Week-2Week-2Types of ComputerTypes of Computer

Classification w.r.to PurposesClassification w.r.to PurposesGeneral vs Special Purpose ComputersGeneral vs Special Purpose Computers

Classification w.r.to Function or Logic usedClassification w.r.to Function or Logic usedDigital, Analog & Hybrid ComputersDigital, Analog & Hybrid Computers

Classification w.r.to SizeClassification w.r.to SizeSuper, Mainframe, Mini & Micro-ComputersSuper, Mainframe, Mini & Micro-Computers

AbduSalam 2

Classification of Computers with respect to Classification of Computers with respect to purposespurposes

With respect to purposes, computers are divided into two types General Purpose Computers

All those computers which are used for general purposes. E.g. A personal computer used for playing games, word processing,

Accounting Information System, Management Information System etc

These computers can store a huge amount of data. PCs are the example of General Purpose Computers.

Special Purpose Computers It is also known as dedicated computers, because these are designed

to perform a particular jobs. Perform a single & specific task . E.g. Computer for Games, Computer for controlling traffic lights , ATM etc These systems have predefined set of instructions permanently

stored into them, that are designed to perform only one task They are fast in processing.

AbduSalam 3

Types of computerTypes of computer

Type of computer

Digital computer Analog computer Hybrid Computer

Micro ComputerMain frame Computer

Super Computer Mini Computer

AbduSalam 4

Classification of Computers According to Classification of Computers According to Logic UsedLogic Used

Computers are classified into three types with respect to Function or Internal hardware structure or Logic used

Digital Computer Analog Computer Hybrid Computer

AbduSalam 5

Digital ComputersDigital Computers

Digital Computers works on discrete data. Discrete data refers to discrete values such as 0, 1. Digital computers works on 0,1(Binary Numbers) These computers based on the presence or absence of an

electrical charge or binary 0 & 1. The native language of this class is therefore called binary

language (Machine Language) These Systems are more accurate and precise than others Examples: - Personal computer, digital watches etc…

AbduSalam 6

Analog ComputerAnalog Computer

Analog Computers works on continues data. Continues data refers to those values that can not be discrete. Temperature, air pressure, speed, current etc Analog computer calculates the result by measuring the

continuous change in these quantities Analog computers do not require any storage capability because

they measure and compare quantities in a single operation These Systems are more speedy than digital Examples: Speed meter, air pressure measurement devices, rain

gauge etc. Speedometer of a car measure speed in terms of km/h or m/h,

the change in temperature is measured by a thermometer in degree’s.

AbduSalam 7

Hybrid ComputerHybrid Computer

Combine the best feature of both digital and analog systems Works on both analog and digital data Speedy like analog Accuracy like digital They are used mainly in specialized applications where both analog

and digital information needs processing Weather forecasting, Air Defense, Radar Controlling systems, digital

petrol pumps etc. In petrol pumps, fuel flow converts into quantity and then quantity is

converted into values.

AbduSalam 8

Classification Of Computers With Respect To Size

With respect to size, speed, and cost, we can classify computers in the following types:

MICRO COMPTUERS MINI COMPUTERS MAINFRAME COMPUTERS SUPER COMPUTERS

AbduSalam 9

MICRO COMPUTERSMICRO COMPUTERS These computers are small in size. A micro computer use to have Primary memory range from a

few Kilobytes to Gigabytes. They are usually designed for personal use therefore they are

also called as Personal Computers (i.e. PC). These computers can easily be accommodated on the top of a

desk due to their small size and hence are also called as DESKTOP computers.

There is another kind of Micro Computer which can easily be placed on the lap and such computer is called as Laptops.

Micro Computers are highly flexible. These are also called CHIP Computers because its entire circuitry is fabricated on a single chip.

AbduSalam 10

MICRO COMPUTERS (Cont’d)MICRO COMPUTERS (Cont’d)

Examples:-IBM, APPLE, COMPAC, RADIO SHACK, COMMODORE, ATARI,

IBM compatibles:- 286,386,486,Pentium-I,Pentium-II,Pantium-III,Pentium-IV etc…

Handheld PCs (such as PDAs) lack the power of a desktop or notebook PC, but offer features for users who need limited functions and small size.

AbduSalam 11

MICRO COMPUTERS (Cont’d)MICRO COMPUTERS (Cont’d) A Multi-Core Processor is a processing system composed of two or

more independent cores. The cores are typically integrated onto a single integrated circuit die(known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP).

Core Basic processing area of a computer processor Die A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small block of

semiconducting material, on which a given functional circuit is fabricated.

A medium-scale integrated circuit die

AbduSalam 12

MICRO COMPUTERS (Cont’d)MICRO COMPUTERS (Cont’d) A Dual-Core and Core 2 Duo Processor contains two cores, and a

Quad-Core Processor contains four cores. A Multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a single physical

package. Cores in a multi-core device coupled together tightly. Cores may or may not share caches. Dual Core and Core 2 Duo’s are both dual core processor. Core2 duo only takes advantage because The Core 2 Duo has the same L2 cache but it has more cache size than

a Dual core. However, There are architectural changes to the silicon that give the Core 2 Duo

more sophisticated processing. The single- and dual-core models are single-die, whereas the quad-core

models comprise two dies, each containing two cores, packaged in a multi-chip module.

AbduSalam 13

MINI COMPUTERSMINI COMPUTERS These computers are smaller in size but larger

as compared to Micro Computers. Less expensive Primary memory is usually in GIGA Bytes Designed for the computerization of scientific

research data. Mini computer usually fills a small shelf because

it includes many types of peripheral equipment attached to it.

Disks are used for secondary storage Support up to hundred’s of users at a time. Examples: - PRIME-9755,VAX-8650,IBM

SYSTEM-36 etc… Application :- Departmental systems, Network

Servers

AbduSalam 14

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS MAINFRAME COMPUTERS These computers are very powerful. Large in size, large in memory and powerful. Mainframe computers are also capable of connecting terminals with

it. These computers are used in networked environment and mainly as

network servers. Mainframe computers are very expansive. They are usually

designed for the computerization of huge business organizations, universities, banks, scientific laboratories, national and international markets.

Multiple Input/Output devices are normally attached with a Mainframe computer.

The secondary storage use to be in the form disks in a Mainframe computer.

Mainframes are measured in integer operations per second or MIPS. Example of integer operation is moving data around in memory or

I/O devices.

AbduSalam 15

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS (Cont’dMAINFRAME COMPUTERS (Cont’d)) These computers also allow different users to work on it at the

same time like Mini computers but the number of users can be much more than that of the Mini computers (upto 4000 users can work at a time on a single Mainframe computer).

Examples:- IBM-4381, IBM-360, ICL-2900,NEC-610 etc…

AbduSalam 16

SUPER COMPUTERSSUPER COMPUTERS

Supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing, capacity, particularly speed of calculation.

Supercomputers are the most powerful computers. They are used for problems requiring complex calculations. It is not possible to consider one computer system as the most

powerful, because the power of a computer is not linear. Super Computers are very difficult to design, it requires lot of

research and development and at the same time they are very much expansive to manufacture.

Presently approximately 30-50 Super Computers are sold per annum.

AbduSalam 17

SUPER COMPUTERS SUPER COMPUTERS (Cont’d(Cont’d))

The speed of a super computer is enormous as it was calculated at a rate of 64 billions instruction per second, like Cray T90.

But now, The speed of a supercomputer is measured in "FLOPS" Such as "TFLOPS" (10 power 12 FLOPS)(1,000,000,000,000 ), or

"PFLOPS" (10 power15 FLOPS,) (1,000,000,000,000,000 operation per second).

Example of floating point operation is the calculation of mathematical equations in real numbers. In terms of computational ability, Supercomputers are more powerful.

In February 2009, IBM designed supercomputer with 20 pflops. This will be equivalent to 2 million laptops (whereas Roadrunner is

comparable to a mere 100,000 laptops).

AbduSalam 18

SUPER COMPUTERS SUPER COMPUTERS (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Application in web services and search engines, online banking (Transaction processing), weather forecasting, Climate Prediction (50 years in 30 days by 4.8 Tflops) , Cryptography, Nuclear weapons (test by simulations), Earthquake and structural modeling and petroleum exploration.

AbduSalam 19

SUPER COMPUTERS SUPER COMPUTERS (Cont’d(Cont’d))

2000,2000, IBM ASCI White 7.226 TFLOPS DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA

2002,2002, NEC Earth Simulator 35.86 TFLOPS Earth Simulator Center, Yokohama, Japan

2004,2004, IBM Blue Gene/L 70.72 TFLOPS DoE/IBM Rochester, Minnesota, USA 2005,2005, IBM Blue Gene/L 136.8 TFLOPS DoE/U.S. National Nuclear Security

Administration, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA 2007,2007, IBM Blue Gene/L 478.2 TFLOPS DoE/U.S. National Nuclear Security

Administration, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA 2008,2008, IBM Roadrunner 1.026 PFLOPS DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory,

New Mexico, USA 2009, 2009, Cray Jaguar 1.759 PFLOPS DoE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee,

USA