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Conjunctions

What is a Conjunction?

• A conjunction is like glue. It helps things to stick together.

• A conjunction joins words, phrases, and sentences, which are called clauses.


• Conjunctions join two or more words.

Example: I went to the store to buy eggs, milk, and bread.


• Conjunctions can join two prepositional phrases.

Ex. I went skiing down the hill and past the trees.


• Conjunctions can connect two clauses or sentences.

• When two sentences are joined, a comma MUST be placed before the conjunction.

Ex. I played cards for awhile, but then I played chess.

Types of Conjunctions

• One type of conjunction is the coordinating conjunction.

• They connect words, phrases, and clauses, which are sentences.

• They connect things of equal value. (This means that they would connect a noun with another

noun or a prepositional phrase with another prepositional phrase.)


• There are seven coordinating conjunctions: Use FANBOYS to remember

for and nor but

or yet so


• Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of your sentence.

• “And” connects things that are alike or joined together.

• Ex. I want popcorn and pizza.



• “But” is used to connect things that are different or separated.

• Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza.



• “Or” is used to offer a choice.• Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza?



• “Nor” is used to offer a negative choice.• Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza.



• “Yet” is used to show a change. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it.

• Ex. I want popcorn, yet I also want pizza.



• “So” is used to show a relationship between things. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it.

• Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some.



• “For” is also used to show a relationship between things. When it is used to combine two sentences, you must put a comma before it.

• Ex. I ordered a pizza, for I was hungry.


• Another type of conjunction is called correlative conjunctions.

• Correlative conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses, which are sentences.

• Correlative conjunctions connect things of equal value.

(This means that they will connect a verb with another verb or a sentence with another sentence.)


• Correlative Conjunctions are not single words. They work in pairs.

• There are five pairs of correlative conjunctions:

both….and whether….or neither….nor

not only….but also either….or

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions

I saw both the Statue of Liberty and the Empire State Building.


I don’t want neither pickles nor tomato on my hamburger.


I don’t know whether to play baseball or to play basketball this year.


Either the student or the teacher can answer the question.


Not only do I play the flute, but I also play the clarinet.

Punctuating Interjections

• If an interjection is spoken with more emotion, it is followed by an exclamation point. The next word is then capitalized.

Ex. Ouch! I just cut my finger.

Ex. He scored the winning touchdown. Wow!

Prepositions

Prepositions• Prepositions begin prepositional phrases. A phrase

ends with a noun called the object of the preposition. The phrase shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence.

• A prepositional phrase is not needed in a sentence. You can remove it, and the sentence will still be complete.

Common Prepositionsabout behind for overabove below from pastacross beneath in throughafter beside inside toagainst between into towardalong beyond like underamong by near untilaround despite of UpAs down off withat during on withinbefore except out without

PREPOSITIONS - COMPOUND

According toAs ofAs well asAside fromBecause ofBy means ofIn addition toIn front of

In place ofIn regard toIn respect toIn spite ofInstead ofOn account ofOut ofPrior to

A compound preposition is two or more words that form one meaning and act as one preposition.

PREPOSITIONS• The Positions of the Prepositions:Like a course in physics, some of them take us through space and time.

• Location fixed in physical space: over, under, in, on, by, The cat is in the tree.

• Location moving through space. to, through, across A river runs through the property.

• Location fixed in time: in, on, at, before The train arrives every hour on the hour.

PREPOSITIONS• The Positions of the Prepositions:Some of them point logically to show us how things are done.

• Agency: by, with The book was written by Twain.• Combination: with

I like my fava beans with a nice Chianti.• Reason: for

He was prepared to fight for his freedom.

PREPOSITIONS• More Positions of the Prepositions:More that show us how things are done.

• Quantity: by, of Gasoline is sold by the gallon.

• Comparison: like A bedlington terrier looks like a baby lamb.

• Role: as As a sportscaster, she gets to attend the Super Bowl every year.

PREPOSITIONS• Because prepositions must refer to a noun, it is technically

improper to end a sentence with one.

• NO : He is the person I am speaking to.

• YES : He is the person to whom I am speaking.

Even leaders often violate this rule: As Winston Churchill said, “This is the sort of

English up with which I cannot put.”

Be Careful• Never end a sentence with a preposition. This is

called a dangling preposition. In order to be used properly, a preposition must have an object, therefore a preposition cannot be the last word of a sentence.

• There is one exception. Some prepositions are also adverbs. If the word is being used as an adverb to tell - How? When? Where? To what extent? - it can end the sentence.

• For example: The sun shone above. • “Above” tells “where the sun was,” therefore, it is

an adverb and does not need an object.

Interjections

What is an Interjection?• An interjection is something that interrupts a

sentence. • It is something that also expresses your

emotions like happiness, fear, anger, or pain.• Some examples of interjections are:

ouch, wow, uh oh, oh no, gosh, shhhh

Punctuating Interjections• If an interjection is spoken calmly, simply put a

comma after it and continue the sentence.

Example : Shhh, the baby is sleeping.

Example : Oh my, I dropped my pencil.

INTERJECTIONS• An interjection is word or phrase that does not add to the

general grammar of a sentence, but indicates strong feelings. It is usually punctuated by an exclamation mark.

Examples: Ouch! Wow! Yikes! Bleep!• Think of stubbing your toe, falling

down, seeing something scary – What would you say?

Superman was walking along when, pow! He was attacked from behind.

InterjectionsAn interjection is a word or group of words that expresses strong feeling. It has no grammatical connection to any other words in the sentence.

Common Interjections

aha good grief no wellalas ha oh whatawesome hey Oh, no whoopscome on hooray oops wowgee look ouch yes

InterjectionsAn interjection that expresses a very strong feeling may stand alone, either before or after a sentence. Such interjections are followed by an exclamation mark.

Oh, no! The art museum is closed today.

When an interjection expresses a milder feeling, it appears as part of the sentence. It is separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma.

Oh well, I’ll just have to go tomorrow.

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