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Western Europe Western Europe Chapter 10

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Dark Ages the Waning Empire Bishops ( Christian leaders of cities ) given judicial powers & responsibility of urban poor Peasants weakened by debt became tenants of landlords Late Rome pressured by Germanic barbarians ( Goths, Vandals, Franks ) Mercenaries, migrations

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Timeline 500-1000 CE Early Middle Ages Agriculture, trade & politics slow but reviving Catholic church becomes a spiritual & political power 900-1100Transition 1000-1338 High Middle Ages Gains in population, trade & intellectual activity as well as political growth 1338-1450 Late Middle Ages

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Dark Ages? Western Europe During the Early Middle Ages (500 CE to 1000 CE) ~the Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe~

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Christianity & Political Order Christianity Unites masses amid chaos Barbarians convert for legitimacy

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Christianity & Political Order Christianity Hierarchy provides practical leadership Judges & educators Based on tradition, land ownership, ceremonies

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Political Order & Christianity But, little formal government Violence & blood feuds common Some order from Roman landlords & barbarian warlords Aristocrats: control of land lends resources (peasants, food, new warriors) Germanic warriors: military might lends order Franks were most powerful Germanic state Example: Clovis

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Life of the Peasantry Culture minimal & rough Hierarchy of needs? Rome: population from 500,000 to 80,000 Paris: population of 20,000 Rural villages as population centers Little education or literacy Little trade Focus on subsistence

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Life of the Peasantry Peasants become serfs Unfree farm labor tied to land Subsistence difficult while lacking technology Sought safety through landlords

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Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

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Men of Cloth; Men of Letters Culture maintained by Christian clergy Only literate members of society Latin Scriptoriums Aided religious & political authority Rome lived on in churches & became spiritual capital

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In Summary Manor System Self-sufficient manors organize society Mutual obligations b/t lord & serf Feudalism Decentralized, informal military rule Mutual obligations b/t lords & lords

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Review In groups of 4: Analyze the daily life of each of the following people during the Carolingian dynasty: Charlemagne; Nobleman; Priest; Serf What is their motivation? What is their fear? How is their life impacted by other members of society? Create a script for a skit or write a series of / diary entries letters

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Carolingians & Charlemagne Exception to divided informal rule Carolingian dynasty (686 9 th c) Frankish Charles Martel: starts dynasty noted for ending Muslim attempts to conquer France Charlemagne: most important ruler

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Carolingians & Charlemagne Charlemagne Desired Christianizing & politically uniting all Germanic peoples Centralized authority Crowned by Pope in 800 CE (reflected church power) Gave land to warriors to cement loyalty Traveled 2000 miles/yr to maintain direct contact with those governed

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Carolingians & Charlemagne Charlemagne Fostered Carolingian Renaissance Trade initiated Minted silver coins Manufacturing improved (swords, pottery, glassware) Learning emphasized Punctuation, capitalization, & spacing added to script Curriculum standardized (grammar, rhetoric, logic, math, astronomy)

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The Carolingian Renaissance

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Carolingians & Charlemagne Charlemagne Stillcomparatively weak 15 mil inhabitants vs. 50 mil in Abbasid or 100 mil in China 50 acre palace complex vs. 250 acres in Baghdad Personalist rule meant that when reign ended, so to did many advancements

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Carolingians ended by invasion Muslims, Magyar nomads, Vikings

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The Vikings

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Viking Origins Norse people from Scandinavia Think: North, Normans, Normandy, Norway Vik = on the war path Lifestyle: Tribal, warrior culture Polytheistic Expansion fueled by population pressure

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Viking Expansion

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Vikings in Eastern Europe Sailed Russian river systems until reaching Black Sea & Constantinople Opened trade links b/t Russia & Byzantium Exported furs & slaves for Byzantine manufactures Kievian-Rus (proto-Russia) Mixture of Viking & Slavic ethnic groups Christianized by Cyril & Methodius (Orthodox)

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Vikings in Eastern Europe Russian envoys reported : We went among the Germans [the Catholic Franks] and we saw them performing many ceremonies in their churches; but we beheld no glory there. Then we went to Greece [in fact, to Constantinople and Hagia Sophia], and the Greeks led us to the edifices where they worship their God, and we knew not whether we were in heaven or on earth. For on earth there is no such splendor or such beauty, and we are at a loss to describe it. We only know that God dwells there among men

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Vikings in Western Europe Explored & raided coastal France & Britain Longships & weapons became sources of fear Plundering, killing, burning Wealth & prisoners aided exploration & expansion of slave trade Settle eventually & Christianized Normans

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Viking Impact Fostered expanded trade links in Europe Intensified local rule Eastern Europe = city-states Western Europe = feudalism Looked to local lords to protect them

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End of raids Warming of climate Transitions (900 CE to 1100 CE) ~Steps toward Progress~

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Causes for Transition 1.Agricultural innovation Expansion of arable land Three-field system Mold-board Plow

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Causes for Transition 2.Population growth fuels urbanization

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Causes for Transition 3.Diffusion of new ideas Crusades brought contact with Muslims & Byzantium

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The Crusades Catholic Pope Urban II called First Crusade in 1096 Originally effort to retake Holy Land from Islamic Empires Resulted in small crusader states in eastern Mediterranean Supported by Byzantium for striking at longstanding enemy

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The Crusades Later Crusades lacked success & focus Crusading hordes disrupted Constantinoples economy Italian city-states (Genoa & Venice) desired trade in eastern Mediterranean Engineered 4 th Crusade, which temporarily conquered Constantinople

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Other Conquests Christian Reconquista of Islamic Spain began in 1061 Christians wrestled control of Sicily from Muslims in 1091

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Christian Crusades

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Impact of Crusades on W. Eur One Muslim observer: Their bodies large, their manners harsh, their understanding dull, and their tongues heavy. Those of them who are the farthest to the north are the most subject to stupidity, grossness, and brutishness.

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Impact of Crusades on W. Eur Contact w/ more advanced societies yielded: Adoption of innovations Arabic numerals Recovery of Greek & Roman learning Architectural engineering Windmills & watermills Greater trade Increased demand for silk, cotton textiles, & spices Desire for direct trade in Asian markets

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Western Europe During the High Middle Ages (1000 CE to 1300 CE)

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Economic Growth Early Middle Ages Towns were small with rural agriculture dominating High Middle Ages Towns grew with commerce & people moving to urban areas Population growth during transition sparked revival of towns & trade

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Towns & Trade Town life exemplified by artisan guilds Occupations were licensed, standards of quality Politically & socially influential Emphasized Christianity Contributed to building of cathedrals Adopted patron saints & sponsoring parades Trade networks develop Hanseatic League Italian city-states & Mediterranean

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Town Dwellings

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High Medieval Trade

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Formal Government

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Towns and urban population aid in strengthening royal governments States England pioneer in creating modern state William the Conqueror, 1066 France developed slower than England Hugh Capet, a minor and weak noble, was elected king in 987 Modern German state not created until 19 th century Royal Kingdoms and Formation of States

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The Holy Roman Empire Feudal Monarchies in France and England Regional States in Italy and Iberia Church influence in Italy A complex of principalities and city-states, undergoes rapid urbanization Muslim influence in Iberia The focus of the reconquista The Establishment of Regional States

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Regional States

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High Medieval Universities

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Town Life during Middle Ages Town Life After High Middle Ages Nobles had most of the power 1) Lords owned the land where most towns were located 2) Towns needed protection from knights that lords could provide *status determined by birthright Power Middle class had most of the power 1) limited the power of feudal lords by forcing them to grant charter 2) Gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks *status determined by wealth and ability

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Mosaic of Political Control Some still dreamed of recapturing a Rome Holy Roman Empire Otto Investiture

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Mosaic of Political Control Yet regional states emerged France Capetians England The Normans & William the Conqueror

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Mosaic of Political Control Still Spain & Italy remained more complex Europeans expand & conquer Muslim held lands

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Social Development Three Estates those who work, those who pray, and those who fight

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Social Development Social change: Chivalry

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Social Development Social change: Cities Independent cities Guilds

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Social Development Social change: Women Rural Urban

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Christianity Continued to define W. Euro society

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Christianity High Theology Cathedral schools universities Scholasticism & St. Thomas Aquinas Blend Aristotle & Faith

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Christianity Popular Religion Sacraments & saints Monasticism & heresies

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Compare with China Catching up Pluralism in Politics Reason & Faith

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12 th and 13 th Centuries Religion Is represented in art and architecture Romanesque and Gothic styles Vernacular literature (Beowulf, Canterbury Tales) and secular art forms develop as well Scholasticism combines faith and reason Peter Abelard St. Thomas Aquinas St. Bernard of Clairvaux

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12 th and 13 th Centuries Economy Improvements in Agriculture Peasant condition improves; landlord power weakens Growth of Trade and Banking Use of currency Market system develops Guilds organized

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Europe During The Late Middle Ages (1300 CE to 1450 CE) ~Disease & decline~

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Late Postclassical Decline Key Developments Professional militaries & use of gunpowder Population boom & mini ice age Bubonic plague Decline of Postclassical characteristics Feudalism in decline, serfdom ending Aristocracy loses power Church loses power to State Intellectual inquiries become separate from state

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Fishbowl Discussion Questions To what extent were the Middle Ages a Dark Age? To what extent do you agree that Charlemagnes family was a family that forged Europe. Why might the Middle Ages be a misnomer for this period? What postclassical themes are present in Western Europe between 550 and 1000 CE? Why is the term Western Civilization hard to define? Compare Postclassical Europe to the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. What was the status of women during the Middle Ages?

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Halloween What does the interaction between cultures suggest about how Christianity spread in Europe during the postclassical period? brainpop