wet prairie

7/27/2019 Wet Prairie

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UBC Press Vancouver Toronto

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Pl, L, W

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shannon stunden bower


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Te Nature | History | Society series is devoted to the publication o high-qualityscholarship in environmental history and allied elds. Its broad compass is signalledby its title: nature because it takes the natural world seriously; history because it

aims to oster work that has temporal depth; and society because its essentialconcern is with the interace between nature and society, broadly conceived. Teseries is avowedly interdisciplinary and is open to the work o anthropologists,ecologists, historians, geographers, literary scholars, political scientists, sociolo-gists, and others whose interests resonate with its mandate. It ofers a timely outletor lively, innovative, and well-written work on the interaction o people andnature through time in North America.

General Editor: Graeme Wynn, University o British Columbia

Claire Elizabeth Campbell, Shaped by the West Wind: Nature and History inGeorgian Bay

ina Loo, States of Nature: Conserving Canadas Wildlife in the wentiethCentury

Jamie Benidickson, Te Culture of Flushing: A Social and Legal History of SewageWilliam J. urkel, Te Archive of Place: Unearthing the Pasts of the Chilcotin

PlateauJohn Sandlos, Hunters at the Margin: Native People and Wildlife Conservation

in the Northwest erritoriesJames Murton, Creating a Modern Countryside: Liberalism and Land

Resettlement in British ColumbiaGreg Gillespie, Hunting for Empire: Narratives of Sport in Ruperts Land, 1840-70Stephen J. Pyne,Awful Splendour: A Fire History of CanadaHans M. Carlson, Home Is the Hunter: Te James Bay Cree and Teir LandLiza Piper, Te Industrial ransformation of Subarctic CanadaSharon Wall, Te Nurture of Nature: Childhood, Antimodernism, and Ontario

Summer Camps, 1920-55

Joy Parr, Sensing Changes: echnologies, Environments, and the Everyday,1953-2003

Jamie Linton, What Is Water? Te History of a Modern AbstractionDean Bavington,Managed Annihilation: An Unnatural History of the

Newfoundland Cod CollapseJ. Keri Cronin,Manufacturing National Park Nature: Photography, Ecology,

and the Wilderness Industry of Jasper


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C

L Ill / x

F / xGraeme Wynn

Acklm /

Ic: T W P / 1

1 D Cll Cmm: T Ely Y MD, 1870-1915 / 19

2 Jcl Qm: Dm Ay PWl, 1870-1930 / 50

3 D Gcl Cmm: Ex, Hl, Ll A D / 76

4 Il B Lcl Mmm: T Il JCmm, Dck Ulm, C D / 110

5 Pmc, Mc, C: W Mm M / 139


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v C

Ccl: Cq B Sq Dymc Lc / 164

Ac / 172N /175

Slc Bly / 209

Ix / 234


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x

Ill

Figures

1 Lm M / 5

2 M / 273 B c W, M / 30

4 D c M, 1933 / 34

5 P c- mcy / 35

6 T M W Rv, D Dc N. 12, Rl Mcl M, Rl, Mclm / 40

7 A / 43

8 M M vcl vm l l, 1900 / 62

9 T N Amc 1894 / 65

10 Gvm vy y vlv k, J 1911 / 79

11 l, XIII, 1 / 80

12 M D Dc N. 12 / 81

13 S M lv c / 88

14 Mcl c, 1933 / 92

15 Dl yk / 102

16 R S Rv / 114


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x L Ill

17 T xcv D Dc N. 8 / 123

18 B G M l M yy / 126

19 Dck Ulm lcy ml / 12920 Ely cv c M / 159

abes

1 R v m v c / 7

2 Nl l mcl vlv

Red River Valley Drainage and Improvement Association according 1921 c / 41

A.1 Al cl x , xm , 1896-1932 / 172

A.2 T c 1934 / 173


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x

forewordWl Ely?

byGraeme Wynn

Al Ll k l. H c cll cllc y l l A SandCounty Almanac Ml Ely, Skc H

T, c mk c k, l ll.1 H l:

A m. W lm mcl l

ll k c m. Lk lc

m vc, v lx mck, l c -

m vy . A l lc m z z.

Slc ... . Ev q k y c, Ll v m ... [ly] ck vy mll Wc.

T ly cm l c

lk ... T cm m m cl

l, mck v m, c

l v mck c c .

A l cv c mk lc, c cl v m c , , y. 2


8/47

x F

P Ll Skc l cc c,l v, m, lv, , c , lc

v Wc, Ill I, Az N Mxc,C S, O U Ll cm c m, M. T Cly. Ll cm- v 1941 ll c mvl. Tm my v ll lk ck v y lc, y l cz c m. Tmy m Cly m y y : m

j m cck l, ll kl

ll cll j (Ll lm) yllc crick-crick, m c y. F Ll, y c, Cly

m , ly c, m lc l .3

Cly M, W, Lk M, Dl M, 15,000 l -

m C . Ely cy, ccmm m l l y lcl m

ly l m (cl El yly Hllyl m Clk Gl). I 1941 Ll v, lvl lvly l, - -y cycl ll lk m mk ly cy ( my) l m vly vy m.4 Ll k , ll Cly ,v , m l cm . Uccl cm -m- y m k 1941 v mlly

ll m, , v v ml . Cm Cly theyk y c lcl , m m ll , . Y lk mk,

, ck, , lc m ml, Ll m l k lk cl l-l l yk, l c l m y c c mvm. Sm y, c, v Cly, yk m ll l , j y yy

ll l y.5

Cly l qly M lc c Wet Prairie, S S B vv cc


9/47

xF

l, l, cll M; y, lkLl cmmy Cly M, m -

c vlm. W Ll Cly ymlclly, c cl l -c, S B k m ly clly c l ml c. H k ym , c lc clly, ll m-ly, l lm , m l cl- m cl vc. Sclyk, ly ( ml, lv m), cqc jc l

vml ccmc M. Sll, SB q vlm l vmc cv m -m- M. J Ll y c l y clcl ly v c ly cc c, S B c v , cv , vlm ll M, , C . S

Ll c xm l m vl l, cmmm Ll clDl Bl cm Nzc Winkelbersehen, c, lk k .6

F Ll, c mm m j . Sk Cly, ml mck mk , y cl l m, v cl lcl cl.

Dc C , S SB v q . Hv cm cl El, Hy, Hm Gy,v, kl l cc y mml cly l c Uvy MDl M Rc S, m Ll lm. A j l v y cv- c ly llm Cly y, S B cmmm vl ycl cc m l ll l y lk v vc, l cc vml c cl cy k q vc cv lc.7


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xv F

T c m Wet Prairiec ml -vml y vml cl c c

ml, c y c lc m cl.T k ly v ck-- c c - m m vml ccmc. M ,v, S B k cvc m vml y mly, mly, c l cl c y c c c m y, -, v c cl v cv , m cml

, c m l .Cl ll ll S B ly c

c cl m ml . T lc ly cv y k cmm c y lm l

l m-m cll m c-c . A , ml m,

l l, , , y c c,

y m cl, c c, lvl, m ly m mc, ly, mllly . T lc y c cll , ycz l cllcvly lm c mlly. B m m v k in every case. Views of the issues involved about causes and eects, about l, l . E

m m lkly c cc l c.A lm m cclly jc m xc l c cm ccl cmmy m.

T cl. A vy lcl lvl, l m , c ( k my ck m y ll) mk . S , S B m, c mly v m l m jy. N lk l, (lly) c; c lm yclly x v cl , m lv m vly vlv clcl jcl , my cv.I cc, c m m ly cl


11/47

xvF

lcl c, lcy v , y c l c cv. Lcl vcl

vm, , mlv l m. B ll c , vy- ccmc, , . I y cv c c c, lcllc cy, l l l c.

Scl c lm cm. Mc M , , lly, l m lly k . Sl

l l, y y, ccml m S B ly ccz yc l M? O , m y v clly. A, l cm k lcl lm yl lm cl, l x vm mlc c m-v c, lc lk c, ll v,

c m c y c c. T ll , S S B , M q k y vm l, vl c cx , c x lcl vm c lym vm -y mlm lcl cl ( 168 l).

A y cl, l ml m cl y m, c -

m vcl vm C m -l l C U S. T cmlc ll v C 2 WetPrairie, l vm l ( c l) M vm cm lvm mv c. B, m vcl cl q cl cl l ( c cy l l m clmc c ll yc c), cl c vm O c , c c- mk vml c, vmlc m cl lcl cc.


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xv F

Dl c y l, c-cly x k x l, -

c cll, cll c ml l . Ely cy,m cm M xc RRv, c c y- lll j RRv M, v lc mll cy m ( 116 l).

Y, l ll M l- (lly c m-m , , x), ccl c

l (lly c v c C-US , ccl cl lm vk mml m-m c). H, mc y m -m c , lcl lc vlv, m y vc x, lvly lm c vll. Tcmlv cqc, S B , mk y

lm vlm M cllc m-z m, vc v xl ( 10 l).

I l cllc m -l c cll l vlm, S B c m c m l , lcl , C cy . T cc. H k m

m v I McKy m, m c , y C l jc ll l.8 I , ck v , j m C cl c y.9F McKy, lm my llm C (c k lc m- m-c), q k mlly xv jc ll l c l y vc jcc, y ll m lz mlz m jc.10

A m , McKy clm mly m- C l l (c) c ll vl m c lc-cmc lc


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llm.11 B m ly c c ,k, v c . Llm ly , cc

v lm mc McKy ml both values project, v m ll c.12 Tll , m v, c lc cc c lmy c lly m vl c, m y y l qly vlm.13 Mv, ll cly C ll ccv. I ,McKy mz vl kl l c l l cv ,

v S B McKy k ll,y xl mlc m cllql llm M.14

Lk B N Amc l m, m ccm ll m lN, my cm M l ly c cq m c y lv l l .15

W , lkly mc c x-c, l-mm cy, , vc, m m ml, cl ccl v m Tm H, J Lck, lk. Wv ly, v, l v y l c v k l-lc cm m cl vl ll vlm m ccl cm.

U m l cc -c y ml . lk v m cly m l, qckly c ml m: c

cl cl l l l-y c; c ll, v y cm ccy l cvly. Sml cvc k l z . T-y cl m m l

y: c ccl l c cvy vl v y, m l-v l c mvm. B, lv


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xv F

cl, , lk lvy cy c q ccl l-

m ly ly lc y .H c cmlx -cy llm.F McKy, ll jc vv y cly, qly, v y c cvl cy vlz vlm.16 W ml m cl c l-cv vl (y l m l l y,y ll m mk, y l y v l, ). S

l cm , S B , k k y M vcl vm

lcl vm ll cc clcl ccml ( 11 l). I y . B my v m? Cl m c l mkclcl? A, , mlc y vm mly lly vc clm?

M y y , All Sm,

cy cll ly l v C cyl c, c l cmmym vl c.17 I m, , mv y lck m c mcy vl l C c cl - c c lly cvv m.18 A

Amc cl Sym M L clv H Al v C , Sm m

l vc my l-m m m mll El C k cy xy vy y F Wl W.19 Al cll Vernon Fowke had, earlier, demonstrated that pioneer agricultural self-ccy ... m C my, Sm, cvcly, cmm c vlcy cl vl . 20C P ll vc cmm m : IC, v y y, y, ll vcm llcl.21

y c cl. Ll vlm ml ly C vlm. B, Qc J-M


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xxF

Fc , llm vl -ml m mly lmc cy,

m vy .

22

I - ly -cy cc, ll vl y ccmc. A S B , mmc llm ( m vly v -y) vm ( c y ) m ... [ ] lc [] m llm. Fl , v, c M k l, y l , y mlv (

168 12 l).W llm, l ly c c

l lm vl l cmm cllcv ( m my m); , cly q, c vm y c c vll. T, , Fc c k cm vy Qc,vlm m y mlm vlm

y ly.23 T c v U S ll vlm mc cl v y.24 S S Blm mv 1976 y ly-cy K, N Yk ( l cm 3,000 16,000 y y), mv cmmy m.25 S SB cc M , vlm c

m cc l l vlm,

l c cclz lc y z vml c v [v] y - m ll M k cll y c ( 82 l). Mv, c cc m , lc cmm c lm vy cll, c, l l.

T, m m ccl, m cl ll vlm m ky, m v y . By m , S Bm mc y cl m cl clccmc m, l, ,


16/47

xx F

mly, q llm cl mk cl. Dl l y, m cm l

l[] m c, C lcl C.B. Mc, cq cy clcl llm, lv mv v l, mk- cq cm cl c m cc.26

F Mc, ll mc c . Rly cm mc mcc , c yclly vlk y c cm Ml Fm cmv clm cmc l-

cl m m m vl mly v lm yck ll c. Mc

c m Capitalism and Freedom, c l m llm.27 B Fm ly, m mk c , vly c,lm xc, ll ly l c ll ck m ll vc, c- lm m mc y cl -

y, , vl cc. D y l l lcl l, k lc m clm my , c ymly cmlx l l l, vm, c y v lz y v cm cmm , c y cllc-v, l lly ly , llcl cl .T c m k y c

, ll cl m m k, m , l k mc, cvl cy y- cy.


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1

introdutionT W P

I My 1889, cv l Alx Im l M m lc k. H v vcm m l c l l . H

mk m m my l. I y, Im m v mm ll C vm m- cl v l N Amc, l k C P G Pl. T lvm lc cm l clm l c x U S Amc l- Al l y c lcl cmc m c . Im

m v c vll l c ly ly y.I Rl, mll lm R Rv

A Rv, Im l ll cl . F ll l m, v, k vl lm. W Im c ck - k l clv. H

qck cz l ccc: m cl m c I k k ll l . D c my c m l lcl Pvc, Im cvc ccmc m c l l k m[m] l.1


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2 Ic

Alx Im v . H xc m q. T k y cl M lk

Im cll m cc vml l. T l v c C vmm cl cl l, , y x c lk l m M Ecm RckyM. B x m l Lk W ly l Lk

W ( c v lc k M cll M , m cly, M ), . T l m l

l l, l mly cllc c lvly mml l l.2 I myy, m m m k yl, l m. T k kq cll l M . H - cv c lm ?I y y m l y cylc? W vml c

lc y v?T k l y M l

vml l v m cll lm. Ely , vc k c c c y xc c . Ov y, vlv m mll m ky c c ym c m c c ym. Sccv lcl m

y cmlx c mm: lm -m ; cm clm v x lcl ; m c y c vm vlv cck; cll c M cmy l m . T cmlx cqc: lc l, vm l c. T kxm lc m l cl cc c m ly c v m.

Alx Im y l . D mc cll m C vml y ll l m M ml c y xc ,


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3T W P

y vc c ly ll clly.3 k c Im c v,

k m my cllc. I y ll y c l vc m c y y m. I lc lcq cmmy c lm, -y x lc. W m y k v l , clly m, clly cmlc, clly c lc jc.

M cl cc vm v c

m . Sc ly m - M Skc Al. F M, m l l ll m 300 600mllm (12 24 c). I m Al S-kc, m 200 300 mllm (8 12 c).4B v lvly mll m mk cc, clly v l cc mc cllM.5 Ovll, M l cl -

c vy c vc. B m k . Wl cl v vc v v c c, c M vl l y vcl c vc cl vm.6 T cv lc, cv cll lk m. T k, , y lc M vcl vm v l l cl v

y xm l. I y , l -ly c, m ly .

Phsia Geograph

W ? T m y -cy l c -cl U S

, l v l m, clclly ml mc M.7 Al ly y U S SlSvy, m ll m c y.8 T vlm-c Amc l vm c x-cl cy m l clc ym,


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4 Ic

c m l jc cv ll.9 A m cl k l U S -

l, c cl, vy lcl, cl, cll, ll c cly m l.10 I k, m cll c l l ylv mc c . T m v y - lc c c m-l , c clclly ml lc m. I l c y y l y cc. Ulmly, l

mly , y, j m jm.11Sl Alx Im cl m l :

, m . T m ll l cv lmclc.

Im lmc lc l ycl y cll M. I m, vcl cm c lm, -: Pcm Sl,

M Ll, S Ul y MEcm ( F 1). T ll v c lvl l c lvl.12 T ck Pcm Sl, l k C LSl, x c O M. T ,lm vy, - lc, cv y v,

lk, cv l . I M, l lly l , ll

cc 300-m (980-) c l.Oc m y ll- , M Ll vproven to be an especially rich agricultural area. Varying from 64 to 80klm (40 50 ml) , ll c y ly R Rv. T l l v ll Lk W, vy m c. I, , l x k cllqlly R Rv vlly, v ll c ll. R, vlly m lcl Lk Az, mm y m cl my y m m- m lc c, c lk c. G Kz Jy Lc c R Rv vlly, cl l C


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Figure 1 Lm MSource: A m F 2.9, Pyc R S M, M.my Cky, Gly Lm M, Te Geography of Manitoba:Its Land and Its People, . J Wl, J Ev, C Sl (W:Uvy M P, 1997), 21.


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6 Ic

U S, l, ly lc l (ly z Dmk).13 I my c lk

, cmvly l cly- l c c lm. Av 260 m (850 ) c l,l mly mv, l c ly m .

T M Ll y -- cm, c mk y c lv. By cm S Ul, l m l c m lm. Ov cy, c z v ll

k v l, ly c cvmv m l x c P.14 T l x kl, l l, v m m l cl cl. T A Rv

A Dl, lcl mym c c Lk M. Dm c

c v . Al A

101,388 q klm(39,146 q ml), v mcmll R Rv (c ly77,249 q klm[29,826 q ml], Ac ).

k , c m mc-y c c M . Ty m M l. A c lv m ky cl

c k m c l cv, l y cy, M lm. T ll c xm ccc l ly c ycl y l lcl y clmc -c mv v .

T xmly ymc lc, l vly c m m.15 Variability clly, c cck lc y,

ll mlly, m . T lcymc cc y l 1, c v v m l-m v - c


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lc M: Cy W ( k R A Rv), Cy Rv Rl M-nicipality of Victoria (about 155 kilometres west and slightly south of Win-), M Rl Mcly Sly ( 130klm W). F ll lc, - c v m y y y v v 30

c. I c cv vm, vly c m m ml qy.

I ymc yclm, k y v m lc y l m c, ll, mlpatterns, and spring rain. Vulnerable Manitobans kept a close watch on c m ky vl, ly mm l v c Skc-Nl Rv . T mm ym c

H By, mc vcl. T m M mm vy l, c m , , c .16 C c vm Manitoba, and water was a primary driver of change. Variability in water l , v, mly l

ll-. Wl cl v m cl x cc ml c cym vly.17Sm vc m l l R Rv vlly

v c y .18 Bv l c c l c y vcll cc, vml vly ccv

abe 1

Range of deviation from the average growing-season precipitation

Y Av - Pc c Plc c S v v

W . mm (.) . mm (.)

Cy Rv . mm (.) . mm (.)

M . mm (.) . mm (.)

Note: T l l c l l

c c M l c.

Source: M m A.J. C, Te Climate of Manitoba(W: Pvc

M, Ecmc Svy B, 1939), 12.


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8 Ic

cm cll . F xml, l AlxIm, cml l y ,

cc c l cly .Gv -1950 qcy l W, vc cl l cy, ly m xc M vk cc l R A Rv. Ex

ck c m l, W l - yk, vc vcm vly c :ll m ll-k cmy m . 19Cc cc M,

c y m k l c. B y l, lyc c m lm cll , c

m c vlm vc.

Shoar Landars

T y M cc m clly

lmk. Gv vcl vm m l l, cl clly c. S m- ky cc C c y, ll, ml, cmc c ml lm x vm y. My v clly cc cl (c m c ) l. O v c-

c mcm l, xm l cm, c c, cl ym.20 D v m cl vll c k, v c-c mc v lc v c c m ly . Oly c c cvmc , cl m c c l y cl vc m .21H L xc, k ll ym B Clm xm m y cmlc

jc lvy.22 L m c y cv C, m ycl mc k l C v-ml y, mz c y v c .23Pclly v vml c v C


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lc, m mc cl xl vlm l ly l l

lc c.I M, c lcl vml c -c vcl y x c. I c

, , y ly. Bc xv c lvl y vlm, ly M jc l l m. C mc ym cl c vm c c mm

ll lvly v vc l ll ,

c mm lm vml. Evml Dl P cll l cl c c c l y lc m cy.24 T y M, , k ly cl C cx l l cmccmmy cc m l c.

A m l cl c l-

. Al l vml-c y v , k cll l mm, -c cc, lc m. I 1957, Kl Wl cc l-cl

k c mc m m mylc c.25 Sc m, m cl v l c .26 F vml N Amc,

Dl W ly Amc cmll ll vc cl. T ylccy W y ccv, mlc, cclym, l y l cl x.27

Al c ml - M - Amc , lm c. A ky c v x m lcl . By ly cy Amc , W xl, cv l cll l x m . I M, lc z cv vl l


26/47

10 Ic

m - , xm qly. M m k l

ll cll x vm m- kl. Fm, l cll , y c v . T y v c- W v y ll mm mclly m ml ly m x, , cz. I M, ly ly lcl, vlv lc vk lcl lc. I c c M W Amc

qy , qly m l vm.

All m v l c ky c M Amc : m my ccl. T m m M, cv y v cm, m, m m vcy cq l, k , ll y l

m. B cy lly c vlly m l m l vm lkly c ly l v-. Mc M k y lcl cc

m l ccml mll cc l y vcl vm. Al lvl cly k, cm ckly c. T m m mc l W l

Amc , vk cc m m, m l cm xc M , v mc vc cll m mv c cllm. H cllc m-z m vc v xl. A l ly c cy, mc M k lc, clm cl.

A c clly m m Wet Prairie ll-m. Fm F Ry 1988 ly ll Ml cl cy, By F 1993 llcl y l lcl cm Q Uvy, L 1994 y ll


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m--cy B Clm, llm cc m lycl cc C .28 I

v m, llm ly l C vlm, y , l-m, clm. I2000, I McKy , c clly ,C y ll cc llm.I v, cc v Cy y ll jc. A l,

m c mc llm lyccc ll v

mc llm cl .29Ic y k y C ll l lclly llcl cll ll cc, c m cl y R Sll( ll Sl Il), Jm M ( -

Wl W I l lm m B Clm), CWl ( cy -cy U C), J Ry( mk Ml), Dl Sm ( y mv-

m Nv Sc, 1790-1862) v c k mq c ll C l.30 I M

k m lv ly M , y vml c BC cy ll vl y m C llm vml y.31

Wet Prairiec clly y xm llm ly vl lc.U llm, l cl c l-

cv cz. , l , l vy ll cv k y ll c c clm m m cclly. I , c clly. T M vm cv lclk ll cc cl cl ccml-. T m l cm W.. Ek,

m v y ( m cc m c m) c Cvm x c cll.32 T vl c -c l ym, M vm cvy vly m. D


28/47

12 Ic

c lm, ml m c -k y vcl vm ll k y ll

vm lc l.Al m y ml vm -k c l, cv m c.D cly c l m l M, lcl l c .Nly, k cc cl. A c mm m c v lc, cm c k, my y v

l x. B v M xc l c m-m. Gv mc -m , cmm m lly vc m cvly klkly c , l, clvlvm cm lkly ll lcl . Sc cmm vly ky v c mcl , c M cc l c c cc.

I y, cmm c cv y cclz l l lv , y vlly c . Fl c c M m, y l v-m, y mlv .

I llm xl y M v-m k , l cvl. Pv y ky ll . F m, -

cl l, v ly , y cv l ll c vlm. I l cy ly cy, myl cm M cv m. Lkly, y v mc - l . T m M lm c m l m ( ) l l ( m). T l,, cllc ly l l l m l . T y l y l c l

l: l v jc


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, v mm m cvc m v y. Wy l y y k v l

y ? T m ly m l k m l: l m v y, ml cm ly mk cv l. Wy l y xc ml v c y cl? B cv xml cllql llm M, y c ll cl

ly y -x cx clcl, lcl, vml lc.33 Ty ky l

l-, ly l v l l y .

T clly lmk c k clly m l cll m ml c c

m l , jc, y l. E-vml Mk F cc m-m lm l l c ly m c y l.34 U l, l ml, c

m xml. Pl l, ml m, cll l, ll cc m m v mlc. Sc mvm c cll clclcmm, c v y lc vl y lm l l cmm cc ll l. I M, c clly c vy ml , c clcl cmm m c y . Ev ll m cc v

y m c c l m c y c . I Amc, v cly v l, F ll- cc c m m vml c x c y l. Smlly, M , m m c y c . T -m lc, v lvly cclly m m ly c . Ulmly, m mc l ccz M clcl cmm.

J l m l, cmlc l m vm. Dcly m


30/47

14 Ic

y ml c c l ml l v cc . T

v vc M vm C cy v l c, y, c - v c vm l clm l q. T l c C U S c c l m -vml mm lm c -. I ll cc jc lmcl l mcl vcl v-m, Wet Prairiev y c mll cl,

m l mcly vc -, cl-l c mm. I ll l v-m, lc, c l vm vy y v l m. Wet Prairiel mk cl y vml mm c - l y cl. Fm v vmlmm l C-US c k DckUlm, l cy, c -

vl m m M.T y Wet Prairie clcl cmm, jcl

, y vml mm v m cc lm. I clcl cmm l vml ccc c m m l , -cl y c y m y l c clcl lm clly c , ,

. Sm vml l y, c y m mk vm-lly cllly lclly. F c, D Fl vml l v jc qy mclcl c. I mc-q , l-clly-v cy, l mlyl .35 Evml , Fl , l v l l y mk l clclly clly.36

I c, , ,c, l cc M -c m k vml l , c cc c lk c


31/47

15T W P

cmm lcl y, ml cll c, k cc .37 T lm m m

c lll Fl c mk clcl cl m. S y y l y- lll? T m m l l jc y; c l l v vm c -l m, m l cl. Al Amc M N Dk ly

l cmv ly, lm c cl l vl

M . Wet Prairie m l l y , l m-vm l cmvly ll y- lll. T y m c l vmly y ll c cl cc, v vml , lcl .

Change in the Wet Prairie

T c k c vl c mm,mz cl cv m l v-cl y ll c c l . T c ly lm xc c cv y cm. I c vcl vm

x m m clcl cm-m m c m cllly v . M m l c cmm, cl, xml,Fc, B, Uk, M. My mm cmm lv lvly cl c y c lm.

C 1 y xm M xc, xml c M m k . T c l Al l, c l l vm, ly v

cm . Fl Al v l c cll x c . Al c c -v ycl


32/47

16 Ic

mv cll c mm, l vcl cl mk y c

ckl cl Al l. T clclcmm c y cv cll c.T c c ly l m

C y: cl l c. Mc lcly P m y c -l cll-m, mm l m c c M,Skc, Al C. Cy -c 1867 vc C (c lv vc O Qc), N Bck,

Nv Sc y B N Amc Ac, ll vc cl l c . Wet Prairie m y v-ml ymc m c my c C . My m ml: m-vcl l, l l c , c y v-ml c . Eclly c c, Ill q M vm,

cm ymc cc lc,cm lm vc m C. T y , c m l, q l c

C lcl y cl ycllyvl c l. I y, Wet Prairiell vml y mly lv v c c cy m cml

c m ly cc C .T y vlm vml c M- l c, c, c l c, I c m m c. A cc m vcl lc 1910ll v, cc x cm cly mlly lly v lv lc vmc mk. I c , c ccx c c cmlxy c mm, v l vly mc ccll . A m m, x cmm l

m M cv lm cc


33/47

17T W P

v v cmlc mlc . A v vl m M

v y k mm vc.I ly vy cllql llm, jc vl y vl m. Ulmly, y M vl lmcy l l lcl -vml c.

M cll c c U S, c l. T C 4 c y

l R Rv l C Amc cl l1920 ly 1930 c mm lc m, y cmy , m l m- y M vm m. T c c m vml cqc m c cl l l. Amc l cv Dck Ulm, cv z m lly, m k

l C. B R Rv Dck Ulm c vv mm cv c vml m c c mm c M. T c l ll - jc cm c M, m mc v k vlv l vml .

Evlly, l c k cmc m-

, lc cx c . T cxm c, vy m-c c. Exv lc cmm ccl -Wl W II . T l vl mv m y my, vcl vm c l vmllm l cc ly m l m vc. A m m, c lm l y c x cmmy cv l cly c mm. T ccy l y y mlc c l cm - c


34/47

18 Ic

mm c c c c c l l l l-

y. B cll cmc cly m lll c . Hl ll cc mm y cc cc m c m lc .D l l vm m l- m lv vml lm, - m lly c c my .

A mj c mm -vl ymc vm , c cm

ly v l l cv lc. Dc vl vly ccmc ly c M vm.I Seeing like a State, Jm C. Sc xm y m jc l.38Wet Prairiel Sc ly y xm cqc cv vm l Mcx. Fll l mly clllc c l-l cqc vlv

m . T y ll , ccml cml c vcl m, c lly cqc xmly ymc vm.I vml ly, c m lc.

T y M ll m cqc lm y cm lm . B y l x cq kl

lc k, mly q m. R, m l , c-c cm c vm vc. T cl m cqc l vm m . A c m , c k ccl m vml l.


35/47

19

1D Cll Cmm:

T Ely Y M

D, 1870-1915

I l 1850, Hy Yl H xl cm vc M m l C vm.1 H m

Lk M, v m m c l y vc. I jl, c -m m , y l .I c, H , l my m m, ,, m, , m m cc. T m m . D, , cl m : I k k c cl xc ll c l m m m c

cl l.2

L vcl cl l cly v l lly Hjc, cm . A y k, ly cl cy my M cly l v. Imly, clly l lc v yH. T lm ym c c

lm. T l vm v l qcl cc c .T cl vll l cv m, my -cm l vll c . W l vm c l lm, vcl


36/47

20 D Cll Cmm

vm l lc k c . T j-cl m c lm

k lm c l M vm cl vl cmm .My l l , vc l

v. T cl M m ll m m vc c c l- ccy cz. I cx,

ly vm c c , vc cm .

A H c cl l?T c c c m cqc l . Tclcl cmm c x c mcl -, y l, cll c. W c c l, M m v cll cm-m l . Bl cv qc vcl vm.

By c vm, l c c lll vcl. T M xc v xml clcll . F Al l, vy .

Al cly c l v -v l, Al l c y jc c m vll M. T c m c

lm Al v. Bc c, v c clz c Al -Al l.

Setteent Poi and the Loa Enironent

Al l x vll c H, m vl y ly y . Nv l l E lm, l mv v m. I lc c v ly cc vml c. Sc c m my


37/47

21T Ely Y M D

vl c cmmy mvm. Ely E lj Al M l l xl,

vll l y m.

3

Wl m vy . Ty v l l v c . Ty l c my

l, ck . I y, v vll c.

A c vc M 1870, clly q x cm, l cc .R cly c lz , ly lvm c x cll lm.

Ely ly k v y l l ccmm l y

, l y lv ml lly xcll y. I c, cll l-m y lcl vml c y - l mm ym l 1872 y DmL Ac.

T ll, lly mll Amc Hm Ac

1862, c m v l c l N Amc .4 Al cc m

m m cc, l m lm . T m c qlc l mk y m: , l lmy clm cl l. T mll l ll y mmly c cy clv y v y, vl

m c cm. T C lc ym k l cml y U S. Ulmly, lm C

Amc J Wv c l l l m l.5

m l , m m ym cv m, l c l l, c m m y. T vy, mv jc C vm ly yy 1872, m l cl cl l vlc. I v l q k . m , l . I M, c


38/47

22 D Cll Cmm

m cl m, c - lly cm cy W. F xml, ,

x ml q l l mmly cl m. Ec v c 640 c, c v q-c 160 c. T q-c vll cm.6T ym l l cv l cl m- c cm, l k c mm c.

M vc C, j 1870.T m y vc C (c cm

O Qc), Nv Sc, N Bck BN Amc Ac. Al l vc clv vcl l lcl lc k, - M c lm m l lm cl .7 Bym y v l , vc M , m vm l m l c l lm.

Y C vm vy cc l l, l l cy . Al O m cl v l vc, M vm, lk vm vc, cc ly lcl c. ByC 1867, vc ly xv lc

k ym, cl , ly, lc l. M l y lc k vlm j

C m y l, l cy c ky cll vclvm.

Al M lck xv ym, lyvll. B 1870, lly c cc lc. Ovl vll v ll- l l lv R A Rv.8 F m vk, ly l ll y l .9 Ecvl lly m k m c l lc. T , jm Dm Plc Wk mly J.A. Mcll, l cm c cmmy. B


39/47

23T Ely Y M D

v ly l. Mcll , l c y , vll

l v lv l qly mm lm ml m m-l.10 EH.A. Bm, l-m mly Dm Plc Wk,mm, ly , m [] mmk l cl mk.11 A v l cl cll. I 1880 l lv vc, Lc

Wv, A Wv, k my m m -cl M, c vl l

l. M. Wv m y l m v y- y c . B ll k cclly cm , c lk B-m, cll mk. I v, mly lc cy m y c m, y m, y vl mk.12 F vcl vm k c lm, c k -cvc ccl. Fm ly , cl

cl vl m k l y. Bc , m M

l l .T c xlly lc

cm m l y lcl c m y vy. O C vy ym m Amc ym c mll cl

cll llc.13 I M,

90 (27.4 m) mk ll c.Al cc mc lcl vcll, lc my mj my Dm L Svy. T m l v l cy l l vll, llc l vmlly l l-. I 1940, F.E. Umy, l-m mly Dm Plc Wk, m l c , vml c my m v-c ly -l , l ly my lv l c l lc l lcll l, ll


40/47

24 D Cll Cmm

l l y l , q ll.14 A , lc lcl l c, y

q xv .B m vcl vm c- mm, cl. W -m vm v m lm l, c lvly y m c l vy, vcl vm l lc k c cy mk cll lm vl

vy l v l ymc lc M l . M cl lz ly c

lm m lm vcl y c c m lc k l vly l. 15I l 1940, m y m Dm Plc Wk M.A. Ly, c lm y Lk M, cll , lm mmly m vm l l, vclvm q . Plc k c-c v cly x vml

c, Ly . H m vm m l m ccy l l, k vcm v lly c. Cqly, Ly m l lm lcy c l vcl v-m l .16

Ely lly m mv -c ly c vc l c y m llc

y cv mj lm. T lm l ccmm vml ly, ly l k c cc l m v l l.D ll m qckly.17 Hv, l lc m clly , l m l c v. Sm v mk mlv ymz v v m cmvly cc,c y cc y. 18 T ll ly vl m c l m

ll ycl y vc, c xmy mly ml cll lc.19 T l lm cv


41/47

25T Ely Y M D

mc l cm -v cv m l y cv cm-

vly l.Uly l cl , lc ccz ly y l vly ( -y y H) l y ml vly (c v m). S l lc y ly y y, lc v y cc l c vvll .20 Uxc cl l m vc. H c v m y cl clcl l x v ml. A qck

k vy cl l l, clly lvly mml cly- l. Sm m ll m y, v m mk m y y l v m lm c- c vml c. I 1929, l vm vm c, H.A.Bm, cm c Dm Plc

Wk, k mmz y vc.

I , l cc l l v v l. Sl k l y cycl, , cycl c, mm cy l.21 B cl, Bm ml m cmm mk cl , l -c vml v, v-m ly lml. I xl k m,Bm , v cc my -l, l my c k

l, c m c my ml y.22

By c y y , ll- l cl v c xc y l, v m l l cl-. F m , v l y c l ly cl vll .

I My 1896, l G.S. H m lc k l Cmll c, lc R Rv. T l ccmy v lk lv qly : I j l m y y . Ay

v lk . O cl c


42/47

26 D Cll Cmm

cl l m y l y [l] c cqc. I m l l, lcl

m cvc. Lv -cl l cv ly l l m-lv mv ccmc cl. A cllc c, m ly m. Sc l l y l , v m l k my. L c H m cl c cy ly lm ll c l l cll cm

vml l M. A H , Gvm l cm M, y mk lc m lv .23

T M vm l y j . G c c cc k lyz cl, -lk mll cllc m l cl vlly l l k .24 -lc -lk ccc cv l ,

cl q c c, lcl - m cl z l l l l -

y. I cv, jc cl xc lm v c . Sc c-y cl jc xc l cc . I ly y, vm k ymc , lc k m my c lm .25 B lmly

vm y l mk l c c cc cy m ccl . Smll,-m lkly k lc vl . Sm - m v cv ly c, ly lm my ll ly l. L-cl l c M cv vm mm, lz m y c k m c.

I 1880, M ll. U TD Ac, vc l k l lcmlx cc ly 200 ml .26 T

l S. A M, S Rv M, Sl M, By Rv M, W M,


43/47

27T Ely Y M D

B G M, Wl M, cc Ck M, m R Rv Pvc.27 Axl m l Excv Ccl m, ll clly m .Bc l , mm m

vc, c l l y.28 T vc y m l cc cll lc -cm xc cmm x mv lc k ccy lm.

T l vc c c l my. Al lm k lc c l cll vc m c cc, M mkl , l c y m. D c m l mk ly 1880,cvy m q l. I 1883, 1,831,982 c l l, v 800,000 c m v y. I 1884, ly 1,110,512 c k . A 1885, l l

Figure 2 M . T cl lc LkM. T mlm c lvly ml, my m

l v m.

Source: Acv M, D 26, N 23022.


44/47

28 D Cll Cmm

clm 481,814 c, ckly l m.29 R l lly cv l 1897.30 T 1880 ll

ly cv vcl -vlm, k c m k l vc. I cm vcl vm m l ly , cx l cc c

l m lm, m vc lk m .

D ly lc- m, 1880 ll ccc m m M. W -k, c c cc.

I, l m lc my v - y v lcl . F xml, A 1892,R Wmy Pm Tm Gy xl Ccl Rl Mcly Lkv lly x lcmy (lkly cl m vc) jcc l l ly l. Mcl ccll ll m k cc l lcl (

l ) . Wmy cv l mcl vcl lc Pm Gy, Ll, lcl mcl ccl cc c y v Cvv.31 Lk lc

k k M l, cm lclm, m y c cl clv .

T y y lc cc cc . N c ll vcl mcl vm

m c jc l k, m l lcl lv xc . Ty l vm y, mm mly ll lcl lyl. O clly ll xml l m mOl B Pm Gy. Al v 40y, B , vm c ll, I ll my c m m my lk m.32 Wl m l, c B, vm v c, mly l - ly m, cvc vclvm l lly l . Sm ly lm , clm c mm lcy Pvcl vm


45/47

29T Ely Y M D

y k l y ,ly lv c l vm, v-

cl, lc mm.

33

By c , lm , vcl vm l c k m l c.

F vcl vm, ll mcll y jc m l jc. I 1887, mTm U Dm Plc Wk mly Wl cml ly cc c c m lc, l c. I c mll , U c l c

l cvc. H my xc y c ml m . 34 D ccl lmc c z ll lc. A l

J.O. Sm xl Dm Plc Wk mly 1886, c m y m k lcl cl. ASm , y lk y [] I k y ll m y mk ll [c] [] y. Sm c l ml

l l y cc ck.35 T Dm Plc Wk cv cml c l ll , l cmlxy lc.

T vm M cm vlv l m . M m ccy l, - lm y Dm L Ac l, vl c c my

vc. W ly lcl lc k, vc cl k ccl . B cll , M vm v cy cm. T k ll cc v c clvlm. A ly , M m , vc k v y l c m vlm. A vcl mly cc- k vc, ycl c vml m, y mlv vc llm k .

Ncm v M xc y clllc. Ov y, my lz l jc


46/47

30 D Cll Cmm

c , lm y y clc . My vcl vm c, l c l ll

m c . Sm M m v xc cv vm c. F vl, ll ly y c l c jc m ll v y m vc. O M m v - , lv vm c ll m . T c, v,

l vcl .B l xc vm l

, y cmm l vm l . D m v c llm, m y lm l-lcl c. D qckly cm m y--y

Figure 3 B c W, M. T

vc cl m M c. N m m, k jcyclly m.Source: Acv M, J 178, D Dc, Gl Fm, W, N 3211.


47/47

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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Stunden Bower, Shannon,Wet Prairie : people, land, and water in agricultural Manitoba /

Shannon Stunden Bower.

(Nature, history, and society series, 1713-6687)Includes bibliographical reerences and index.ISBN 978-0-7748-1852-0

1. Agriculture Manitoba History. 2. Drainage Manitoba History.3. Watershed management Manitoba History. 4. Agriculture and state Manitoba. 5. Agriculture Social aspects Manitoba. I. itle. II. Series: Nature,

history, society

HD1683.C3S78 2011 333.76097127 C2011-900886-6

UBC Press grateully acknowledges the fnancial support or our publishingprogram o the Government o Canada (through the Canada Book Fund), theCanada Council or the Arts, and the British Columbia Arts Council.

Tis book has been published with the help o a grant rom the Canadian Federation

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