IndustrialIndustrialRevolutiRevolutionon

Western Civilization

Mr. Mike Lecture 8

AgriculturAgriculturalal

RevolutiRevolutionon

Seed Drill1701 A.D.

Invented by Jehtro Tull Planted seeds in a

straight line and evenly spaced. Seeds did not have

to fight over space to grow

Fewer seeds wasted. Still used today.

More seeds germinated so higher crops yield.

Crop Rotation

Invented by Charles Townsend

Fallow fields = low production.

Crop rotation = higher production and the different crops also replenish the nutrients in the soil.

Increased food for humans and animals.

Effects of Agricultural Revolution

Increased Food Supplies Healthier diets Longer life-span Population Increase Greater demand for food products Fewer farmers needed Workers now available to work in

factories.

TextileTextileIndustryIndustry

The Flying Shuttle

Invented by John Kay It allowed thread to

be woven into cloth faster.

It doubled the amount of cloth output per worker / per day.

1733 A.D.

The Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves

A spinning wheel that works eight threads at a time.

It spun cotton into thread There was a shortage of

thread before the Spinning Jenny

Made a way to produce large amounts of thread.

1764 A.D.

Water frame

Invented by Richard Arkwright

A wheel turned by moving water.

Instead of human power, water power was used.

It spun cotton into thread faster.

1769 A.D.

Spinning Mule Invented by Samuel

Compton. Up to 400 spindles of

thread were working at a time.

The spinning mule made better thread.

Thread production increased again.

Key element to a textile industry

1769 A.D.

Power Loom

Invented by Edmund Cartwright

Water power Used moving

water to weaving thread into cloth.

1787 A.D.

Cotton Gin1793 A.D.

Invented by Eli Whitney Cotton for thread came from

American colonies, increasing demand for slaves.

Cotton Seeds were difficult to remove

Cotton gin removed seeds by machine instead of hand.

The cotton gin increased production from 1.5 million pounds to 55 million pounds.

SteamSteamEnginesEngines

Newcomen Steam Engine

Thomas Newcomen invented the first steam pump to remove water from coal mines powered by a steam engine.

Steam Engine Improvements

James Watt improved the steam engine.

It had more power, less coal, and it was more reliable.

It also enabled the development of a reciprocating engine, with upwards and downwards power strokes more suited to transmitting power to a wheel

1769 A.D.

Puddling Process1783 A.D.

Invented by Henry Cort It refined iron and

made it stronger. New techniques for

making sheets of iron were developed.

This enabled a great expansion of iron production around the world.

Bessemer Process1855 A.D.

Invented by Henry Bessemer. A blast of cold air goes through the

iron ore to remove all impurities. It made the production of steel

(iron mixed with other metals) easier and quicker.

Steel was now stronger and more workable.

It triggered the growth in other industries.

Machine Machine toolstools

Lathe1855 A.D.

Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools.

A machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, or drilling

Used to make furniture, banisters, sports equipment...

Modern lathes can shape more materials: metals, plastics...

Other Machines1855 A.D.

Cylinder Boring Machine

Planer Milling Machine

TransportatTransportationion

Roads

John McAdams invented a new way of designing roads.

He invented a new process, “macadamisation”, for building roads with a smooth hard surface that would be more durable and less muddy than soil-based tracks.

Turnpikes were used as a toll. Companies paid to use the roads

because they made traveling easier.

1800 A.D.

Railroads

The first railroads were built by George Stephenson in 1829.

The first steam powered locomotives were invented. The Rocket – 20 mph.

In 1850, 5,000 miles of railroad tracks were built in Britain.

Steel tracks replaced the iron tracks, and train speeds were up to 60 mph.

Raw materials, factories, and workers were now closer together.

1829 A.D.

Steamships

Robert Fulton is credited for developing the first steamship.

The Clermont was the first commercial steamship used to carry passengers between New York City and Albany, New York.

Canals (human made water ways) were created.

By 1850, the network of canals reached 4,250 miles!

1793 A.D.

CommunicatiCommunicationsons

Telegraph

Samuel Morse was the American inventor of a single-wired telegraph system and the Morse Code.

The telegraph sent messages by electrical impulses.

People were now able to communicate within seconds or minutes, instead of waiting days and weeks.

1793 A.D.

SystemsSystems

Interchangeable Parts

1793 A.D.

Eli Whitney introduced the idea of interchangeable parts to the U.S.

He built ten guns and disassembled them before the U.S. Congress. He placed the parts in a mixed pile and was able to reassemble all of the guns back in front of the Congress.

Before, everything was made by hand, now parts were made by machines

Broken machines were now able to be fixed by replacing the broken parts.

Factories

1104 – Venice, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, mass-produced ships on assembly lines using manufactured parts.

1761 – Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory (produced buttons, buckles and other wares)

Cotton mills used inventions such as the steam engine and the power loom

Social effectsSocial effects

Middle Class

The Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry

New Social Structure

Urbanization

The industrial revolution caused a massive shift from agricultural work to factory works

Factories were built in cities People began moving to

cities for work

Child LaborChild Labor

Children often employed in Children often employed in factories. factories.

Often used to clean/repair Often used to clean/repair dangerous machines dangerous machines because their hands were because their hands were smallersmaller

Abusive working conditions Abusive working conditions

Poor Work Conditions

10 – 14 hour work days10 – 14 hour work days Low wagesLow wages Little or no benefitsLittle or no benefits Dangerous work conditionsDangerous work conditions Dirty living conditionsDirty living conditions Physical abuse common at the Physical abuse common at the

workplaceworkplace

PollutionPollution Air and water in cities Air and water in cities

became polluted from became polluted from factories factories

Chemicals and coal Chemicals and coal