A)A) A political partyA political party

B)B) A labor unionA labor union

C)C) Concerned CitizensConcerned Citizens

D)D) An avant-garde art movementAn avant-garde art movement

E)E) Public-Interest ScientistsPublic-Interest Scientists

Not a political party (at first).

Loose (sometimes competing) groups of reformers who• acknowledged a need for government regulation • to deal with problems of urbanization• to deal with problems of industrialism. • to address complex needs of a complex economy• to forestall radical threats to American politics

A political style as much as anything: • professional• scientific• balance competing claims.

1.1. DemocraticDemocratic

2.2. EfficiencyEfficiency

3.3. RegulatoryRegulatory

4.4. Social JusticeSocial Justice

5.5. Social ControlSocial Control

1616thth Amendment AmendmentIncome TaxIncome Tax

1717thth Amendment AmendmentDirect Election of SenatorsDirect Election of Senators

1818thth Amendment AmendmentProhibitionProhibition

1919thth Amendment AmendmentWomen’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage