Welcome to the Welcome to the Unit 7 Seminar Unit 7 Seminar

for KU 120!for KU 120!Tonight’s Topics: Definition Pattern—Cause and EffectTonight’s Topics: Definition Pattern—Cause and Effect

Organizational Pattern ReviewOrganizational Pattern Review

The “Definition” Pattern of The “Definition” Pattern of OrganizationOrganization

The definition pattern is used to The definition pattern is used to introduce vocabulary or explain a introduce vocabulary or explain a topic. First the vocabulary or topic is topic. First the vocabulary or topic is introduced and explained. Then the introduced and explained. Then the description of the vocabulary or topic description of the vocabulary or topic will follow, and finally, examples are will follow, and finally, examples are included for how this concept will included for how this concept will work. Often, in a text, important terms work. Often, in a text, important terms or phrases will be emphasized in the or phrases will be emphasized in the reading with bold font, italics, or even reading with bold font, italics, or even underlining so that the reader does not underlining so that the reader does not miss the importance of the information. miss the importance of the information.

Key words that indicate a Key words that indicate a reading is a definition reading is a definition

pattern of organization pattern of organization are as follows:are as follows:

means means is defined as is defined as is explained as is explained as key word key word term term concept concept in reference toin reference to

Definition Pattern: Definition Pattern: Example OneExample One

A A self-conceptself-concept is a person’s perception is a person’s perception of his or her personality and character of his or her personality and character traits. It consists of all your ideas and traits. It consists of all your ideas and feelings about yourself. Self-concepts feelings about yourself. Self-concepts are built out of daily experiences and are built out of daily experiences and our reactions to those experiences. our reactions to those experiences. Self-concepts, however, can – and Self-concepts, however, can – and sometimes should – be revised, sometimes should – be revised, particularly if they are overly negative.particularly if they are overly negative.

Definition Pattern: Definition Pattern: Example TwoExample Two

During the nineteenth century, the absence of During the nineteenth century, the absence of effective government in many of the newly effective government in many of the newly settled parts of the West created a vacuum that settled parts of the West created a vacuum that was often filled by was often filled by vigilante groups vigilante groups - private - private citizens taking the law into their own hands at citizens taking the law into their own hands at almost any provocation. Vigilante groups almost any provocation. Vigilante groups would track down criminals or people creating would track down criminals or people creating disorder in the settlement and administer disorder in the settlement and administer “justice” to them. Determination of guilt often “justice” to them. Determination of guilt often resulted in the execution of the “defendant” by resulted in the execution of the “defendant” by hanging. Most vigilante groups were well hanging. Most vigilante groups were well organized and had written manifestos to which organized and had written manifestos to which the members would subscribe.the members would subscribe.

Cause and EffectCause and Effect

The Cause and Effect Pattern of The Cause and Effect Pattern of Organization shows an occurrence Organization shows an occurrence or event and explains what causes it. or event and explains what causes it. The cause and effect pattern might The cause and effect pattern might also have a solution illustrated after also have a solution illustrated after discussing the cause and its effect. discussing the cause and its effect. The order may vary. The effect may The order may vary. The effect may be introduced first and then its be introduced first and then its cause. cause.

Cause and Effect Cause and Effect TransitionsTransitions

As a resultAs a result As a side effectAs a side effect ConsequentlyConsequently Due toDue to For this reasonFor this reason HenceHence ThereforeTherefore ThusThus

Some Verbs Frequently Some Verbs Frequently Used in Cause/EffectUsed in Cause/Effect

AffectAffect BeginBegin Bring aboutBring about CauseCause ChangeChange CreateCreate FosterFoster GenerateGenerate

Taking Notes on Taking Notes on Cause/EffectCause/Effect

Notes should include:Notes should include:

1. The general cause and effect 1. The general cause and effect relationship described by the topic relationship described by the topic sentence.sentence.

2. The specific causes and/or effects 2. The specific causes and/or effects mentioned in the paragraph.mentioned in the paragraph.

Cause/Effect ChartCause/Effect Chart

Effect Effect

Effect

Cause

Identify the cause and effects in the Identify the cause and effects in the following sentences. Then identify the following sentences. Then identify the

signal word indicating cause and effect. signal word indicating cause and effect.

Friction produces heat.Friction produces heat.

Cause: frictionCause: frictionEffect: heatEffect: heat

Signal word: producesSignal word: produces

Careless behavior results in humiliation.

Cause: Effect:Signal word:

Cause: careless behaviorEffect: humiliationSignal word: results

Misunderstanding, if not cleared, leads to enmity.Cause:Effect: Signal word:

Cause: misunderstanding if not clearedEffect: enmitySignal word: leads

Accidents result from reckless driving.Effect: Cause: Signal words:

Effect: accidentsCause: reckless drivingSignal words: result from

The blisters on his body are the result of radiation.Effect: Cause: Signal words:

Effect: the blisters on his bodyCause: radiationSignal words: result of

His silence gave rise to serious suspicion.Cause: Effect: Signal words:

Cause: his silenceEffect: serious suspicionSignal words: gave rise to

Example OneExample One

There are at least two different reasons why There are at least two different reasons why people decide to join groups. In some cases, people decide to join groups. In some cases, the group offers a chance to fulfill civic or the group offers a chance to fulfill civic or religious obligations we consider valuable. religious obligations we consider valuable. Thus, a person concerned about the plight of Thus, a person concerned about the plight of the homeless may decide to participate in a the homeless may decide to participate in a local soup kitchen. Then, too, we may also join local soup kitchen. Then, too, we may also join a group because we care more about the a group because we care more about the group’s member than their goals. For example, group’s member than their goals. For example, someone may join a bowling group to socialize someone may join a bowling group to socialize with friend rather than to win a bowling with friend rather than to win a bowling tournament.tournament.

Example TwoExample Two

By the 1830’s and 1840’s, the growth of By the 1830’s and 1840’s, the growth of cities and increase in literacy had cities and increase in literacy had dramatically changed American dramatically changed American newspapers. Initially, newspapers had newspapers. Initially, newspapers had been written for the well-to-do. But been written for the well-to-do. But thanks to the increase in the reading thanks to the increase in the reading public, papers started a trend toward public, papers started a trend toward cheap, mass-produced newspapers cheap, mass-produced newspapers called the “penny press”, which called the “penny press”, which appealed to a broader population.appealed to a broader population.

Example ThreeExample Three

The causes for the dinosaurs’ extinction The causes for the dinosaurs’ extinction remain one of science’s great mysteries. remain one of science’s great mysteries. Only one theory seems truly sound. Only one theory seems truly sound. According to this theory, dinosaurs became According to this theory, dinosaurs became extinct because a comet or asteroid extinct because a comet or asteroid crashed into Earth, producing huge crashed into Earth, producing huge quantities of dust, which blocked out quantities of dust, which blocked out sunlight for many months. This killed sunlight for many months. This killed vegetation and caused temperatures to vegetation and caused temperatures to drop sharply. Dinosaurs were then subject drop sharply. Dinosaurs were then subject to two forces of destruction – freezing and to two forces of destruction – freezing and starvation.starvation.

Patterns of Organization – Patterns of Organization – Final ReviewFinal Review

In the following examples, we will identify In the following examples, we will identify the topic/main idea and determine the the topic/main idea and determine the pattern of organization.pattern of organization.

A. DefinitionA. Definition

B. Time order – dates and eventsB. Time order – dates and events

C. Time order – processC. Time order – process

D. Comparison and contrastD. Comparison and contrast

E. Cause and effectE. Cause and effect

F. ClassificationF. Classification

Example OneExample One

The meaning of silences can vary with one’s The meaning of silences can vary with one’s culture. Americans often view silence as culture. Americans often view silence as negative, and at business meetings, participants negative, and at business meetings, participants will often force themselves to speak. In Japan, will often force themselves to speak. In Japan, however, silence is viewed in an altogether however, silence is viewed in an altogether different light. Silence is interpreted as positive, different light. Silence is interpreted as positive, on both a personal and professional level.on both a personal and professional level.

A. DefinitionA. DefinitionB. Time order – dates and eventsB. Time order – dates and eventsC. Time order – processC. Time order – processD. Comparison and contrastD. Comparison and contrastE. Cause and effectE. Cause and effectF. ClassificationF. Classification

Example TwoExample Two

New York City’s size and layout changed greatly New York City’s size and layout changed greatly between 1728 and 1890. It grew without a plan in the between 1728 and 1890. It grew without a plan in the early and mid-1700’s as farmers sold plots of land for early and mid-1700’s as farmers sold plots of land for buildings. After the Revolutionary Ward, the 1782 Act buildings. After the Revolutionary Ward, the 1782 Act of Confiscation took land away from anyone who had of Confiscation took land away from anyone who had sided with the British, leaving many areas available for sided with the British, leaving many areas available for development. In 1811, a simple pattern of horizontal development. In 1811, a simple pattern of horizontal and vertical lines was developed for the city, and by and vertical lines was developed for the city, and by 1890, the city was a thriving checkerboard of streets 1890, the city was a thriving checkerboard of streets and buildings.and buildings.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsA. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsC. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastC. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastE. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Example ThreeExample Three

During the Middle ages, most ordinary people During the Middle ages, most ordinary people couldn’t read. They relied on village gossip and on couldn’t read. They relied on village gossip and on tales told by bands of storytellers. During this period, tales told by bands of storytellers. During this period, four main types of storytellers developed. In northern four main types of storytellers developed. In northern Europe, bards recited poems about heavenly gods and Europe, bards recited poems about heavenly gods and earthly heroes. In France and Spain, minstrels earthly heroes. In France and Spain, minstrels related the great deeds of knights. Elsewhere, related the great deeds of knights. Elsewhere, troubadours and minnesingers told stories of passion troubadours and minnesingers told stories of passion and romance. and romance.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsA. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsC. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastC. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastE. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Example FourExample Four

In Northern India, a wasp known as Rogas In Northern India, a wasp known as Rogas indiscretus kills the gypsy moths that harm trees in indiscretus kills the gypsy moths that harm trees in the foothills of the Himalayas. The female wasp the foothills of the Himalayas. The female wasp stings a caterpillar and deposits an egg inside it. stings a caterpillar and deposits an egg inside it. After hatching, the baby wasp eats the moth, then After hatching, the baby wasp eats the moth, then spins a cocoon inside the dead moth’s body. A few spins a cocoon inside the dead moth’s body. A few weeks later, the infant wasp grows into an adult, and weeks later, the infant wasp grows into an adult, and if female, lay eggs in other gypsy moth caterpillars.if female, lay eggs in other gypsy moth caterpillars.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsevents

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastC. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastE. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Example FiveExample Five

Syndicates Syndicates provide important materials for provide important materials for newspapers. A syndicate is a company that newspapers. A syndicate is a company that sells editorial material that is not hard news to sells editorial material that is not hard news to newspapers. Hundreds of syndicates supply a newspapers. Hundreds of syndicates supply a variety of content for different departments variety of content for different departments and audiences. Examples of materials and audiences. Examples of materials provided include “Dear Abby”, “Your provided include “Dear Abby”, “Your Horoscope”, and various comics strips.Horoscope”, and various comics strips.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsand events

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastcontrast

E. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Example SixExample Six

In 1955, The $64,000 Question made its debut on In 1955, The $64,000 Question made its debut on CBS. It was the top-rated show on American TV. CBS. It was the top-rated show on American TV. Revlon, the show’s sponsor, enjoyed an enormous Revlon, the show’s sponsor, enjoyed an enormous surge in sales as a result of its sponsorship of the surge in sales as a result of its sponsorship of the show. Largely as a success of its hit show, Revlon show. Largely as a success of its hit show, Revlon seized a huge lead in the battle for sales among seized a huge lead in the battle for sales among cosmetics makers.cosmetics makers.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsevents

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastcontrast

E. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Example SevenExample Seven

Several characteristics distinguish African Several characteristics distinguish African elephants from Asian elephants. African elephants elephants from Asian elephants. African elephants are larger, and have large, rounded ears that are larger, and have large, rounded ears that billow from their heads like sails. In contrast, the billow from their heads like sails. In contrast, the ears of the Asian elephants are smaller, with ears of the Asian elephants are smaller, with square edges that don’t jut out so far. square edges that don’t jut out so far.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsevents

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastcontrast

E. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Example EightExample Eight

Traditionally, musical instruments are grouped into Traditionally, musical instruments are grouped into five categories based on the way that the sound is five categories based on the way that the sound is produced. When the sound results from air that produced. When the sound results from air that vibrates through a mouthpiece, the instrument is vibrates through a mouthpiece, the instrument is known as an aerophone. Idiophones make sound when known as an aerophone. Idiophones make sound when stamped, shaken, scrapped or rubbed. A third stamped, shaken, scrapped or rubbed. A third classification, membranopones, produce sound through classification, membranopones, produce sound through a stretched membrane or skin. Another category is the a stretched membrane or skin. Another category is the chordophone, which uses strings. Finally, electrical chordophone, which uses strings. Finally, electrical instruments make up the fifth category.instruments make up the fifth category.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsevents

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastC. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastE. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Example NineExample Nine

In the next decade, hundreds of thousands of convicted In the next decade, hundreds of thousands of convicted felons who were locked up as a result of tough felons who were locked up as a result of tough anticrime policies in the 1980’s and 1990’s will be anticrime policies in the 1980’s and 1990’s will be released from prisons. Most community reentry released from prisons. Most community reentry programs are already underfunded and understaffed. programs are already underfunded and understaffed. As a result, it will be hard to arrange social services for As a result, it will be hard to arrange social services for all who need them. Yet if these services are not all who need them. Yet if these services are not received, former inmates will likely drain community received, former inmates will likely drain community welfare programs and food banks. Unfortunately, a welfare programs and food banks. Unfortunately, a lack of necessary reentry services will often lead to a lack of necessary reentry services will often lead to a return to crime.return to crime.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsevents

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastC. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastE. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Example TenExample Ten

The process of human digestion begins at the The process of human digestion begins at the very moment that food enters the mouth. At very moment that food enters the mouth. At this point, both teeth and saliva begin preparing this point, both teeth and saliva begin preparing the food for safe entry into the intestine. Once the food for safe entry into the intestine. Once the food is swallowed, it moves down through the food is swallowed, it moves down through the esophagus by means of muscle contractions. the esophagus by means of muscle contractions. When it reaches the stomach, it is mixed with When it reaches the stomach, it is mixed with enzymes and acid that ready the food for entry enzymes and acid that ready the food for entry into the small intestine.into the small intestine.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsevents

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastcontrast

E. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification