Week 2 Class NotesWeek 2 Class NotesTonight Tonight

• Weather ReviewWeather Review

• Atmosphere (Chapter 1)Atmosphere (Chapter 1)

• Weather ObservationsWeather Observations

• Geography 101 (in class aggignment)Geography 101 (in class aggignment)

• Weather MapsWeather Maps

Next WeekNext Week

• Heat & Energy (chapter 2)Heat & Energy (chapter 2)

• More Weather MapsMore Weather Maps

Weather ReviewWeather Review

Weather ReviewWeather Review

Weather ReviewWeather Review

Weather ReviewWeather Review

Tue 10 PMTue 10 PM

Wed 10 AMWed 10 AM

Wed 10 PMWed 10 PM

Thu 10 AMThu 10 AM

Thu 10 PMThu 10 PM

Fri 10 AMFri 10 AM

Fri 10 PMFri 10 PM

Sat 10 AMSat 10 AM

Weather SongsWeather Songs• I Can't Stand The RainI Can't Stand The Rain• Its raining manIts raining man• HurricaneHurricane• Sun is Shining Sun is Shining • Singing in the RainSinging in the Rain• Come Clean Come Clean • Purple RainPurple Rain• I'm Only Happy When It RainsI'm Only Happy When It Rains• If You Steal My SunshineIf You Steal My Sunshine• Hello SunshineHello Sunshine• Hotel California Hotel California • Raindrops Keep Fallin on My HeadRaindrops Keep Fallin on My Head• It's Raining On Prom NightIt's Raining On Prom Night• Blame It On The Rain Blame It On The Rain • Make it RainMake it Rain• Ain't no SunshineAin't no Sunshine• Rock You Like A HurricaneRock You Like A Hurricane• The rain songThe rain song• I Wish It Would RainI Wish It Would Rain• Stormy WeatherStormy Weather• SnowballSnowball• Pennies from HeavenPennies from Heaven• Five Feet High and RisingFive Feet High and Rising• Lightning StrikesLightning Strikes• SummerSummer• Holidays in the SunHolidays in the Sun• WestwindWestwind• She’s like the WindShe’s like the Wind• Running Against the WindRunning Against the Wind

• The Lighthouse's Tale • Winter Wonderland • Rainy Day Woman• Strangers in the WindStrangers in the Wind• Walking On CloudsWalking On Clouds• Catch the WindCatch the Wind• Riders on the StormRiders on the Storm• Steal My SunshineSteal My Sunshine• And It Rained All NightAnd It Rained All Night• Flowers Never Bend with the Flowers Never Bend with the

RainfallRainfall• Gravity's RainbowGravity's Rainbow• Hey Mr. RainHey Mr. Rain• No RainNo Rain• One Rainy WishOne Rainy Wish• Acid Rain Drops • Dust in the Wind

Weather SongsWeather Songs• How I Wish it Would RainHow I Wish it Would Rain• Let it SnowLet it Snow• You Are My Sun Shine You Are My Sun Shine • Its Raining MenIts Raining Men• Tears and RainTears and Rain• Rain Stained MelodiesRain Stained Melodies• Ain't No SunshineAin't No Sunshine• No Rain No Rain • Rain Down On MeRain Down On Me• Wheel in the SkyWheel in the Sky• Frosty the Snow ManFrosty the Snow Man• And it Rained All NightAnd it Rained All Night• RainRain• A Hard Rains a Gonna FallA Hard Rains a Gonna Fall• Blueberry RainBlueberry Rain• Pennies From HeavenPennies From Heaven• I Can’t Stand the RainI Can’t Stand the Rain• Crooked TeethCrooked Teeth• Make it RainMake it Rain• Riders on the stormRiders on the storm• Let the rain fall downLet the rain fall down• Rainy DaysRainy Days• It's Raining MenIt's Raining Men• Fire and RainFire and Rain• Texas FloodTexas Flood• Let it RainLet it Rain• The Wind Cries MaryThe Wind Cries Mary• Sunday MorningSunday Morning• Riders On the StormRiders On the Storm• Rainy Days and MondaysRainy Days and Mondays

• Here Comes the SunHere Comes the Sun• Singing In The RainSinging In The Rain• Follow the SunFollow the Sun• Fire and RainFire and Rain• Love a Rainy NightLove a Rainy Night• Walking On SunshineWalking On Sunshine• Ain't No SunshineAin't No Sunshine• My GirlMy Girl• Drops of JupiterDrops of Jupiter• Summer BreezeSummer Breeze• Cold Day In JulyCold Day In July• Stormy WeatherStormy Weather• Have You Ever Seen the Rain?Have You Ever Seen the Rain?• It Never Rains in Southern CaliforniaIt Never Rains in Southern California• Raindrops Keep Falling on My HeadRaindrops Keep Falling on My Head• You Are the Sunshine of My LifeYou Are the Sunshine of My Life• Over the RainbowOver the Rainbow• Rhythm of RainRhythm of Rain• Rainy DaysRainy Days• UmbrellaUmbrella• Blame It on the WeathermanBlame It on the Weatherman• It's Raining MenIt's Raining Men• Cold WindCold Wind• Lucy in the Sky with DiamondsLucy in the Sky with Diamonds• The Rain SongThe Rain Song• Rock You Like a HurricaneRock You Like a Hurricane• I'm Praying for RainI'm Praying for Rain• HurricaneHurricane• Pressure ZonePressure Zone• Raining on SundayRaining on Sunday

• There's No Sunshine AnymoreThere's No Sunshine Anymore• Kisses in the RainKisses in the Rain• Rihanna UmbrellaRihanna Umbrella• Flowers Never Bend With The Flowers Never Bend With The

RainfallRainfall• Make it RainMake it Rain• I Can't Stand the Rain I Can't Stand the Rain • Obscured By CloudsObscured By Clouds• Blame It on the RainBlame It on the Rain• Sunny RainSunny Rain• Lightning StrikesLightning Strikes• And It Rained All NightAnd It Rained All Night• Thunder RollsThunder Rolls• StormStorm• SnowSnow• Fire, FireFire, Fire• This WeatherThis Weather• Itsy Bitsy SpiderItsy Bitsy Spider• Electrical StormElectrical Storm• She’s Like the WindShe’s Like the Wind• PressurePressure

The The AtmosphereAtmosphere

If the earth were the size If the earth were the size of an apple, the skin of an apple, the skin would be about the would be about the same as the same as the atmosphere.atmosphere.

ThinThin

Precious CommodityPrecious Commodity• Important medium for lifeImportant medium for life

– Plants get most of their mass from carbon in the airPlants get most of their mass from carbon in the air– Animals rely on oxygenAnimals rely on oxygen

• Chemical composition determinesChemical composition determines– ““Breathability”Breathability”– Radiation balanceRadiation balance

• How much sunlight is reflectedHow much sunlight is reflected• How much sunlight is absorbedHow much sunlight is absorbed• How much outbound (thermal) radiation is absorbedHow much outbound (thermal) radiation is absorbed

• Permanent and Variable GasesPermanent and Variable Gases

CompositionComposition

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1 cm1 cm33 of air can contain as many as 200,000 non- of air can contain as many as 200,000 non-gaseous particles.gaseous particles.– dustdust– dirt (soil)dirt (soil)– ocean sprayocean spray– volcanic ashvolcanic ash– waterwater– pollenpollen– pollutantspollutants

Particulates (Aerosols)Particulates (Aerosols)

Role of ParticulatesRole of Particulates• Scattering of sunlight.Scattering of sunlight.• Condensation nuclei for water vapor.Condensation nuclei for water vapor.• Surface or catalyst for atmospheric chemistry.Surface or catalyst for atmospheric chemistry.

PM 10 and PM 2.5PM 10 and PM 2.5• Fine Particles 10Fine Particles 10μμm and 2.5m and 2.5μμmm

• μμm = m = μ μ = micron = micrometer = micron = micrometer • ““Spare the Air” NightsSpare the Air” Nights

• Unhealthy AirUnhealthy Air

Origin of the AtmosphereOrigin of the Atmosphere

Origin of the AtmosphereOrigin of the Atmosphere

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• First AtmosphereFirst Atmosphere– Planet Formation: Hydrogen, Helium (Methane, Ammonia) Planet Formation: Hydrogen, Helium (Methane, Ammonia)

from the solar nebula (very light gasses)from the solar nebula (very light gasses)

Primordial AtmospherePrimordial Atmosphere

O3• Second AtmosphereSecond Atmosphere

– Volcanic Outgassing Volcanic Outgassing (~85% H(~85% H22O, ~10% COO, ~10% CO22, ~ , ~ SOSO22, ~ ash, ~ ash))

– Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, Sulfur compoundsSulfur compounds

– Nitrogen compoundsNitrogen compounds– Cometary Impacts (HCometary Impacts (H22O, COO, CO22))

Secondary AtmosphereSecondary Atmosphere

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• Third Atmosphere (present day)Third Atmosphere (present day)– Removal of Carbon Dioxide (Removal of Carbon Dioxide (back on the increase?back on the increase?))

• Water (Ocean stores 5 times atmosphere)Water (Ocean stores 5 times atmosphere)• PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis• Photoplankton absorption Photoplankton absorption

– Nitrogen increase Nitrogen increase (breakup of nitrogen (breakup of nitrogen compounds by UV)compounds by UV)

– Oxygen increase Oxygen increase (photosynthesis)(photosynthesis)

Present AtmospherePresent Atmosphere

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• aka Barometric aka Barometric PressurePressure

• Weight of column of Weight of column of airair

• Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure & Density ALWAYS & Density ALWAYS DECREASE WITH DECREASE WITH ALTITUDEALTITUDE

Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric Pressure

Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere• TroposphereTroposphere

• TropopauseTropopause• StratosphereStratosphere

• StratopauseStratopause• MesosphereMesosphere

• MesopauseMesopause• ThermosphereThermosphere• ExosphereExosphere

Lower AtmosphereLower Atmosphere• Troposphere:Troposphere:

– Greek word “tropein” = changeGreek word “tropein” = change– Extending to about 36,000’ (10 km.)Extending to about 36,000’ (10 km.)– Contains most of atmosphere and most “weather.”Contains most of atmosphere and most “weather.”– 80% of the atmosphere80% of the atmosphere

• Tropopause – isothermal layer (36,000 - 65,000’)Tropopause – isothermal layer (36,000 - 65,000’)• 99.99997% of atmosphere by mass is below 60,000’ 99.99997% of atmosphere by mass is below 60,000’ • Stratosphere:Stratosphere:

– 65,000 -165,000’ 65,000 -165,000’ – Temperature increase because of ozone absorption of UVTemperature increase because of ozone absorption of UV– Region is very stable against vertical air motions and its Region is very stable against vertical air motions and its

structure is “stratified.”structure is “stratified.”

Upper AtmosphereUpper Atmosphere• Mesosphere:Mesosphere:

– ““Middle sphere”Middle sphere”– 165,000’ – 295,000’ 165,000’ – 295,000’ – Only 0.01% of the total atmosphere but same percentage of Only 0.01% of the total atmosphere but same percentage of

gases.gases.• Thermosphere:Thermosphere:

– > 295,000’ > 295,000’ – ““Hot Layer”Hot Layer”– Very low density and exposed to the greatest amount of Very low density and exposed to the greatest amount of

solar insolation.solar insolation.– Changes in solar output greatly affect the temperature in the Changes in solar output greatly affect the temperature in the

thermosphere. These changes cause the region to shrink and thermosphere. These changes cause the region to shrink and puff out, providing atmospheric drag on low orbit satellites puff out, providing atmospheric drag on low orbit satellites in space.in space.

Higher LayersHigher Layers• Exosphere: The outer limits of earth’s atmosphere.Exosphere: The outer limits of earth’s atmosphere.

– The interface between earth and space. The interface between earth and space. • IonosphereIonosphere

– Not a True Layer - Electrified regionNot a True Layer - Electrified region– Top of stratosphere through most of mesosphereTop of stratosphere through most of mesosphere– ““Reflects” Reflects”

radio wavesradio waves

AM Radio and the IonosphereAM Radio and the IonosphereAM radio absorption/reflection depends upon the AM radio absorption/reflection depends upon the

ionization states of molecules in the ionosphere.ionization states of molecules in the ionosphere.

Standard AtmosphereStandard Atmosphere

Pressure Altitude Temperature1000 364’ 12.28 C900 3243’ 8.57800 6394’ 2.33700 9883’ -4.58600 13,801’ -12.34500 18,290’ -21.23400 23573’ -31.71300 30,065’ -44.57200 38.662’ -56.5100 53.083’ -56.5

Define values for atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and other properties over a wide range of altitudes.

Primary LevelsPrimary Levels

1000 mb = Surface1000 mb = Surface

850 mb = 5,000’850 mb = 5,000’

700 mb = 10,000’700 mb = 10,000’

500 mb = 18,000’ (middle of atmosphere)500 mb = 18,000’ (middle of atmosphere)

300 mb = 30,000’300 mb = 30,000’

Lapse RateLapse Rate• The change of temperature with altitudeThe change of temperature with altitude

– UsuallyUsually cools with altitude cools with altitude– Inversions – warming with heightInversions – warming with height– Isothermal – no change with heightIsothermal – no change with height

• Approximate average lapse rate: Approximate average lapse rate: – ~ 3.6 ~ 3.6 ooF (2F (2o o C) per 1000 feetC) per 1000 feet

• This rate changes from day to day This rate changes from day to day – Due to different airmassesDue to different airmasses– Changes in humidity.Changes in humidity.

• COCO2 2 –– carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

• HH22O - O - waterwater

• NN22O – O – nitrous oxidesnitrous oxides

• CHCH4 4 - - methanemethane

• OO33 – – Ozone (insignificant)Ozone (insignificant)

• Transparent in visible wavelengthsTransparent in visible wavelengths– emitted by the sunemitted by the sun

• Absorption in the infrared wavelengthsAbsorption in the infrared wavelengths– emitted by the earth’s surfaceemitted by the earth’s surface

Greenhouse GassesGreenhouse Gasses

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• SourcesSources– vegetative decayvegetative decay– volcanic eruptionsvolcanic eruptions– animal exhalationanimal exhalation– combustion of fossil combustion of fossil

fuelsfuels

• SinksSinks– dissolves in waterdissolves in water– photosynthesis (oxygen production)photosynthesis (oxygen production)– phytoplankton absorption phytoplankton absorption (limestone formation)(limestone formation)

Carbon Dioxide COCarbon Dioxide CO22

Carbon Dioxide ConcentrationCarbon Dioxide Concentration

Carbon Dioxide ConcentrationCarbon Dioxide Concentration

• Two Types of OzoneTwo Types of Ozone• Surface Surface (i.e., tropospheric)(i.e., tropospheric)

– Primary ingredient in Primary ingredient in photochemical smogphotochemical smog

– ““Spare the Air” daysSpare the Air” days• Stratospheric Stratospheric (6 to 31 mi)(6 to 31 mi)

– Naturally formsNaturally forms– Protective layer from UVProtective layer from UV

Ozone Ozone (O(O33))

• Surface Ozone Surface Ozone

Ozone DestructionOzone Destruction

• Stratospheric Ozone Stratospheric Ozone – UV radiation has enough UV radiation has enough

energy to naturally energy to naturally break up the molecule.break up the molecule.

– Acclerated by CFCs’Acclerated by CFCs’• Hairspray, freon etc. Hairspray, freon etc. • Catalyst Catalyst • Accelerate BreakdownAccelerate Breakdown

Ozone DestructionOzone Destruction

Ozone DestructionOzone Destruction

Ozone Ozone HoleHole

19781978

Ozone Ozone HoleHole

19881988

Ozone Ozone HoleHole

19981998

Ozone Ozone HoleHole

20082008

Meteorology ConventionsMeteorology Conventions

Mathematics Angles Mathematics Angles Meteorology Angles Meteorology Angles (Cardinal Directions) (Cardinal Directions)

0

270

180 E = 90

S = 180

90 N = 0

W = 270

AltitudeAltitude

In meteorology altitude is represented on charts as In meteorology altitude is represented on charts as increasing upward.increasing upward.

Altitude

Temperature

Time ConventionsTime ConventionsGreenwich Mean TimeGreenwich Mean Time• GMTGMT• UTC (Coordinate Universal Time)UTC (Coordinate Universal Time)• Zulu (Z)Zulu (Z)

• PST = UTC – 8 hoursPST = UTC – 8 hours• PDT = UTC – 7 hoursPDT = UTC – 7 hours

– 0000 UTC = 1700 PDT = 5 PM PDT0000 UTC = 1700 PDT = 5 PM PDT– 1200 UTC = 0500 PDT = 5 AM PST1200 UTC = 0500 PDT = 5 AM PST

WEATHER OBSERVATIONSWEATHER OBSERVATIONS° What We MeasureWhat We Measure

° Cloud CoverCloud Cover° VisibilityVisibility° PrecipitationPrecipitation° WindsWinds° TemperatureTemperature° HumidityHumidity° PressurePressure

CloudsClouds° Cloud Cover Cloud Cover (Tenths of the sky)(Tenths of the sky)

° Clear < 1/10thClear < 1/10th° Scattered 1/10th - 5/10thScattered 1/10th - 5/10th° Broken 6/10th - 9/10thBroken 6/10th - 9/10th° Overcast > 9/10thOvercast > 9/10th

° Cloud typeCloud type° Cloud heightCloud height

° CeilometerCeilometer° AircraftAircraft° BalloonBalloon° EstimationEstimation

VisibilityVisibility° Horizontal DistanceHorizontal Distance° More than 1/2 of the horizonMore than 1/2 of the horizon° Restrictions if < 7 milesRestrictions if < 7 miles

° SmokeSmoke° HazeHaze° FogFog° RainRain° SnowSnow

° TransmissometerTransmissometer

PrecipitationPrecipitation

° TypeType° RainRain° SnowSnow° DrizzleDrizzle° HailHail

° AmountAmount° LocationsLocations° Rain gaugeRain gauge° Snow stakesSnow stakes

Tipping Bucket RaingaugeTipping Bucket Raingauge

WindWind° DirectionDirection

° Where wind comes fromWhere wind comes from° Compass points or degreesCompass points or degrees° Wind vane, estimateWind vane, estimate

° SpeedSpeed° Knots or MPHKnots or MPH° Sustained vs Sustained vs

GustsGusts° AnemometerAnemometer

Temperature/ HumidityTemperature/ Humidity

° TemperatureTemperature° Well ventilated, shady, 5’Well ventilated, shady, 5’° Scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, KelvinScales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin° Thermometer, ThermisterThermometer, Thermister

° HumidityHumidity° Relative Humidity (%)Relative Humidity (%)° Dew Point (F,C)Dew Point (F,C)° Wet Bulb (F,C)Wet Bulb (F,C)° PsychrometerPsychrometer° HygrometerHygrometer

Barometric PressureBarometric Pressure° Force of air pressing downForce of air pressing down° BarometerBarometer

° MercurialMercurial° AneroidAneroid

° UnitsUnits° Inches of MercuryInches of Mercury° MillibarsMillibars

Map ClassworkMap Classwork

Map ClassworkMap Classwork

Map ClassworkMap Classwork

Map ClassworkMap Classwork

Map ClassworkMap Classwork

Map ClassworkMap Classwork

Weather Symbols and MapsWeather Symbols and Maps

Station modelStation model

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Weather SymbolsWeather Symbols

Sky SymbolsSky Symbols

Wind SymbolsWind Symbols

Pressure TendencyPressure Tendency

Station modelStation model

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Station model breakdownStation model breakdown

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Total sky coverTotal sky cover** Depicted by shading** Depicted by shading

in circlein circle

Station model breakdownStation model breakdown

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Dew point temperatureDew point temperatureSurface: Surface: ºFºFUpper air: ºCUpper air: ºC

Station model breakdownStation model breakdown

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Current weather conditionsCurrent weather conditions** If blank, “no weather”** If blank, “no weather”

Station model breakdownStation model breakdown

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Wind directionWind direction** Points to direction ** Points to direction from from which the wind which the wind is comingis coming

Station model breakdownStation model breakdown

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Wind speedWind speedLong barb = 10 knotsLong barb = 10 knotsShort barb = 5 knotsShort barb = 5 knotsFlag = 50 knotsFlag = 50 knots** Notice range of wind speeds (i.e., 28-32 knots)** Notice range of wind speeds (i.e., 28-32 knots)

Station model breakdownStation model breakdown

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Sea level pressureSea level pressure**If first number is 5 or greater, then place 9 in front**If first number is 5 or greater, then place 9 in front --Otherwise, place 10 in front--Otherwise, place 10 in front**Place decimal point between last two numbers**Place decimal point between last two numbers

Station model breakdownStation model breakdown

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Change in surface pressure during last 3 hoursChange in surface pressure during last 3 hours** In tenths of mb** In tenths of mb** Line describes how pressure changes over time** Line describes how pressure changes over timefrom left to rightfrom left to right

Example 1Example 1• Temperature: 76 Temperature: 76 ºFºF• Dew point: 65 ºFDew point: 65 ºF• Sky cover: Completely overcastSky cover: Completely overcast• Current weather: Light rainCurrent weather: Light rain• Wind direction and speed: Wind direction and speed:

Southwest at 15 knotsSouthwest at 15 knots• Sea level pressure: 995.3 mbSea level pressure: 995.3 mb• Pressure tendency: Increase of 1.6 Pressure tendency: Increase of 1.6

mb; rising steadily mb; rising steadily

7676

6565

953953+16+16

Example 2Example 2

1010

88

105105-4-4

•Temperature: 10ºFTemperature: 10ºF•Dew point: 8ºFDew point: 8ºF•Sky cover: 7/10 or 8/10Sky cover: 7/10 or 8/10•Current weather: Snow showerCurrent weather: Snow shower•Wind direction and speed: North Wind direction and speed: North at 3-7 knotsat 3-7 knots•Sea level pressure: 1010.5 mbSea level pressure: 1010.5 mb•Pressure tendency: Decrease of Pressure tendency: Decrease of 0.4 mb; falling, then steady0.4 mb; falling, then steady

High & Low Pressure SystemsHigh & Low Pressure Systems

° Air pressure Pattern is main organizing featureAir pressure Pattern is main organizing feature° Circulation in Northern HemisphereCirculation in Northern Hemisphere

° Clockwise around Highs (H)Clockwise around Highs (H)° CCW around Lows (L)CCW around Lows (L)

° Clouds & Precip around LowsClouds & Precip around Lows° Temperature patterns result from latitude, wind Temperature patterns result from latitude, wind

flow and cloud coverflow and cloud cover

Plotting FrontsPlotting Fronts

° Boundary Boundary between between Different Air Different Air MassesMasses

° Types of Types of FrontsFronts

Weather MapsWeather Maps

Weather MapsWeather Maps

Weather MapsWeather Maps

Weather MapsWeather Maps

Weather MapsWeather Maps

Weather MapsWeather Maps

Weather MapsWeather Maps