week 11 adverbial, adjuncts, conjuncts, disjuncts

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E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Unit 7Lecture 7 - Adverbials

1. Units realizing adverbial functions

2. Classes of adverbials

3. Adjuncts

4. Disjuncts

5. Conjuncts

IssuesIssues

Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions11/7

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

See more in 8.1



Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: I have never been there.



Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: I saw her last week.



Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clauseE.g.: She sat in a dark corner.



Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone at the window table.


Non-finite clause

Verbless clause


Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

infinitive -ing participle -ed participle

He plays to win. Seeing Tom, shesmiles.

Whenever left alone,he cried.



Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials21/7

ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

Integrated in clause structure

Peripheral in clause structure

See more in 8.2


ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

1. can’t appear initially in a negative declarative clause.E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.


ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

2. can be contrasted with another adverbial in an alternative interrogation (as focus of clause interrogation)E.g. Does he write to his parents because he misses them, or only because he wants some money?


ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

3. can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation (as focus of clause negation)E.g. We didn’t hate him because of his appearance, but because of his badbehavior.


ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

1. can appear initially before a negative clause in most casesE.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come. (disjunct) Therefore, he couldn’t come.(conjunct)


ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

2. cannot be contrasted with

another adverbial in alternative

interrogation.

3. cannot be focus of clause

negation


ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

Can serve as a response to an Y-N question.E.g.: A: Will he be there? B: Yes, probably.

AdjunctsAdjuncts

1. Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form

or predication ellipsis.

E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.

John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.

3

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

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See more in 8.4 - 8.46

AdjunctsAdjuncts3


2. Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as “only”.

E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour not for longer).

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AdjunctsAdjuncts33/21


3. Adjuncts can be the focus of additive adverbials such as “also”.

E.g.: They will also meet afterwards.

4. Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.

E.g.: It was because of his injury that Mary helped Tony.

See more in 14.15 - 14.16

AdjunctsAdjuncts

1. Can constitute a comparative construction

E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.

2. Have premodifying “however”

E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious

in the way you talk.

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ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

AdjunctsAdjuncts

3. Have premodifying “how”

E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?

How carelessly he drives!

4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)

E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody felt asleep.

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ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS


viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS


viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ = ‘if we consider what weare saying from a [adj. phrase]point of view’+ usually in initial positionE.g.: Geographically (speaking), Vietnam is a diverse country. Business-wise, it’s not a good idea to open a fast food restaurant in this area.


viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

limiters

additives

exclusives

particularizers

alone, just, only, purely, simply

chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.

also, either, even, neither, nor, too,as well as, in addition


viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

- Cannot be modifiedEg. *very only, *extremely also- Cannot be coordinatedEg. *just and exactly, *equally

and likewiseException: purely and simply


viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

emphasizers

amplifiers

downtoners

clearly, definitely, etc.

by far, well, etc.

maximizers

boosterscompletely, etc.

compromisers

diminishers

minimizers

approximators

kind of, quite, etc.

partly, slightly, etc.

a bit, barely, etc.

almost, nearly, etc.


viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ = in that way/ that way

+ favor final conditions

+ co-occur with dynamic verbs,

not stative verbs

E.g.: They live frugally.

Tear gas was indiscriminatively

sprayed on the protesters.

AdjunctsAdjuncts3viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

E.g.: They walked in single file.

E.g.: I go to school by car.

E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.

manner

means

instrument

11/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

general

volitional

formulaic

With great unease, they elected him as their leader.

deliberately, intentionally, on purpose, willingly, with reluctance, etc.

please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.

12/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ denote position, direction, movement, and passage+ most are prepositional phrases; adverb phrases and noun phrases used frequently+ used only with verbs of motions or other dynamic verbs denoting directionE.g.: She works a long way from here. We’re moving some furniture into the kitchen.

13/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

direction

position

I take the book from the shelf.She ran past the church.

I live in a small village.He is over there.

14/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

15/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

+ point of timeE.g.: today, tomorrow+ boundary of timeE.g.: afterwards

16/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency + length of timeE.g.: briefly+ from the preceding point in timeE.g.: since

17/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

+ definite - period: E.g.: daily - number: E.g.: twice

+ indefinite - usual occurrence: E.g.: usually - continuous/continual: E.g.: always - high: E.g.: often - low/zero: occasionally, never

18/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

first, still, yet, already, etc.

19/21


focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ expressing purpose, cause, reason, source or originE.g.: He took the book from me. They symbolically buried the car as a protest against pollution.

20/21


RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS

1. In final position: process - place - timeE.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole morning (time).2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguityE.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire had been (A2).4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).

See more in 8.3

DisjunctsDisjuncts41/3

DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts

Most disjuncts are prepositional phrases or clause

See more in 8.47 - 8.52


DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts

• convey the speaker’s comment on the form of what he is saying, defining in some way under what conditions he is speakingE.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire? Personally, I don’t approve of her. Very frankly, I am tired.


DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts• convey the speaker’s comment on the content of what he is saying• generally appear only on declarative clausesE.g.: Obviously, no one expected us. Understandably, they were all annoyed when reading the letter.

ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS 1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases

or prepositional phrases.

2. The normal position for most conjuncts

is initial.

3. Conjuncts often have a separate

tone unit.

1/15

See more in 8.53 - 8.56

ConjunctsConjuncts5CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

2/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing, for another thing; for a start, to begin with, next, then…

3/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, above all,what is more, then (informal), etc.

4/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.

5/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

by the way, incidentally, etc.

6/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.

7/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

namely, in other words, for instance,that is, that is to say, for example, etc.

8/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.

9/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.

10/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

better, rather, in other words, etc.

11/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc.

12/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, etc.

13/15


Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, stillnevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after allin spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.

14/15

ConjunctsConjuncts515/15

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

meantime, meanwhile, in the mean time, etc.

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Exercises 121-147 Workbook

week 11 adverbial, adjuncts, conjuncts, disjuncts

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