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• Explain the water solubility of carboxylic acids.

• Describe the reactions of carboxylic acids with metals, carbonates and bases.

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Structure of the carboxyl group

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Structures of methanoic and ethanoic acids

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Structure of 4-methylhexanoic acid

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Hydrogen bonds, strong dipole–dipole interactions

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Carboxylate ion

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• Describe the esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst, and also of acid anhydrides with alcohols.

• Describe the hydrolysis of esters.

• State the uses of esters in perfumes and flavourings.

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Formation of the ester ethyl propanoate from a carboxylic acid

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An acid anhydride is formed by removal of a molecule of water from two carboxylic acid molecules.

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Ethanoic anhydride reacts with methanol to make the ester methyl ethanoate

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Acid hydrolysis of propyl ethanoate

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Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl propanoate

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Wintergreen - ester methyl salicylate

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Benzyl ethanoate