welcome to physics 7c! lecture 7 -- winter quarter -- 2005 professor robin erbacher 343 phy/geo...
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Welcome to Physics 7C!Welcome to Physics 7C!
Lecture 7 -- Winter Quarter -- 2005
Professor Robin Erbacher
343 Phy/Geo
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AnnouncementsAnnouncements
• Course policy and regrade forms on the web: http://physics7.ucdavis.edu
• If you received rubric code 4 on part b) of Quiz 2, please hand in your quiz for a possible regrade.
• Quiz today on Block 13, DLMs 9 through 12.
• Block 14: The Fundamental Forces of Nature.
• Lecture 10 will be a review for the final.
• Turn off cell phones and pagers during lecture.
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Understanding our Universe:A brief introduction…
Understanding our Universe:A brief introduction…
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What is the World Made Of?What is the World Made Of?
In ancient times, people sought to organize the world around them into fundamental elements
Aristotle:
–Earth
–Air
–Fire
–Water
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What Else Did They Think?What Else Did They Think?
“By Convention there is color,
by convention sweetness,
by convention bitterness,
but in reality there are atoms and space.”
-Democritus (400 BC)
Atom = Mushy Ball (c. 1900)
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Where We Were ~100 Years Ago…
Where We Were ~100 Years Ago…
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Rutherford’s Scattering ExptRutherford’s Scattering Expt
Apparatus
Hypothesis
Results (data)
AnalysisConclusion: A Nucleus!
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New Types of Matter!New Types of Matter!
Fermilab: BubbleChamber Photo
Then…More Mysteries!
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The Quark IdeaThe Quark Idea
The StanfordLinear Accelerator
Center
EndStation A: Beam of Electrons onto Target
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Quarks Are Found!Quarks Are Found!‘Three Quarks for Muster Mark!’
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Quarks found: 1968!
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The Nature of MatterThe Nature of MatterWhat, then, is fundamental?
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Quark Discoveries… Top!Quark Discoveries… Top!
•Quarks (u,d,s) were postulated in 1964by Gell-Mann and Zweig, discovered in 1968
ud
•The charm quark c was discovered in1974 by Brookhaven and SLAC
cs
•The bottom b quark was discovered In 1977 at Fermilab
…b
The bottom quark needed a partner… => top!
The top quark was finally found in 1995 at Fermilab!
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Physics of the Top QuarkPhysics of the Top Quark
Top physics is one of the more sexy things to study at the Fermilab Tevatron…
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Quarks and ScaleQuarks and Scale
It is also possible that quarks and electrons are not fundamental after all, and will turn out to be made up of other, more fundamental particles.
As far as we know now, however, they are fundamental!
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What Holds it All Together?What Holds it All Together?•Electromagnetic: Xrays, radio, infrared, magnets•Weak Force: Nuclear radioactive decay•Strong Force: Binds quarks and nuclei
You will learn aboutthese two forces in
block 14…
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The Fundamentals ForcesThe Fundamentals Forces4 Fundamental
Forces•Electromagnetic: Photon •Weak Force: W/Z Bosons •Strong Force: Gluons * * *•Gravitational Force: Graviton(?)
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The New Periodic TableThe New Periodic Table
…of Particles and Forces
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Standard Model of Particle Physics
Standard Model of Particle Physics
The SM states that:
The world is made up of quarks andleptons that interactby exchanging bosons (force carriers).
A Higgs field interactsas well, giving particlestheir masses.
Lepton Masses: Me<M<M M~0.*
Quark Masses: Mu ~ Md < Ms < Mc< Mb << Mt
Matter as we know it
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Nature is Fundamentally Simple
Nature is Fundamentally Simple
The Standard Model -- Lots of Mysteries Still!Our current theory of how elementary particles interact does not make predictions
Example: We knew that the top quark existed but the S.M. could not tell us what its mass was.
•What makes the pattern of particles masses?•Why are there only 3 families of quarks?•Do protons decay?•Why is there so little antimatter in the universe?•What is Dark Matter? Dark energy?•Do we live in a universe that has “extra dimensions”?•What about gravity?•Is there a Grand Unified Theory that merges the 4 forces?(A Theory of Everything?)
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Many Puzzles Remain…Many Puzzles Remain…
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Summary of the Universe
Summary of the Universe
The world is made up of quarks and leptons
These particles interact through 4 different forces
The Standard Model works - but remains limited
We are still missing several pieces of the puzzle
Work is underway to extend understanding-- watch the nextdecade for discoveries…
Pretty cool stuff! On to Block 14…
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The Funny Thing About the Nucleus
The Funny Thing About the Nucleus
As you know from chemistry, the nucleus of the atom is made up of protons and neutrons.
What did we just learn about the electric force between two positive charges?
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So, if the nucleus is loaded with positively charged protons, why doesn’t it blow apart?
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The force that counteracts the electromagnetic repulsion in the nucleus is called the force, and is mediated by the gluon (it’s carrier particle is the gluon, like the photon is for electromagnetism).
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The Strong ForceThe Strong ForceNever heard of the strong force???The strong force is responsible for binding nucleons (protons and neutrons) together inside of the nucleus, and for binding quarks together inside of the nucleon.We will focus on the former-- protons and neutrons.
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ppRadiusproton ~ 10-15
We’ll use our field model of forces, and extend our energy conservation model to explain some atomic behaviors.
other nucleon (n or p)
exerts force
nucleon strong field(n or p)
creates
Field Model of Forces
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Making Helium: Nuclear Fusion
Making Helium: Nuclear Fusion
Notation for atomic elements:
€
ZA X
€
X = name of element
A = number of neutrons and protons
Z = number of protons (atomic number)
€
211p + 20
1n + 2e- → 24He + energy
To make helium, we need 2 protons, 2 neutrons, 2 electrons:
When the nucleons combine, strong bonds are formed, which decreases the potential energy in the system. However, the electric potential energy increases since the protons are now closer.
How do we know if the total energy increases or decreases?Because energy is released (our sun!) and helium is stable, we know that the decrease in PEstrong wins over the increase in PEelectric
We can quantify this!
Example:carbon-14has 14 nucleons, 6 protons, 8 neutrons
€
614 C
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Potential Energy of NucleusPotential Energy of NucleusHow do we know if the total energy increases or decreases? Define: Enuclear = PEelectric + PEstrong
The total change Enuclear = observed change in the nucleus mass: mc2
(E= mc2… Does this look familiar?)
Initial State: Final State:1.672673 x 10-27 kg = Mp 4.00260 amu1.674929 x 10-27 kg = Mn (1 amu = 1.660540 x 10-27 kg)0.000911 x 10-27 kg = Me
Mass(2p+2n+2e) = 6.697026 x 10-27 kg => 6.46477 x 10-27 kg
Therefore, the mass decreased by 0.050549 x 10-27 kg in putting the subatomic particles together to make helium. Hence Enuclear decreased.
Then the decrease in PEstrong is larger than the increase in PEelectric.
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Energy Interaction DiagramsEnergy Interaction Diagrams
More p-p
repulsion
PE ↑electric
nucleus system
E ↓ , mass ↓
Strong
bonds form
PE ↓strong
Environment
energy system
E ↑env
nuclear
To calculate PEelectric:
€
PE electric = kQqΔ1
r
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟ = kQq
1
rfinal
-1
rinitial
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
When a positively charged proton is brought closer to another positively charged proton, rfinal is smaller than rinitial, and PEelectric is positive. Work must be
done to bring them together.
More p-p
repulsion
PE ↑electric
- Less p p
repulsion
PE ↓elec
XE XE
For PEstrong:
Strong
bonds form
PE ↓strong
Strong
bonds break
PE ↑strong
XE XE
Quantify PEstrong using knowledge of PEelectric and mc2
€
1327 Al+2
4 He → 01n+15
30 P
Evaluate this nuclear reaction:
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Next Time: Nuclear Fission, or…
Next Time: Nuclear Fission, or…
What makes things go boom!