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925521b

Water reorientation, hydrogen-bond dynamics and 2D-IR spectroscopy next to an extended hydrophobic surface Guillaume Stirnemann, Peter J. Rossky, James T. Hynes and Damien Laage, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925673c

Discussion

General discussion Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c005417h

Papers

The search for the hydrophobic force law Malte U. Hammer, Travers H. Anderson, Aviel Chaimovich, M. Scott Shell and Jacob Israelachvili, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b926184b

The effect of counterions on surfactant-hydrophobized surfaces Gilad Silbert, Jacob Klein and Susan Perkin, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925569a

Hydrophobic forces in the wetting films of water formed on xanthate-coated gold surfaces Lei Pan and Roe-Hoan Yoon, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b926937a

Interfacial thermodynamics of confined water near molecularly rough surfaces Jeetain Mittal and Gerhard Hummer, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b925913a

Mapping hydrophobicity at the nanoscale: Applications to heterogeneous surfaces and proteins Hari Acharya, Srivathsan Vembanur, Sumanth N. Jamadagni and Shekhar Garde, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b927019a

Discussion

General discussion Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c005418f

Concluding remarks

Concluding remarks for FD 146: Answers and questions Frank H. Stillinger, Faraday Discuss., 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c005398h

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EDITORIAL www.rsc.org/faraday_d | Faraday DiscussionsPu

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Preface

Alenka Luzar*a and Hugo K. Christenson*b

DOI: 10.1039/c005486k

Hydrophobic surfaces are ubiquitous in nature and in technology, and their impor-tance has long been recognised. More recently, interest has grown in structuredsurfaces as a result of research into naturally occurring hydrophobic surfaces suchas those of many plant leaves (the Lotus effect). It is now possible to engineersurfaces to show a range of properties related to, but not confined to, the traditionalconcepts of hydrophobicity. Non-wetting of a surface may thus be achieved not onlyby minimising the surface free energy, as with a classical hydrophobic surface likeTeflon, but also via an appropriately tailored surface morphology. As a consequence,even low-energy liquids may dewet a surface and the term hydrophobicity is replacedby the more general term ‘‘lyophobicity’’. Theoretical interest in hydrophobic inter-actions and wetting has also been stimulated in several ways. Work on designingsuperhydrophobic surfaces has led to renewed interest in the theories of heteroge-neous wetting due to Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter. Various surface reflectivitymeasurements have been interpreted as evidence for a layer (albeit thinner thanthe diameter of a water molecule) of depleted water density next to extended hydro-phobic surfaces, and different techniques have been adopted to investigate theboundary conditions of flow next to both smooth and structured hydrophobicsurfaces and the relationship to dewetting. Submicroscopic bubbles (‘‘nanobubbles’’)have been discovered on many hydrophobic surfaces in water. Besides giving rise toa long-range attractive force that has been confused with a ‘‘hydrophobic attrac-tion’’, they have raised the question of the importance of dissolved gas for wettingand surface properties in general.

The practical importance of wetting dynamics at hydrophobic and structuredsurfaces is considerable. The list of applications in many industrial and biologicalprocesses includes microfluidics, electrowetting and cell motility. The capillarydriven motion of fluid through structures on a surface bears tremendous importancein the emerging field of nanofluidics and sensor development. The field of electrowet-ting continues to rapidly expand in applications ranging from lab-on-a-chip, liquidlenses and displays, to microelectronics. Surfaces showing significant drag reductionin liquids, as well as a decrease in turbulence at high flow rates may be constructed.This would lead to more efficient movement through liquid, e.g. of propellers, boats,ships and torpedos, etc. Surfaces engineered to be self-cleaning would reduce foulingand contamination, hence leading to longer working life. Rust-resistant surfaces,and anti-fog surfaces may be designed to prevent the growth of discrete dropletscondensing from vapour. The potential applications of such surface engineeringare numerous, and a common theme is greater efficiency in many industrial anddomestic processes. Among more traditional areas of technology hydrophobicityis of key importance in mineral flotation, where efficient bubble attachment oftenrequires surface modification through the use of additives. Most coal and petroleumproducts are hydrophobic and often render surfaces that come into contact withthem hydrophobic. Because of their inherently low surface energy hydrophobicsurfaces present a problem for many applications involving paints, coatings and

aDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. E-mail:aluzar@vcu.edubSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. E-mail: h.k.christenson@leeds.ac.uk

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adhesives, although this is also exploited in applications such as non-stick (paintresistant) surfaces.

A Faraday Discussion is the ideal forum for making progress towards a betterunderstanding of these phenomena, and the published Discussion volume providesan invaluable reference to the current state of the field for a wide scientific commu-nity of physical chemists, biologists, engineers, materials scientists and nanotechnol-ogists. We decided to act on this idea and the program started to take shape in late2006, after invaluable input from Colin Bain, Pablo Debenedetti, Bob Evans, JohnFinney, Jim Henderson, Mike Klein, Peter Rossky and John Weeks. We wished tofocus on nonpolar surfaces, with particular emphasis on dynamics and tunablewettability, as well as to emphasise the natural extensions to superhydrophobicityand surfaces with chemical and topological heterogeneities. In the late autumn of2007 Colin Bain, Chairman of the Faraday Standing Committee sent us the wonder-ful news – that our meeting was finally on the official schedule for April 2010! We aregrateful to the committee members who gave their time to sort through the largenumber of abstracts we received for contributed papers and took part in the finaldecision on selecting the best and the most appropriate ones for oral presentations.

It was an innovative event. Firstly, it was only the second time a Faraday Discus-sion had been held outside Europe (in North America) – the first one was at theUniversity of Notre Dame, Indiana in 1963 (on radiation chemistry). The venuewas the historic Jefferson Hotel, in Richmond, Virginia, which provided what weare sure, was an unsurpassed setting for a Faraday Discussion meeting. The locationand the time of the year worked together to ensure a very successful meeting at theheight of spring. On reflection, it was a good idea to bring Faraday Discussions backto US soil after 47 years. This way, we could raise the profile of the meeting andattract more delegates from the US. Secondly, it marked the introduction ofa Faraday Discussion Graduate Research Seminar (FD-GRS) that we organizedat Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) over the preceding weekend. The‘‘Concluding Remarks’’ by Frank Stillinger further describe the scope and successof FD-GRS, which ended with an outing to Maymont Park (see Fig. 1).

Questionnaire responses after the completion of FD146 demonstrated that all thestudents (the response rate was over 90%) felt much better prepared and less

Fig. 1 Students and mentors in Maymont Park after completion of the FD-GRS. (Photo-graph: Alenka Luzar).

10 | Faraday Discuss., 2010, 146, 9–12 This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010

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intimidated to engage in the FD format of critical and public ‘‘dissection’’ of papers.The published Discussion shows that graduate students posed 30% of the questions.The meeting was a great success, and the associated graduate research seminarprovides a model that we hope many other Faraday Discussion meetings will seekto copy.

The subsequent Faraday Discussion meeting was well attended, with close to 130delegates from over 15 countries, with the majority from the US, but quite a fewfrom as far away as New Zealand, Australia and China. The photo of all (almost)the delegates was taken in the lobby of the Jefferson Hotel, on the magnificentGrand Staircase featured in the classic movie ‘‘Gone with the Wind’’ (Fig. 2).

We succeeded in bringing together communities that might not normally interactvery closely, as they deal with length scales from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic.There was a perfect balance between experiment and theory. During the meeting wediscussed recent breakthroughs in state-of-the-art techniques to control the behav-iour of hydrophobic surfaces under specific conditions; e.g. thermal, optical, electri-cal, mechanical, chemical. Further, we discussed new developments to devisetheoretical and simulation approaches to study nano-surfaces, which dominatenanoscale systems and are necessarily highly complex and heterogeneous. Twovery eminent people in the field; Peter Rossky, and Frank Stillinger, delivered theintroductory lecture of the Faraday Discussion Meeting and the concludingremarks, respectively. In between these there were twenty-two contributed andinvited talks, all of which gave rise to interesting and lively debate. Indeed, onmany occasions the discussions had to be cut short due to time constraints. Theposter session was extremely well subscribed with over 70 contributions. ‘‘Flash’’presentations gave the opportunity for all poster presenters to advertise theirwork using a single PowerPoint slide. Presenting research in a condensed way wasa really good learning experience for young scientists. We congratulate all the

Fig. 2 FD146 delegates taken on the historic Grand Staircase of the Jefferson Hotel. (Photo-graph: Alenka Luzar).

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student participants who presented a rich variety of excellent work during the postersessions.

Bob Evans, a member of the scientific committee, was standing in for his Bristolcolleague and RSC-member Mike Ashfold who could not attend, and delivered anentertaining after banquet speech in his inimitable style. Bob referred to the historyof previous FD meetings on related topics and gave his account of the two meetingsthat he attended, FD16 and FD20, both held in the freezing cold of an Oxford winter.The loving-cup ceremony passed without incident, except for the usual difficulty in ex-plaining its conduct to inebriated delegates. It became much clearer to them when theBrazilian ensemble ‘‘Quatro na Bossa’’ started playing ‘‘Loving Cup’’ by Rolling Stones.

The feedback that we have received on FD-146 has been very positive. Numerouspersonal comments from delegates speak of how they enjoyed the meeting froma scientific and organisational point of view. Especially the US delegates, formany of whom this was the first Faraday Discussion, are now sold on this format!We expect that this Faraday Discussion and the published 146 volume will havesignificant impact on this exciting field in the years ahead, and we wish to thankall the contributing authors for their effort and support of our endeavour. Delegatesalso expressed their gratitude at being looked after so well and made to feel sowelcome. This southern hospitality extended to a few ‘‘lucky’’ ones who had toprolong their stay at Jefferson because of Eyafj€allaj€okull.

Our organisational achievements are due to many who worked tirelessly before,during and after the meetings. Firstly, we thank the entire staff of the VCU ChemistryDepartment, and especially Rose. Rose’s energy was unsurpassed in overcoming allthe administrative obstacles to deliver fellowships to students, and honoraria tomentors and poster judges. Shirley, from the College of Humanities and Scienceshelped to ensure that the social events ran smoothly. Chemistry graduate studentsstretched their imagination to design the T-shirt logo (Kyler), and brought the profes-sional Brazilian ensemble to the banquet (Fernando). RSC student stewards andmembers of Alenka’s research group helped with the microphones, poster boardsand computers, and at the registration desk. Meredith and Victor from the Schoolof Engineering at VCU were responsible for ensuring that the FD-GRS meetingwas held in a superb lecture hall with top-notch AVI technology and Victor diligentlyvideo-recorded the lectures. Mohammad could be seen tirelessly taking photos andmovies during both meetings and social events. Ken Wynne had the brilliant idea ofasking those with questions to queue up to overcome the shortage of microphonesat FD146. We thank Fred Hawkridge, Sally Hunnicutt, and Scott Gronert for theirwelcoming speech at the reception for FD146, for introducing the young generationto Michael Faraday during the banquet, and for welcoming delegates in MaymontPark. Last, but not least, we are grateful to Morwenna, Anna and Helen of the RSC.

We acknowledge the Chemical Physics Division of the APS and the Division ofPhysical Chemistry of the ACS for their endorsement of FD146. We thank thefollowing organisations for their generous financial support of FD-GRS andFD146: National Science Foundation (CHE-1016888), US Department of Energy(DE-FG02-10ER16152), American Chemical Society (Division of Colloid andSurface Science) and VCU. Without all the support, the inaugural FD-GRS, theoverwhelming student participation in FD146, and all the social activities duringboth meetings, that contributed to a relaxing and engaging student/mentor atmo-sphere, would not have been possible.

The scientific discussion and educational commitment to the course of research inthis field will continue in cyberspace. During the summer months we will bepreparing a dedicated webpage (www.faraday.vcu.edu) that will serve as a continuingopen-access discussion forum on this topic, along with providing the introductorylectures of the mentors, memorable photos, etc. We hope to ensure that the atmo-sphere established at the FD-GRS and carried over to FD146 will last much longer!

Hugo Christenson (Co-Chair)Alenka Luzar (Co-Chair, Editor)

12 | Faraday Discuss., 2010, 146, 9–12 This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010

List of participants

Mr Hari Acharya, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Mr Travers Anderson, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Dr Rick Angus, Hollingsworth and Vose, USA Professor Bruce Berne, Columbia University, USA Mr Jonathan Boreyko, Duke University, USA Professor Dusan Bratko, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Mr Kennard Brunson, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Professor Hans-Juergen Butt, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Germany Mr Kyler Carroll, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Mr Aviel Chaimovich, UCSB, USA Ms Asima Chakravorty, Virginia Commonwealth University, France Professor Elisabeth Charlaix, University of Lyon, USA Professor Chuan-Hua Chen, Duke University, Taiwan Professor Li-Jen Chen, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Dr Kuan-Hung Cho, National Taiwan University, USA Professor Chang-Hwan Choi, Stevens Institute of Technology, United Kingdom Dr Hugo Christenson, University of Leeds, USA Dr Anindarupa Chunder, Nanoscience Technology Center, USA Professor Rene Corrales, The University of Arizona, USA Professor Vincent Craig, Australian National University, Australia Dr Colin Crick, University College London, United Kingdom Mrs Maria D’Acunzi, MPI for Polymer Research, USA Dr Chris Daub, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Dr Debnath De, Johnson Matthey ECT, USA Professor Pablo Debenedetti, Princeton University, USA Dr Stephen Donaldson, UCSB, Finland Dr Lei Dong, Aalto University, USA Professor William Ducker, Virginia Tech, USA Mr John Edison, University of Massachusetts, USA Mr Alexander Epstein, Harvard University, USA Professor Jeffery Errington, University at Buffalo, United Kingdom Professor Bob Evans, University of Bristol, USA Professor John Fenn, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Professor Tomoko Fujiwara, University of Memphis, USA Professor Di Gao, University of Pittsburgh, USA Professor Shekhar Garde, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Ms Morwenna Gilbert, Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom Professor Nicolas Giovambattista, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, USA Dr Jose Guadarrama, University of Navarra, Spain Ms Ludivine Guillemot, Laboratoire PMCN, France Dr Zhiguang Guo, University of Namur, Belgium Dr Murari Gupta, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Dr Malte Hammer, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Dr Benjamin Hatton, Harvard University, USA Professor Savvas Hatzikiriakos, University of British Columbia, Canada Ms Kristin Hecht, Karlsruhe Insitute of Technology, Germany Dr Jim Henderson, University of Leeds, United Kingdom Dr Chris Honig, Virginia Tech, USA Dr Gerhard Hummer, National Institutes of Health, USA Professor Jacob Israelachvili, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Dr Neha Jain, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Dr Sumanth Jamadagni, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Dr Lei Jiang, Institute of Chemistry, CAS, China Mr Sung Kang, Harvard University, USA Ms Anne-Marie Kietzig, University of British Columbia, Canada Professor Jacob Klein, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Professor Michael Klein, University of Pennsylvania, USA Dr Takahiro Koishi, University of Fukui, Japan Dr Vaibhaw Kumar, University at Buffalo, USA Dr Yongjoo Kwon, Seoul National University, South Korea Professor Robert Lamb, The University of Melbourne, Australia

Dr Florian Lapierre, BIOMEMS Group, France Professor Bruce Law, Kansas State University, USA Dr Mei Li, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, USA Dr Hui Li, University of Nebraska Lincoln, USA Dr Zuoli Li, Virginia Tech, USA Mr Fernando Luna-Vera, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Dr Helen Lunn, Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom Professor Alenka Luzar, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Dr Valentina Marcon, Centers of Smart Interfaces - TU Darmstadt, Germany Mr Dean Mastropietro, Virginia Tech, USA Mr Sean McBride, Kansas State University, USA Professor Thomas McCarthy, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA Dr Anatoli Milischuk, Colorado State University, USA Ms Lidiya Mischenko, Harvard University, USA Professor Jeetain Mittal, Lehigh University, USA Professor Peter Monson, University of Massachusetts, USA Ms Barbara Mooney, The University of Arizona, USA Professor Frieder Mugele, University of Twente, The Netherlands Ms Deborah Ortiz, Georgia Tech, USA Mr Sergio Pacheco Benito, University of Twente, The Netherlands Dr Lei Pan, Virginia Tech, USA Professor Mahesh Panchagnula, Tennessee Tech University, USA Dr Neelesh Patankar, Northwestern University, USA Mr Amish Patel, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Dr Natalia Perez-Hernandez, Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas, CSIC, Spain Dr Susan Perkin, University College London, United Kingdom Mr Daniel Peter, Lam Research AG, Austria Professor David Qu_er_e, ESPCI, France Professor Jay Rasaiah, University of Maine, USA Mr Richard Remsing, University of Maryland, USA Mr John Ritchie, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Dr Martina Roeselova, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic Miss Anna Roffey, Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom Professor Peter Rossky, The University of Texas at Austin, USA Ms Sapna Sarupria, Princeton University, USA Dr Rossen Sedev, University of South Australia, Australia Mrs Jamileh Seyed-Yazdi, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Mr David Sherwood, Exosect Limited, United Kingdom Mr Gilad Silbert, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Dr Christos Stamboulides, University of British Columbia, Canada Dr Frank Stillinger, Princeton University, USA Mr Guillaume Stirnemann, _ Ecole Normale Sup_erieure, France Dr Vincent Thomy, BioMEMS Group IEMN, France Mrs Joanna Thorne, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom Dr Naga Rajesh Tummala, University of Oklahoma, USA Ms Robin Underwood, Purdue University, USA Mr Davide Vanzo, Universita di Bologna, Italy Dr Kripa Varanasi, MIT, USA Dr Doris Vollmer, MPI for Polymer Research, Germany Mr Michael von Domaros, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Dr Jiandi Wan, Princeton University, USA Mr Chenyu Wang, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Mr Jihang Wang, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Mr Lingle Wang, Columbia University, USA Professor John Weeks, University of Maryland, USA Professor Benjamin Widom, Cornell University, USA Dr Geoff Willmott, Industrial Research Limited, New Zealand Mr Alex Wu, The University of New South Wales, Australia Professor Kenneth Wynne, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Professor Julia Yeomans, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Dr Yoshiteru Yonetani, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan Dr Soohaeng Yoo, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA Professor Roe-Hoon Yoon, Virginia Tech, USA Dr Xiao Cheng Zeng, University of Nebraska Lincoln, USA Mr Wei Zhang, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA

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Index of contributors*

Acharya, H., 195, 283, 353

Anderson, T. H., 299

Angus, R., 367

Audry, M.-C., 113

Auerhammer, G. K., 35

Berne, B. J., 247, 283

Blossey, R., 125

Boreyko, J., 79, 195, 283

Boukherroub, R., 125

Bratko, D., 67, 79, 195, 283, 367

Brunet, P., 125

Butt, H.-J., 35, 79, 195, 367

Cao, L., 57

Chaimovich, A., 299, 367

Charlaix, E., 113, 195

Chen, C.-H., 79, 195, 367

Cho, K.-H., 223

Choi, C.-H., 79

Christenson, H. K., 79, 195, 367

Chunder, A., 79

Clanet, C., 19

Coffinier, Y., 125

Corrales, R., 79, 195

Craig, V. S. J., 141, 195, 283, 367

D’Acunzi, M., 35

Daub, C., 67, 79, 367

Debenedetti, P., 79, 195, 283, 367

Ducker, W., 195

Edison, J., 167

Epstein, A., 79

Errington, J., 79

Evans, B., 79, 195, 283, 367

Friesner, R. A., 247

Fujikawa, S., 185

Gao, D., 57, 79

Garde, S., 79, 353, 367

Giovambattista, N., 79, 195, 367

Hecht, K., 283

Henderson, J., 79, 283, 367

Hendy, S. C., 233

Honig, C., 195

Hummer, G., 79, 195, 283, 341, 367

Hynes, J. T., 263

Indekeu, J. O., 217

Israelachvili, J., 299, 367

Jamadagni, S. N., 79, 283, 353

Jiang, L., 79

Joseph, P., 113

Kang, S., 79, 283, 367

Kirby, N., 223

This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010

Klein, J., 79, 195, 309, 367

Koga, K., 217

Koishi, T., 185, 195

Krumpfer, J. W., 103

Kudesia, S., 67

Kusumaatmaja, H., 153

Laage, D., 263

Lamb, R., 79, 223

Lapierre, F., 125

Law, B., 79, 195, 283, 367

Liaw, I. I., 223

Liu, G., 141

Luzar, A., 67, 79, 195, 283, 367

Mammen, L., 35

McCarthy, T., 79, 103, 195, 283

Mischenko, L., 79, 195, 283, 367

Mittal, J., 341

Mognetti, B. M., 153

Monson, P., 167, 195

Mooney, B., 283

Moran, G., 223

Mugele, F., 49, 79, 195

Neto, C., 233

Pacheco Benito, S., 79, 195, 283

Pan, L., 325

Panchagnula, M., 195

Patankar, N., 79, 195

Patel, A., 79, 195, 283, 367

Perkin, S., 195, 309, 367

Peter, D., 195, 283

Piednoir, A., 113

Qu�er�e, D., 19, 79, 195, 283

Rathgen, H., 49

Reyssat, M., 19

Richard, D., 19

Ritchie, J., 283

Rossky, P. J., 13, 79, 263

Sarupria, S., 79, 367

Scott Shell, M., 299

Sedev, R., 195

Seyed-Yazdi, J., 79, 195, 283, 367

Sherwood, D., 195

Silbert, G., 309, 367

Singh, M., 35

Stillinger, F., 283, 395

Stirnemann, G., 79, 195, 263, 283, 367

Thomy, V., 125, 195

Vanzo, D., 367

Varanasi, K., 79

Vembanur, S., 353

Faraday Discuss., 2010, 146, 413–414 | 413

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Vollmer, D., 35, 79, 195, 367

Wan, J., 67, 195

Wang, J., 195, 367

Wang, L., 247

Weeks, J., 79, 195

Widom, B., 217, 283

414 | Faraday Discuss., 2010, 146, 413–414 This

Willmott, G., 195, 233, 283

Wu, A. H. F., 79, 195, 223, 283

Yasuoka, K., 185

Yeomans, J., 79, 153, 195

Yoon, R.-H., 325, 367

Zeng, X. C., 185

* The page numbers in bold type indicate papers submitted for discussions.

journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010

Faraday Discussions Vol 146

www.rsc.org/books

Faraday Discussions documents a long-established series of Faraday Discussion meetings which provide a unique international forum for the exchange of views and newly acquired results in developing areas of physical chemistry, biophysical chemistry and chemical physics.

The papers presented are published in the Faraday Discussion volume together with a record of the discussion contributions made at the meeting. Faraday Discussions therefore provide an important record of current international knowledge and views in the field concerned.

Faraday Discussions 146

This volume focuses on a number of highly topical and controversial issues related to wetting and dewetting at hydrophobic surfaces.

The current interest in superhydrophobic surfaces has led to a conceptual widening of the term “hydrophobicity”. Non-wetting of a surface may be achieved not only by minimising the surface free energy, but also via an appropriately tailored surface morphology. As a consequence, even low-energy liquids may dewet a surface and hydrophobicity becomes a more general “lyophobicity”. Wetting dynamics at both smooth and structured surfaces is involved in a range of surface phenomena, including contact angle hysteresis, adhesion, surface forces, self-cleaning and the boundary conditions for fluid flow.

This very active area of current research has major cross-disciplinary implications, and a number of theoretical, modelling and experimental results are in urgent need of clarification and resolution if we are to understand better the properties and behaviour of extended and structured hydrophobic and lyophobic surfaces.

In this volume the topics covered include:

Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Dynamic Transitions

Liquid-vapour Interfaces and Nanobubbles

Heterogeneous Surfaces

9 781849 730563

ISBN 978-1-84973-056-3

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