WEEE system in the EU and in NorwayChallenges, results and experience

Rune Opheim

Norwegian Pollution Control Authority

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BACKGROUND BACKGROUND FOR THE EU DIRECTIVESFOR THE EU DIRECTIVES

Our challenge…

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WWEEEEEE

WWaste aste EElectrical & lectrical & EElectronic lectronic EEquipmentquipment

4WHY DO WE NEED LEGISLATION ON WHY DO WE NEED LEGISLATION ON WEEE?WEEE?

Reduce quantities of wasteReduce quantities of waste

More reuse and recycling More reuse and recycling

Efficient takeback systemsEfficient takeback systems

Environmentally sound Environmentally sound productsproducts

Safe treatment of waste Safe treatment of waste hazardous componentshazardous components

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- Mercury, other heavy metals- Mercury, other heavy metals- PCBs- PCBs- Flame retardants- Flame retardants- “Greenhouse” gasses- “Greenhouse” gasses- Asbestos- Asbestos- “Cancer makers” (i.e. PAH)- “Cancer makers” (i.e. PAH)

May poison people, animals, May poison people, animals, crops and nature, and damage crops and nature, and damage DNA (heredity). Some will stay DNA (heredity). Some will stay in nature for thousands of in nature for thousands of years if not correctly treatedyears if not correctly treated!!

WIHICH HAZARDOUS COMPO-NENTS WIHICH HAZARDOUS COMPO-NENTS ARE COMMON IN WEEE?ARE COMMON IN WEEE?

6Because of PCBs, he may not be able to breed...

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RoHSRoHSNational National

legislation from legislation from July 2006July 2006

RoHSRoHSNational National

legislation from legislation from July 2006July 2006

WEEEWEEENational National

legislation fromlegislation fromAugust 2005August 2005

WEEEWEEENational National

legislation fromlegislation fromAugust 2005August 2005

EXISTING DIRECTIVESEXISTING DIRECTIVES

Restriction on Restriction on hazardous hazardous

substances in substances in electrical and electrical and

electronic productselectronic products

Six banned Six banned substancessubstances

Both product and Both product and waste regulationswaste regulations

Producer respon-Producer respon-sibility. Collection, sibility. Collection,

treatment, recyclingtreatment, recycling

Marking & Marking & documentationdocumentation

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Eco-design of Energy-using Eco-design of Energy-using Products – EuP DirectiveProducts – EuP Directive

All “energy-using products” All “energy-using products” (except transport vehicles)(except transport vehicles)

Harmonise eco-design Harmonise eco-design – – harmonised standards to be madeharmonised standards to be made

Marking and declaration of conformity Marking and declaration of conformity – – will affect the CE Markingwill affect the CE Marking

EuP proposals published August 2003, EuP proposals published August 2003, adopted in 2005adopted in 2005

EuPEuPNational National

legislation legislation from 2007 from 2007

EuPEuPNational National

legislation legislation from 2007 from 2007

ADDITIONAL DIRECTIVEADDITIONAL DIRECTIVE

9STATUS WEEE LEGISTLATIONSTATUS WEEE LEGISTLATION

Norway: Full range WEEE Norway: Full range WEEE system since 1999system since 1999

Before 2005: Systems in Before 2005: Systems in operation in about 10 countriesoperation in about 10 countries

The WEEE Directive is now The WEEE Directive is now implemented in national law in implemented in national law in most EU countries. In force most EU countries. In force before 01.01.2007before 01.01.2007

Limited 1-2 year derogations for Limited 1-2 year derogations for some new member statessome new member states

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GLOBAL ELECTROSCRAP PRODUCER GLOBAL ELECTROSCRAP PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY BY 2010RESPONSIBILITY BY 2010??

11WHICH LEGISTLATION MUST WHICH LEGISTLATION MUST PRODUCERS COMPLY WITH?PRODUCERS COMPLY WITH?

Producers must comply with Producers must comply with national legislation – national legislation – notnot the the DirectivesDirectives

Member State decisions on:Member State decisions on:- legal requirements - legal requirements - penalties- penalties- enforcement authorities- enforcement authorities

Directives set the structure and Directives set the structure and requirements for the implemen-requirements for the implemen-tation into national legislationtation into national legislation

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RoHSRoHSRoHSRoHS WEEEWEEEWEEEWEEE

AMBITIONS IN NATIONAL LEGISLATIONAMBITIONS IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Harmonised directiveHarmonised directive

Same ambition in all Same ambition in all member statesmember states

Minimum directiveMinimum directive

More ambitious More ambitious legislation in some legislation in some

countries, especially countries, especially on scopeon scope

13OBLIGATIONS FOR ALL PRODU-CERS OBLIGATIONS FOR ALL PRODU-CERS SELLING IN EUROPESELLING IN EUROPE

All new EEE products must All new EEE products must - NOT contain the six banned NOT contain the six banned substances in RoHS Directivesubstances in RoHS Directive- be (CEN standard) marked, be (CEN standard) marked, + waste info in manuals etc.+ waste info in manuals etc.

IMPORTES into Europe fulfil the IMPORTES into Europe fulfil the producer responsibilityproducer responsibility

Info to future treatment plants:Info to future treatment plants:- hazardous components, - hazardous components, - to promote recycling & reuse- to promote recycling & reuse

14PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS IN PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS IN MEMBER STATESMEMBER STATES

15WEEE PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITYWEEE PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY– – Product & waste flow Product & waste flow (simplified)

producer

distributor

importer

consumer

Collection point

New products

Waste products

Waste treatment

Money to pay for waste treatment

$

The producer/ importer must pay for the waste treatmentThe producer/ importer must pay for the waste treatment

These costs will be part of the product’s priceThese costs will be part of the product’s price

The producer/ importer may choose to take care of his own productsThe producer/ importer may choose to take care of his own products

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Consumers can deliver Consumers can deliver waste electrical and waste electrical and electronic products electronic products (WEEE) to collection (WEEE) to collection points and / or shopspoints and / or shops

Free of chargeFree of charge

Also collection of Also collection of business wastebusiness waste

WHAT SHALL OWNERS DO WITH WHAT SHALL OWNERS DO WITH SCRAPPED EQUIPMENT?SCRAPPED EQUIPMENT?

17Takeback companies pick up Takeback companies pick up WEEE from shops and munici-WEEE from shops and munici-palities palities all over the countryall over the country

Regional points where WEEE is Regional points where WEEE is sorted and stored before it is sent sorted and stored before it is sent to treatment plantsto treatment plants

The takeback companies buy The takeback companies buy services from treatment plants services from treatment plants (domestic and abroad)(domestic and abroad)

The takeback companies check The takeback companies check that treatment plants perform that treatment plants perform well. ISO 14000 certification or well. ISO 14000 certification or EMAS are often required.EMAS are often required.

WEEE WEEE LOGISTICSLOGISTICS

- example

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- Remove liquids and - Remove liquids and hazardous components hazardous components

- Send as much as - Send as much as possible for reuse or possible for reuse or recycling, recycling, (minimum (minimum recycling rates in the recycling rates in the WEEE Directive)WEEE Directive)

- Report quantities and - Report quantities and recycling datarecycling data

WHAT WILL THEY DO IN THE WHAT WILL THEY DO IN THE TREATMENT PLANTS?TREATMENT PLANTS?

WEEE Annex II, incl. Guidance Document:WEEE Annex II, incl. Guidance Document:

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Treatment plants must be licensed by national Treatment plants must be licensed by national authorities. National decisions on how “their” authorities. National decisions on how “their” EE-waste shall be treated (minimum directive). EE-waste shall be treated (minimum directive). But many will follow the guidance documentBut many will follow the guidance document

WHAT IS REQUIRED TO RUN WHAT IS REQUIRED TO RUN TREATMENT PLANTS?TREATMENT PLANTS?

Quality / management Quality / management systems as ISO 14000 or systems as ISO 14000 or EMAS are often required.EMAS are often required.

Treatment plants outside Treatment plants outside the EU must follow the the EU must follow the same requirements. Export same requirements. Export restrictions to ensure thisrestrictions to ensure this

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IMPACT OF WEEE SYSTEMS - IMPACT OF WEEE SYSTEMS - NORWEGIAN EXPERIENCENORWEGIAN EXPERIENCE

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Good cooperation in countries Good cooperation in countries with existing WEEE systems with existing WEEE systems

A few systems in other countries A few systems in other countries withoutwithout producer responsibility producer responsibility have now been changedhave now been changed

Industry organize into PRO’s - Industry organize into PRO’s - Producer Responsibility Organi-Producer Responsibility Organi-zations. They “do the job” for zations. They “do the job” for producers and importers producers and importers

Often voluntary agreements Often voluntary agreements between authorities & industrybetween authorities & industry

COOPERATION WITH INDUSTRYCOOPERATION WITH INDUSTRY

22INDUSTRY & PUBLIC ATTITUDEINDUSTRY & PUBLIC ATTITUDE

Industry differs from enthusiastic Industry differs from enthusiastic to negative. Much discussion to negative. Much discussion within- and between organizationswithin- and between organizations

Distributors: Differing opinions Distributors: Differing opinions

Environmentalists and consumer Environmentalists and consumer organisations not very activeorganisations not very active

Scepticism and some frustration in Scepticism and some frustration in some of newer MS - this kind of some of newer MS - this kind of cooperation with industry appears cooperation with industry appears strangestrange

Public positive – if they get Public positive – if they get enough and correct informationenough and correct information

23AUTHORITITES - SUPERVISIONAUTHORITITES - SUPERVISION

Surprisingly many producers Surprisingly many producers and importers (14.000 in and importers (14.000 in Norway!)Norway!)

““Free rider problem” – risk of Free rider problem” – risk of undermining good systemsundermining good systems

Tough competition - small Tough competition - small margins – tempting to “cheat”margins – tempting to “cheat”

““Legislation testing”Legislation testing”

Essential that authorities are Essential that authorities are willing to stand by what they willing to stand by what they have put into their legislationhave put into their legislation

24SYSTEM COSTS & BENEFITS IN SYSTEM COSTS & BENEFITS IN NORWAYNORWAY

Total import & production Total import & production near 10 billion € a yearnear 10 billion € a year

System costs: 30 mill € System costs: 30 mill €

System costs = 0,3 % of System costs = 0,3 % of value. No significant effect on value. No significant effect on product prices, but new jobs product prices, but new jobs and business opportunities!and business opportunities!

80-90 % collection, 15-20 kg 80-90 % collection, 15-20 kg per capita. Directive requires per capita. Directive requires 4 kg. by 2006. Treatment 4 kg. by 2006. Treatment standard as in directivestandard as in directive

25COLLECTION RESULTS – Norway COLLECTION RESULTS – Norway

26NorwayNorway::

Expensive work Expensive work forceforce

Challenging Challenging infrastructureinfrastructure

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Effective cooperation with Effective cooperation with industry. Use of market forces industry. Use of market forces instead of “hide and seek”instead of “hide and seek”

Effective WEEE collection - Effective WEEE collection - Public information essentialPublic information essential

““Small appliances problem”Small appliances problem”

Complicated directive text, Complicated directive text, unclear compromisesunclear compromises

Catch the “big fish” firstCatch the “big fish” first

Local practical, economical Local practical, economical and cultural understanding and cultural understanding essential essential

SYSTEM CHALLENGESSYSTEM CHALLENGES

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WEEE systems:WEEE systems:

It It isis possible possible in Norwayin Norway

In CroatiaIn Croatia

……and in the rest of the World!and in the rest of the World!

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THE THE NORWEGIAN NORWEGIAN

WEEE SYSTEMWEEE SYSTEM

How is it organized?How is it organized?

Who does what?Who does what?

30REVISION OF NORWEGIAN WEEE REVISION OF NORWEGIAN WEEE SYSTEM FROM 1999SYSTEM FROM 1999

Implement WEEE- DirectiveImplement WEEE- Directive- New treatment requirementsNew treatment requirements- Allow individual producer responsibilityAllow individual producer responsibility- Marking, Financial guaranteeMarking, Financial guarantee- Producer registerProducer register

Implement RoHS-directiveImplement RoHS-directive

Domestic challenge to get rid of free riders and Domestic challenge to get rid of free riders and make the system more understandablemake the system more understandable

””Robust & simple”Robust & simple”””Don’t change a winning team!”Don’t change a winning team!”

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Wider than Directive: Wider than Directive: ”Everything with any kind ”Everything with any kind of electrical current”of electrical current” except loose batteries and except loose batteries and transport vehiclestransport vehicles

Same scope for consumers and business wasteSame scope for consumers and business waste

Cooling equipment containing CFCCooling equipment containing CFC

According to WEEE Directive Norway has to According to WEEE Directive Norway has to introduce producer responsibility (costs are now introduce producer responsibility (costs are now paid by municipalities)paid by municipalities)

CFC will be taken into the WEEE system, and CFC will be taken into the WEEE system, and existing regulation deleted.existing regulation deleted.

SCOPE OF NORWEGIAN REGULATIONSCOPE OF NORWEGIAN REGULATION

32PRODUCER’S OBLIGATIONSPRODUCER’S OBLIGATIONS

Be a member of a takeback system covering Be a member of a takeback system covering the producer/importer’s productsthe producer/importer’s products

All members of the product chain must be All members of the product chain must be members – the takeback system will share the members – the takeback system will share the costs between themcosts between them

Exports to other EU/EEA countries must be Exports to other EU/EEA countries must be reportedreported

Distance sellers must take part in other Distance sellers must take part in other countries national systemscountries national systems

Information to consumers and professional Information to consumers and professional users (general requirement)users (general requirement)

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Takeback Takeback system system (scheme)(scheme)

Must be certified

Pollution Pollution controlcontrol

AuthorityAuthority

Documentexamination.

Verification

Third party

Accredi-tation

Authorities' criteriafor takeback systems

to be certified (legal requirements)

Buying services

Certifying

-statement that criteria

ere met

THIRD PARTY CERTIFICATIONTHIRD PARTY CERTIFICATION

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AuthoritiesAuthorities'' (SFT) list of criteria which must be met (SFT) list of criteria which must be met by takeback systems to be certifiedby takeback systems to be certified

Annul revisions. Re certifying every 3Annul revisions. Re certifying every 3thth year year

Only environmental controllers accepted as Only environmental controllers accepted as certifying bodies in the EMAS and ISO 14000 certifying bodies in the EMAS and ISO 14000 systems can be accredited systems can be accredited (6 such in Norway)(6 such in Norway)

More efficient supervision – polluter paysMore efficient supervision – polluter pays

More fair regulations, lacking authorities recourses More fair regulations, lacking authorities recourses will not undermine the systemwill not undermine the system

Get rid of unserious attempts to make takeback Get rid of unserious attempts to make takeback systems. Order and efficiency pays!systems. Order and efficiency pays!

New business opportunitiesNew business opportunities

THIRD PARTY CERTIFICATIONTHIRD PARTY CERTIFICATION

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accredited 3rd PARTYENVIRON-

MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Certified TAKEBACK SYSTEMS (PROs)

PRODUCERS IMPORTERS

Domestic treatment

plants

Abroad treatment

plants

HOW ARE THEY CONNECTED…HOW ARE THEY CONNECTED…

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WEEE Directive requirements are part of criteria for WEEE Directive requirements are part of criteria for takeback systems to be certifiedtakeback systems to be certified

Treatment data also coveredTreatment data also covered

Certifying body Certifying body (third party) (third party) will also have to check that will also have to check that all treatment facilities meet the criteriaall treatment facilities meet the criteria

Document examination and verificationsDocument examination and verifications

Treatment facilities with EMAS or ISO 14000 will be Treatment facilities with EMAS or ISO 14000 will be significantly cheaper to usesignificantly cheaper to use

County governor will licence Norwegian facilities, but County governor will licence Norwegian facilities, but this does this does notnot include include howhow the EE waste is treated the EE waste is treated as as long as the plant does not pollutelong as the plant does not pollute

Export according to Basel conventionExport according to Basel convention

WEEE TREATMENTWEEE TREATMENT

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individual

accredited 3rd PARTY

DDISTRI-BUTORS

MUNICI-PALITIES

collective

ENVIRON-MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

COUNTY GOVERNOR

Certified TAKEBACK SYSTEMS (PROs)

Domestic treatment

plants

Abroad treatment

plants

PRODUCERS IMPORTERS

HOW ARE THEY CONNECTED…HOW ARE THEY CONNECTED…

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Receive EE Waste Receive EE Waste - free of charge if household wastefree of charge if household waste- one to one base, free of charge if business wasteone to one base, free of charge if business waste

Distributor will only have to receive the product types Distributor will only have to receive the product types he sellshe sells

Distributors obligation also covers distant sellingDistributors obligation also covers distant selling

Sorting, storing an forwarding of EE-wasteSorting, storing an forwarding of EE-waste

Provide information for consumers. Distributors must Provide information for consumers. Distributors must also provide information in shop placards, on web also provide information in shop placards, on web sites etc.sites etc.

Only obliged to deliver to collective schemes, but may Only obliged to deliver to collective schemes, but may make appointments with individual ones.make appointments with individual ones.

DRISTIBUTORS & MUNICIPALITIESDRISTIBUTORS & MUNICIPALITIES

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Each producer is allowed to finance treatment of his Each producer is allowed to finance treatment of his own products own products (as stated in directive)(as stated in directive)

Special criteria for individually financed systemsSpecial criteria for individually financed systems

Financial guarantee Financial guarantee (”Pay as you go” for collective schemes)(”Pay as you go” for collective schemes)

No extra costs for tax payers, collective schemes or for No extra costs for tax payers, collective schemes or for anyone elseanyone else

To be certified, individual systems must show that To be certified, individual systems must show that they’re likely to collect their scrapped products on they’re likely to collect their scrapped products on their own their own (deposits, product registers etc.)(deposits, product registers etc.)

Individually financed systems must also pay to Individually financed systems must also pay to collective schemes, according to WEEE Directivecollective schemes, according to WEEE Directive

INDIVIDUALLY FINANCED TAKEBACK INDIVIDUALLY FINANCED TAKEBACK SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

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Collect, sum up and report import, production, Collect, sum up and report import, production, collection and treatment datacollection and treatment data

Collect export data. Inform receiving countriesCollect export data. Inform receiving countries

Calculate supply of goods, and inform producers & Calculate supply of goods, and inform producers & importers about their obligation, and which takeback importers about their obligation, and which takeback systems that offer relevant servicessystems that offer relevant services

Compare members lists for certified takeback Compare members lists for certified takeback systems with customs and tax systems import and systems with customs and tax systems import and production data to find free ridersproduction data to find free riders

Inform free riders, and make free riders lists Inform free riders, and make free riders lists available for the authorities (SFT)available for the authorities (SFT)

Financial guarantee for individual schemesFinancial guarantee for individual schemes

Controled by SFT, paid by takeback systemsControled by SFT, paid by takeback systems

REGISTER OF PRODUCERSREGISTER OF PRODUCERS

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individual

accredited 3rd PARTY

DDISTRI-BUTORS

MUNICI-PALITIES

collective

COUNTY GOVERNOR

Certified TAKEBACK SYSTEMS (PROs)

Domestic treatment

plants

Abroad treatment

plants

PRODUCERS IMPORTERS

PRODUCER-REGISTER

ENVIRON-MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

HOW ARE THEY CONNECTED…HOW ARE THEY CONNECTED…

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Ensure that ”non profit” takeback systems are Ensure that ”non profit” takeback systems are available for all kinds of EE waste (collectively available for all kinds of EE waste (collectively financed schemes)financed schemes)

Ensure good communication between industry Ensure good communication between industry organisations and authoritiesorganisations and authorities

Collection target: 80 per cent of generated EE Collection target: 80 per cent of generated EE waste waste (already achieved)(already achieved)

- This goal is not linked to the legal - This goal is not linked to the legal requirementsrequirements

- Important for industry organizations to have - Important for industry organizations to have their own goal to motivate their members.their own goal to motivate their members.

VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTSVOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS

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Put into the Norwegian Product Control ActPut into the Norwegian Product Control Act

Marking of new products according to the WEEE Marking of new products according to the WEEE Directive and coming CEN standardDirective and coming CEN standard

Information for the treatment plantsInformation for the treatment plants

Includes a “straight forward” implementing of Includes a “straight forward” implementing of the RoHS Directivethe RoHS Directive

Harmonized requirements in the whole EU/EEA Harmonized requirements in the whole EU/EEA areaarea

MARKING AND OTHER MARKING AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW EE REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW EE PRODUCTSPRODUCTS

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Close cooperation with industry and other NGOs Close cooperation with industry and other NGOs makes our job easier. Formal stakeholder makes our job easier. Formal stakeholder consultations not enough!consultations not enough!

SFT suggestions to Ministry of Environment. The SFT suggestions to Ministry of Environment. The Minster decides. Minster decides.

Revised regulation proclaimed in April 2005 Revised regulation proclaimed in April 2005

Detailed certification criteria, including treatment Detailed certification criteria, including treatment and reporting obligations proclaimed in February and reporting obligations proclaimed in February 20062006

Running Register of producers set out on Public Running Register of producers set out on Public Tender. Paid by Industry Tender. Paid by Industry

New system into force July 1New system into force July 1stst 2006 2006

HOW DO WE WORKHOW DO WE WORK