Week 7 – MIDI and SoundWeek 7 – MIDI and Sound

MIDIMIDI

Musical Instrument Digital InterfaceMusical Instrument Digital Interface

Stores instructions instead of waveformsStores instructions instead of waveforms– What What instrumentinstrument to use to use– What What notenote to play to play– What What volumevolume to play it at to play it at– When to start itWhen to start it– When to stop itWhen to stop it– Any special effectsAny special effects

MIDIMIDI

200 to 1000 times smaller than equivalent 200 to 1000 times smaller than equivalent digital audio filesdigital audio files

on Playback each note is on Playback each note is interpretedinterpreted and and synthesisedsynthesised

Often used as theme or background music Often used as theme or background music in titlesin titles

General MIDI General MIDI

Designed as a standard set of codes between Designed as a standard set of codes between various MIDI devicesvarious MIDI devices

Defines 128 “program numbers” which each Defines 128 “program numbers” which each describe a specific instrumentdescribe a specific instrument– e.g., 1 to 8 are pianos, 57 to 64 are brasse.g., 1 to 8 are pianos, 57 to 64 are brass

Specifies which instrument is on which of the Specifies which instrument is on which of the 16 MIDI 16 MIDI channelschannels, one per channel, one per channel

General MIDI device must play up to 24 notes General MIDI device must play up to 24 notes simultaneously (24-voice polyphony)simultaneously (24-voice polyphony)

MIDI – The MIDI – The Trade-offTrade-off

File size is very smallFile size is very small

No compression necessaryNo compression necessary

File size is not directly related to length of the music File size is not directly related to length of the music but to the complexity of the music, e.g., how many but to the complexity of the music, e.g., how many notesnotes

Playback quality is entirely dependent on the system Playback quality is entirely dependent on the system usedused– Poor sound card gives poor MIDI playbackPoor sound card gives poor MIDI playback

Cannot be used for speech or noisesCannot be used for speech or noises

Can be captured from real synthesisersCan be captured from real synthesisers

MIDI – File MIDI – File FormatsFormats

One main one - .MIDOne main one - .MID

Some older ones - .SNG (Voyetra’s Sequencer Some older ones - .SNG (Voyetra’s Sequencer Plus Pro - DOS), .ROL (Roland’s Adlib)Plus Pro - DOS), .ROL (Roland’s Adlib)– MIDI’s origins lie in the music industryMIDI’s origins lie in the music industry

May contain more than one representation of May contain more than one representation of the musicthe music– BaseBase-level MIDI-level MIDI– ExtendedExtended-level MIDI-level MIDI

May or may not be intended for WindowsMay or may not be intended for Windows

MIDI – File MIDI – File Formats 2Formats 2

A new one - .RMF (Rich Music Format)A new one - .RMF (Rich Music Format)– RMF files can encapsulate compressed MIDI RMF files can encapsulate compressed MIDI

data along with custom instrument samples data along with custom instrument samples and encrypted copyright informationand encrypted copyright information

– gives consistent playback fidelity across all of gives consistent playback fidelity across all of supported platforms, because the player uses supported platforms, because the player uses its own software synthesiser instead of using its own software synthesiser instead of using the synthesiser provided on the computer's the synthesiser provided on the computer's soundcardsoundcard

MIDI – Base MIDI – Base Level Level

Microsoft's handling of MIDI uses a 16 channel Microsoft's handling of MIDI uses a 16 channel definitiondefinition– Base-level MIDI – Channels 13 to 16Base-level MIDI – Channels 13 to 16

Channels 13 to 15 are for melodic instrumentsChannels 13 to 15 are for melodic instruments

Channel 16 is for percussionChannel 16 is for percussion

A Base-level MIDI file may specify:A Base-level MIDI file may specify:– Six notes in total on the three melodic Six notes in total on the three melodic

instruments instruments andand– Three percussion “Three percussion “notesnotes” played ” played

simultaneously, i.e., 9-voice polyphonysimultaneously, i.e., 9-voice polyphony

MIDI – Extended MIDI – Extended Level Level

Microsoft's handling of MIDI uses a 16 channel Microsoft's handling of MIDI uses a 16 channel definitiondefinition– Extended-level MIDI – Channels 1to 10Extended-level MIDI – Channels 1to 10

Channels 1 to 9 are for melodic instrumentsChannels 1 to 9 are for melodic instruments

Channel 10 is for percussionChannel 10 is for percussion

An Extended-level MIDI file may specify :An Extended-level MIDI file may specify :– Sixteen notes in total on the nine melodic Sixteen notes in total on the nine melodic

instrumentsinstruments andand– Sixteen percussion “Sixteen percussion “notesnotes” simultaneously, i.e., 32-” simultaneously, i.e., 32-

voice polyphonyvoice polyphony

Windows’ MIDI Windows’ MIDI FilesFiles

Microsoft's guidelines specify device-Microsoft's guidelines specify device-independent MIDI filesindependent MIDI files

Two arrangements of each pieceTwo arrangements of each piece

MIDI devices are assigned to channels by MIDI devices are assigned to channels by the Midi Mapperthe Midi Mapper– Base-level device will turn off channels 1 to Base-level device will turn off channels 1 to

1010– Extended-level device will turn off channels Extended-level device will turn off channels

13 to 1613 to 16

Windows’ MIDI Windows’ MIDI Files 2Files 2

Instruments are allocated to channels by Instruments are allocated to channels by patch-mappingpatch-mapping– 128 melodic instruments128 melodic instruments– 47 percussion instruments47 percussion instruments

Conform to General MIDI standardConform to General MIDI standard– Minimum 24-voice polyphonyMinimum 24-voice polyphony– Standardised percussion and instrument Standardised percussion and instrument

channel assignments and patch mappingchannel assignments and patch mapping

Using MIDIUsing MIDI

Creation & ModificationCreation & Modification– AppleApple

Pro toolsPro tools

Many othersMany others

– Windows pcWindows pcCakewalkCakewalk

Cubasis AudioCubasis Audio

Many othersMany others

Musitek’s Midiscan – can scan sheet music!Musitek’s Midiscan – can scan sheet music!

Using MIDI - Using MIDI - PlaybackPlayback

Playback through Playback through – Any MIDI editorAny MIDI editor– Apple QuickTimeApple QuickTime– Windows’ Media PlayerWindows’ Media Player– Most MM authoring packagesMost MM authoring packages

MIDI – MIDI – ReproductionReproduction

Sound Card FM SynthesiserSound Card FM Synthesiser– Mimics musical instruments by manipulating Mimics musical instruments by manipulating

sine wavessine waves– Creative Labs’ Sound Blaster seriesCreative Labs’ Sound Blaster series

External SynthesiserExternal Synthesiser– Roland SC-55 Sound CanvasRoland SC-55 Sound Canvas

General MIDI device considered to be extended-General MIDI device considered to be extended-level devicelevel device

MIDI – MIDI – Reproduction 2Reproduction 2

Sound Card Wave Sample SynthesisSound Card Wave Sample Synthesis– Uses samples of actual musical instrumentsUses samples of actual musical instruments– Roland SCC-1 & Audio Production Card: Roland SCC-1 & Audio Production Card:

RAP-10/ATRAP-10/AT– Creative Labs’ AudigyCreative Labs’ Audigy

MIDI – MIDI – ConsiderationsConsiderations

Cannot record complex noisesCannot record complex noises

Quality dependent on playback deviceQuality dependent on playback device

Can be used to create original musicCan be used to create original music

High quality – High quality – nono storage penalty storage penalty

Easily manipulated – if you are a musicianEasily manipulated – if you are a musician

Easy to change inherent soundEasy to change inherent sound

MIDIMIDI

MIDI is great for background music and MIDI is great for background music and other “mood” pieces other “mood” pieces

Beware the MIDI Mapper!Beware the MIDI Mapper!– Be sure your MIDI set-up includes the proper Be sure your MIDI set-up includes the proper

instrumentsinstruments

Stick to General MIDI unless composing Stick to General MIDI unless composing music for other devicesmusic for other devices

Adding MIDI to Adding MIDI to Macromedia FlashMacromedia Flash

Cannot be imported but can be played Cannot be imported but can be played through plug-ins within webpage'sthrough plug-ins within webpage's

Can play midi through mobile phones on the Can play midi through mobile phones on the Mobile Flash PlayerMobile Flash Player

Adding MIDI to a Adding MIDI to a Web PageWeb Page

There are four ways to do this:There are four ways to do this:– Use a normal link:Use a normal link:

<A HREF=”midi/music.mid”>Play the <A HREF=”midi/music.mid”>Play the music.</A>music.</A>

the result may be the sound just plays when the the result may be the sound just plays when the page is openedpage is opened

a plug-in player may open as a Web pagea plug-in player may open as a Web page

a helper application may open in a separate a helper application may open in a separate windowwindow

Adding MIDI to a Adding MIDI to a Web Page 2Web Page 2

– Use a BGSOUND in IE:Use a BGSOUND in IE: <BGSOUND SRC=”midi/music.mid” LOOP=infinite> <BGSOUND SRC=”midi/music.mid” LOOP=infinite>

the result will be the sound plays when the page is openedthe result will be the sound plays when the page is opened

– Use the Use the OBJECTOBJECT in IE tag to use an Active-X control to in IE tag to use an Active-X control to play the sound, e.g.:play the sound, e.g.:<OBJECT ID=rock CLASSID=”clsid:0FC6BF2B-E16A-<OBJECT ID=rock CLASSID=”clsid:0FC6BF2B-E16A-11CF-AB2E-0080AD08A326” HEIGHT=60 WIDTH=145>11CF-AB2E-0080AD08A326” HEIGHT=60 WIDTH=145><PARAM NANE=”song” VALUE=”midi/music.mid”><PARAM NANE=”song” VALUE=”midi/music.mid”></OBJECT></OBJECT>

the result will be an Active-X control opens at the specified size in-the result will be an Active-X control opens at the specified size in-line in the Web pageline in the Web page

Adding MIDI to a Adding MIDI to a Web Page 3Web Page 3

– Use the Use the EMBEDEMBED tag in NN to use a plug-in to tag in NN to use a plug-in to play the sound, e.g.:play the sound, e.g.:<EMBED SRC=”midi/music.mid” <EMBED SRC=”midi/music.mid” CONTROLS=”console” CONTROLS=”console”

HEIGHT=60 WIDTH=145 HEIGHT=60 WIDTH=145 AUTOSTART=”false” AUTOSTART=”false”

LOOP =”false”>LOOP =”false”></EMBED></EMBED>

the result will be a plug-in player opens at the the result will be a plug-in player opens at the specified size in-line in the Web pagespecified size in-line in the Web page

Lecture 6 – HTMLLecture 6 – HTML

Digital Media ModuleDigital Media Module

Production tools Production tools for HTMLfor HTML

We will use Macromedia Dreamweaver MXWe will use Macromedia Dreamweaver MX– Available on most University machines Available on most University machines – Other tools can be used by you at home but Other tools can be used by you at home but

tuition and support are not supplied!tuition and support are not supplied!

If not Dreamweaver I would recommend nvu If not Dreamweaver I would recommend nvu (from (from www.nvu.comwww.nvu.com))

– – Basic but competent and freeBasic but competent and free

Dreamweaver MX Dreamweaver MX and HTMLand HTML

Primary aimPrimary aim– To learn HTML To learn HTML

Secondary Aim Secondary Aim – Learn how to use Dreamweaver MXLearn how to use Dreamweaver MX

In that order! In that order!

HTML – HyperText HTML – HyperText Mark Up LanguageMark Up Language

Developed in early 90’s Developed in early 90’s to allow authors to to allow authors to publish documents that could be shared and publish documents that could be shared and viewed from a central locationviewed from a central location

Based around the idea of sharing information Based around the idea of sharing information across the internet and different platformsacross the internet and different platforms

Developed from SGML (Standard Generalized Developed from SGML (Standard Generalized Mark-up Language)Mark-up Language)

Based around the use of tags to mark areas Based around the use of tags to mark areas and link document (hyperlinking)and link document (hyperlinking)

To Start A To Start A WebpageWebpage

The ‘doctype’ declaration references a The ‘doctype’ declaration references a Document Type Definition (DTD) and Document Type Definition (DTD) and declares a page as a HTML pagedeclares a page as a HTML page

<! Doctype html public “-//w3c//dtd html 3.2//en”><! Doctype html public “-//w3c//dtd html 3.2//en”>

Without it the browser has to “guess” what Without it the browser has to “guess” what type of page it istype of page it is

<html><html>

<head><head>

<title>Page Title</title><title>Page Title</title>

</head></head>

<body><body>

Example TextExample Text

</body></body>

</html></html>

HTML StructureHTML Structure

Start a HTML page

Start the Header section of the page

End the Header section of the page

Start the Body of the page

End the Body of the page

Ends the HTML page

The content of the page

The page title (and more….)

The content of the page The content of the page

The page title The page title

Tag StructureTag Structure

With a few exceptions all tags must be With a few exceptions all tags must be paired up e.g.paired up e.g.

<html><html>And thenAnd then</html></html>

In latest version of HTML – HTML 4.0 you In latest version of HTML – HTML 4.0 you should pair tagsshould pair tags– Similarly we haveSimilarly we have

<head> </head><head> </head><body> </body><body> </body>

Common TagsCommon Tags

Formatting of textFormatting of text– <b><b>bold textbold text</b> or <strong></b> or <strong>– <i><i>italics textitalics text</i> or <em> </i> or <em> – <u><u>underlined textunderlined text</u></u>

Placing of textPlacing of text– <p> creates a new paragraph<p> creates a new paragraph– <br> creates a new line<br> creates a new line– <hr> creates a horizontal rule<hr> creates a horizontal rule

Tag AttributesTag Attributes

Some tags can have values attached to Some tags can have values attached to themthem

Body tag can change the background colour Body tag can change the background colour of a pageof a page– <body bgcolor="#FFFFF"><body bgcolor="#FFFFF">– <font size="+1"><font size="+1">

Normal<br> <font size="+1">Font Size 1</font> <br> <font size="+2">Font Size 2</font><br> <font size="+3">Font Size 3</font><br> <font size="+4">Font Size 4</font>

Normal<br> <font size="+1">Font Size 1</font> <br> <font size="+2">Font Size 2</font><br> <font size="+3">Font Size 3</font><br> <font size="+4">Font Size 4</font>

The Hyperlink The Hyperlink TagTag

The most important one of all! The most important one of all!

The Hyperlink tag allows the linking of one The Hyperlink tag allows the linking of one document to another document to another – <a href=“homepage.htm">Homepage <a href=“homepage.htm">Homepage

hyperlink</a> hyperlink</a> – <a href=“http://www.ananova.com">news <a href=“http://www.ananova.com">news

site</a> site</a>

Supplementary Supplementary MaterialsMaterials

Webmonkey guide to HTMLWebmonkey guide to HTML– http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/authoring/html_basics/http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/authoring/html_basics/

Beginners guide to HTMLBeginners guide to HTML– http://http://www.activejump.comwww.activejump.com//

A Beginners Guide to HTMLA Beginners Guide to HTML– http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/

DreamweaverDreamweaver – – www.dmxzone.comwww.dmxzone.comMacromedia Developer/Designer zoneMacromedia Developer/Designer zone

– www.macromedia.com/desdevwww.macromedia.com/desdev

Books through NetlibraryBooks through Netlibrary– Dreamweaver MX : The Complete ReferenceDreamweaver MX : The Complete Reference – Dreamweaver MX : A Beginner's GuideDreamweaver MX : A Beginner's Guide

The PracticalsThe Practicals

Over the next few weeks we will develop a Over the next few weeks we will develop a website for a multimedia artistwebsite for a multimedia artist

It will include the artists image, music and It will include the artists image, music and video library as well asvideo library as well as– Flash ContentFlash Content– Video ContentVideo Content

Sitemap for the Sitemap for the Project SiteProject Site

Homepage/About

About NewsPricingForm

Gallery ContactFree Stuff/Download

News 1 News 2 Audio Video Picture Screensaver Flash Movie