Welkom

Nieuwe technieken in de plantenveredeling

KLV Impuls 20 maart 2017

René Smulders & Bert Lotz

Precision Plant Breeding techniques

René Smulders and Bert Lotz

Domestication and breeding for 10,000 yrs

Exploiting diversity in crops

Precision Breeding Techniques

– Normal innovations in Plant Breeding

– Established partly in response to GMO problems

– Potentially very strong methods to achieve

‘Precision Breeding’ and shorten breeding cycles

especially in cross-pollinators and vegetatively

propagated crops

– Potato, apple, banana, cassave, …

– Difficult if not impossible to detect in end

product

Techniques include:

• Marker-assisted selection

• (Classic) mutation breeding

• Somatic cell fusion

• Cisgenesis/Intragenesis

• Reverse breeding

• Agro-inoculation

• Genome editing

• Homologous recombination

• Early flowering

Product: improved plants

1. Plant which contains - combinations of e.g. resistance genes

2. Plant which contains - (small) modifications of its own DNA

3. Plant which contains - no modifications of its own DNA

Late blight (Phytophthora) in potato

Aveka

Desiree

Premiere

Untreated Cisgenic

protection

Chemical

protection

19

66

126 1065

1056

1108

554

427

598

Aveka

Desiree

Premiere

Time path of Rpi-blb2 introgression

S.ACAULE (4X) S. BULBOCASTANUM (2X)

AB (3X + 4X)

AB (6X) S. PHUREJA (2X)

ABP (4X) S. TUBEROSUM

ABPT (4X + 6X) S. TUBEROSUM

ETC.

1959

1965

Selection

Testing

cv Bionica 2005 cv Toluca

1980

x

Time path of R gene introduction by GM approach

S.ACAULE (4X) S. BULBOCASTANUM (2X)

AB (3X + 4X)

AB (6X) S. PHUREJA (2X)

ABP (4X) S. TUBEROSUM

ABPT (4X + 6X) S. TUBEROSUM

ETC.

1959

1965

cv Bionica ~2005 cv Toluca

1980

2007

2010

cv Desiree

cv Desiree PLUS

Cisgenesis:

Natural gene from a crossable species

Enables resistance management

Maintenance of the elite variety

T.W. Mew - IRRI, Los Baños (PH)

Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas) in rice

Li et al. Nature Biotechnology 30 (2012), pp. 390–392

Xoo resistance through genome editing

Editing 4 nucleotides

in the promotor

confers

resistance

Genome editing

Technically easy

Targeted change

Enables exploiting genomics

Scab in apple

Apple scab is major disease in apple

Common culture: 20 sprays/season

Scab (Venturia) in apple

Apple scab resistance

5 generations, 50 years conventional breeding

5 generations, 15 years using early flowering

Early flowering

Natural gene from a crossable species

Identical to conventional breeding

Decades earlier

Precision Breeding Techniques

– Enable durable, effective and fast breeding

Mutation breeding

GM

Conventional breeding

Wrap up...

NPBT hold exciting possibilities for plant breeding

Techniques enable fast and precise breeding

Enable exploiting genomics information, also in small and underutilized crops

Towards a more sustainable farming

Sustainability indicators with regard to People, planet, profit

General requirements

Optimal conditions soil, water, atmosphere

Optimal plant material

● Breeding (‘Classical’ + New breeding Technology)

Optimal farming (‘Good agricultural practice’)

Planet Profit People

Production efficiency (use of land, water, biocides, nutrients and energy)

Farm income Labour conditions

Soil conservation National income Land rights, rights of

indigenous people and community rights

Water conservation Economic welfare

distribution Freedom of choice

Biodiversity Financial and other risks Contribution to livelihood

of producers and local communities

Climate change

Sustainability performance of crops

(Franke et al. 2011, Lotz et al. 2014)

Societal debate on GM crops

Mixture of ethical concerns

Consequentialism/Utilitarianism

● Weighing pro’s and cons, risks and opportunities

Deontological ethics

● Intrinsic value of life (e.g. in organic farming)

● No role as Creator

● Freedom to choice

● Symmetry

● Thresholds, labelling

Organic breeding and cisgenesis

Bron: www.aseed.net, www.indymedia.nl

Output DuRPh-project

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

No

.

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

GroenLinks Verkiezingsprogramma (p. 75)

Punt 21. In Nederland wordt gestreefd naar landbouw die vrij is van transgenetische manipulatie. Cisgenese wordt onder strikte voorwaarden toegestaan.

Concerns - items for debate and dialogue

Novel hazards

Agro-ecological framing is missing

Power issues linked to patents

Costs of abandoning new technology in

agriculture

● Health

● Environment

● Economy

Debate...

Bedankt en tot ziens!