webster d. l. a possible explanation of tertiary line spectra in x-rays 1924

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8/10/2019 Webster D. L. a Possible Explanation of Tertiary Line Spectra in X-Rays 1924 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/webster-d-l-a-possible-explanation-of-tertiary-line-spectra-in-x-rays-1924 1/6 PHYSICS: D. L. WEBSTER culture has demonstrated, at least, that more than one thousandgenera- tions may be attained, and makes practically positive the conclusion that Spathidium spathula can reproduce indefinitely without recourse to endo- mixis or conjugation when entirelysuitable environmental conditions are supplied. 1 Dujardin: Histoire natureUe des Zoophytes: Infusoires, Paris, 1841; Maupas: Re- cherches experimentales. sur la multiplication des Infusoires cili6s, Arch. zool.ex p6ru. gen., 2me ser., 6, 1888; Calkins:Death of the A-series of Paramecium Caudatum; Conclusions, J. Exper. Zool., 1, 1904; Woodruff: Tw o Thousand Generations of Para- mecium, Arch. Protistenk., 21, 1911; Woodruff: The Present Status of the Long-con- tinued Pedigree Culture of Parameciium Aurelia at Yale University, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 1921. 2 Woodruff and Spencer: Studies on Spathidium Spathula, II, Th e Significance of Conjugation, J. Exper. Zool., 39,1924. Moore: EndomixisandlEncystmentinSpath- idium Spathula. Ibid., 39, 1924. 3 Calkins: Uroleptus Mobilis. III. A Study of Vitality, J. Exper. Zool., 31, 1920. Calkins: What did Maupas Mean? Amer. Nat., 57, 1923. Moore: A Further Contribution to the Study of the Efects of Conjugation and En- cystment in Spathidium Spathula, J. Exper. Zool. (in press). A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF TERTIARY LINE SPECTRA IN X-RA YS By DAVID L. WEBSTER STANFORD UNIVURSITY Communicated March 10, 1924 In two recent numbers of these PROCEEDINGS, Clark and Duane report the discovery of unexpected peaks in the ionization spectra of secondary X-rays. A pair of these are shown in the accompanying figure, where the curve with the experimental points is copied fromClark and Duane s second paper, and represents the spectrum of tungsten rays scattered from molybdenum. The tungsten K lines show in their usual positions, in two orders; and the molybdenum K lines, which are off the scale of angles in thisfigure, are shown in the original. The two unexpected peaks are the ones between the two orders of the tungsten lines. Clark and Duane explain these peaks as follows: K electron in a molybdenum atom absorbs a quantum of one of the tungsten lines and starts out as a photoelectron, with energy given by de Broglie s2 law, E = (hv -hK) where v is the primary frequency and vK is the molybdenum K-limit frequency. It then strikes other molybdenum atoms, producinga con- 186 PROC. N. A. S.

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Page 1: Webster D. L. a Possible Explanation of Tertiary Line Spectra in X-Rays 1924

8/10/2019 Webster D. L. a Possible Explanation of Tertiary Line Spectra in X-Rays 1924

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/webster-d-l-a-possible-explanation-of-tertiary-line-spectra-in-x-rays-1924 1/6

P H Y S I C S : D . L . WEBSTER

c u l t u r eh a s d e m o n s t r a t e d ,a t l e a s t ,t h a t m o r e t h a n o n et h o u s a n dg e n e r a -

t i o n smay b e a t t a i n e d ,a n d

m a k e sp r a c t i c a l l yp o s i t i v et h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t

S p a t h i d i u ms p a t h u l ac a n r e p r o d u c ei n d e f i n i t e l yw i t h o u t r e c o u r s e t o e n d o -m i x i s o r c o n j u g a t i o n w h e n e n t i r e l ys u i t a b l ee n v i r o n m e n t a lc o n d i t i o n sa r e s u p p l i e d .

1 D u j a r d i n : H i s t o i r en a t u r e U ed e sZ o o p h y t e s :I n f u s o i r e s ,P a r i s ,1 8 4 1 ;M a u p a s : R e -c h e r c h e s e x p e r i m e n t a l e s .s u r l a m u l t i p l i c a t i o nd e s I n f u s o i r e sc i l i 6 s ,A r c h . z o o l . e xp 6 r u .g e n . ,2me s e r . , 6 , 1 8 8 8 ; C a l k i n s : D e a t h o f t h e A - s e r i e so f P a r a m e c i u mC a u d a t u m ;C o n c l u s i o n s , J . E x p e r . Z o o l . ,1 , 1 9 0 4 ; W o o d r u f f :Tw o T h o u s a n dG e n e r a t i o n so f P a r a -m e c i u m ,A r c h . P r o t i s t e n k . ,2 1 ,1 9 1 1 ; W o o d r u f f : T h e P r e s e n t S t a t u s o f t h e L o n g - c o n -t i n u e d P e d i g r e e C u l t u r e o f P a r a m e c i i u mA u r e l i aa t Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y , P r o c .N a t . A c a d .S c i . , 7 ,1 9 2 1 .

2 W o o d r u f fa n d S p e n c e r : S t u d i e s on S p a t h i d i u mS p a t h u l a ,I I , Th e S i g n i f i c a n c eo fC o n j u g a t i o n , J . E x p e r . Z o o l . ,3 9 , 1 9 2 4 . M o o r e : E n d o m i x i s a n d l E n c y s t m e n t i n S p a t h -i d i u m S p a t h u l a . I b i d . ,3 9 , 1 9 2 4 .

3 C a l k i n s : U r o l e p t u s M o b i l i s . I I I . A S t u d y o f V i t a l i t y ,J . E x p e r . Z o o l . ,3 1 ,1 9 2 0 . C a l k i n s : W h a t d i d Maupas Mean? A m e r . N a t . ,5 7 , 1 9 2 3 .

M o o r e : A F u r t h e r C o n t r i b u t i o nt o t h e S t u d yo ft h e E f e c t so fC o n j u g a t i o na n d E n -c y s t m e n ti n S p a t h i d i u mS p a t h u l a , J . E x p e r . Z o o l .( i np r e s s ) .

A P O S S I B L E E X P L A N AT I O NO F TERTIARY LINE SPECTRA I NX-RA Y S

By D AV I D L . WEBSTER

S T A N F O R DU N I V U R S I T Y

C o m m u n i c a t e dMarch 1 0 , 1 9 2 4

I n t w o r e c e n t n u m b e r so f t h e s e P R O C E E D I N G S ,C l a r k a n d D u a n e r e p o r tt h e d i s c o v e r yo f u n e x p e c t e dp e a k s i n t h e i o n i z a t i o ns p e c t r a o f s e c o n d a r yX - r a y s . A p a i ro f t h e s e a r e s h o w ni n t h e a c c o m p a n y i n gf i g u r e ,w h e r e

t h e c u r v e w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a lp o i n t si s c o p i e df r o m C l a r k a n d D u a n e ss e c o n d p a p e r , a n d r e p r e s e n t st h e s p e c t r u mo f t u n g s t e n r a y s s c a t t e r e df r o m m o l y b d e n u m .T h e t u n g s t e n K l i n e ss h o w i n t h e i ru s u a l p o s i t i o n s ,i n t w o o r d e r s ;a n d t h e m o l y b d e n u mK l i n e s ,w h i c h a r e o f f t h e s c a l eo fa n g l e s i n t h i sf i g u r e ,a r e s h o w ni n t h e o r i g i n a l .T h e t w o u n e x p e c t e dp e a k sa r e t h e o n e s b e t w e e nt h e t w o o r d e r s o f t h e t u n g s t e nl i n e s .

C l a r k a n d D u a n e e x p l a i nt h e s e p e a k s a s f o l l o w s : K e l e c t r o ni n am o l y b d e n u ma t o m a b s o r b s a q u a n t u mo f o n e o f t h e t u n g s t e n l i n e sa n ds t a r t so u t a s a p h o t o e l e c t r o n ,w i t h e n e r g y g i v e nb y d e B r o g l i e s 2l a w ,

E = ( h v - h K )w h e r e v i s t h e p r i m a r y f r e q u e n c ya n d v K i s t h e m o l y b d e n u mK - l i m i tf r e q u e n c y .I t t h e n s t r i k e so t h e r m o l y b d e n u ma t o m s , p r o d u c i n ga c o n -

1 8 6 P R O C .N . A . S .

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P H Y S I C S : D . L . WEBSTER

t i n u o us s p e c t r u m ,o f t e r t i a r yX - r a y s , w h o s e maximum f r e q u e n c y i s

V m a x = = J V K

T h i s c o n t i n u o u ss p e c t r u mi s t h e n a s s u m e dt o b e s o n a r r o w e dd o w nb yf i l t r a t i o ni n e m e r g i n gf r o m t h e m o l y b d e n u mt h a t i t a p p e a r s f i n a l l ya s an a r r o w p e a k .

T h i s e x p l a n a t i o ni s o p e n t o t w o s e r i o u so b j e c t i o n s .Th e f i r s t ,n o t e d b y C o m p t o n , i s t h a t s u c h p h o t o e l e c t r o n sc o u l d n o t b e

e x p e c t e dt o a c t o n o t h e r m o l y b d e n u ma t o m s i n a n y w ay d i f f e r e n tf r o mt h e a c t i o n o f o r d i n a r y c a t h o d er a y s o f t h e s a m e e n e r g y ; a n d f r o m k n o w ne f f i c i e n c i e so f e x c i t a t i o no f X - r a y s o n e w o u l d e x p e c t t h e e n e r g y o f t h er e s u l t i n g t e r t i a r ybeam t o b e t o o s m a l l t o o b s e r v e ,e v e nw i t h o u tt h e f u r t h e rr e d u c t i o n i n f i l t e r i n g .

T h e o t h e r o b j e c t i o ni s t h a t t o c h a n g ea n o r d i n a r yc o n t i n u o u ss p e c t r u mt o s u c h a n a r r o wp e a k w o u l dt a k e a m o s t e x c e s s i v eamount o f f i l t e r i n g . ;w h e r e a s a s i m p l e c a l c u l a t i o ns h o w s t h a t i f t h e p r i m a r y r a y s e n t e r t h em o l y b d e n u ma t a n a n g l e0 t o t h e s u r f a c ea n d t h e t e r t i a r yr a y s l e a v e a t

0 , t h e f i l t e r i n gi s g i v e n b y t h e e q u a t i o n

I = c o n s t . c s c 0 j h C S C0

w h e r e I i s t h e t e r t i a r y - r a yi n t e n s i t ya s o b s e r v e dt h r o u g ht h e s p e c t r o m -e t e rs l i t sa n d i i s t h e t e r t i a r yr a d i a t i o nf r o m o n e a t o m , w i t h o u tf i l t e r i n g .E v e n u n d e r t h e most f a v o r a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s ,w i t h 0 a l m o s t z e r o ,t h i sa m o u n t so n l y t o

I = c o n s t . - ,

T h e r e s u l t so f s u c h f i l t e r i n ga r e s h o w ni n t h e T h i c k - T a r g e tS p e c t r a ,i n t h e l o w e rp a r t o f t h e f i g u r e ,w h e r et h e f i l t e r e do n e i s f o ra t y p i c a lc a s e ,0 = 0 = 4 5 0 . C l a r k a n d D u a n e d o n o t g i v et h e i ra n g l e s ,b u t e v e nw i t h 0 = 0 t h e c u r v e w o u l d d i f f e rf r o m t h a t b y l e s st h a n t w i c e t h ew i d t h o f t h e l e t t e r i n gu n d e r t h a t c u r v e . To e x p l a i nt h e o b s e r v e _p e a k si n t e r m s o f s u c h s p e c t r a i s q u i t ei m p o s s i b l e .

We mus t t h e r e f o r emake some o t h e r h y p o t h e s i s .R e t u r n i n g t o t h eq u e s t i o n o f i n t e n s i t y ,i f t h e m o l y b d e n u ma t o m s w h i c ht h e p h o t o e l e c t r o n ss t r i k ea f t e rl e a v i n gt h e e j e c t i n ga t o m sc a n n o tg i v ei t , h ow a b o u t t h e e j e c t -i n ga t o m s t h e m s e l v e s ?T h o s ea t o m sb e a r a r e l a t i o nt o t h e p h o t o e l e c t r o n s

d i f f e r e n tf r o m t h e

r e l a t i o n o fa n ya tom t o a c a t h o d e

r a y ,a n d

may p e r h a p sh a v e a n u n p r e c e d e n t e dp r o b a b i l i t yo f r a d i a t i n g .I n f a c tan a n a l o g yf o rt h i sma y b e f o u n d i n E l l i s s 4d i s c o v e r yo f t h e u n u s u a l t e n d e n c yf o r a na t o m e m i t t i n g y - r a y st o r e a b s o r b t h e m a n dg i v et h e i re n e r g y t o p h o t o -

V O L .1 0 ,1 9 2 4 - 1 8 7

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e l e c t r o n s ;a n d t h e p r e s e n t a s s u m p t i o ni s a l m o s t t h a t o f a p r o c e s s i n v e r s et o E l l i s s .

A s s u m i n gt h e p r o b a b i l i t yo fs u c h r a d i a t i o nt o b e o fa much g r e a t e ro r d e ro f m a g n i t u d et h a n t h e v e r y s m a l l r a d i a t i o np r o b a b i l i t i e so r d i n a r i l yf o u n d ,o n e c a n n o t c a l c u l a t et h e r e s u l t i n gs p e c t r u mf r o m t h e o r d i n a r y d a t a o nt h i c k t a r g e t s ,w h e r et h e c a t h o d er a y s ma y make r a d i a t i n gi m p a c t sa t a n ys t a g e o f t h e i rm o t i o ni n t h e t a r g e t ,a n d t h e r e f o r ea t a n yk i n e t i ce n e r g yf r o mt h e i ri n i t i a le n e r g y d own t o z e r o . R a t h e r t h a n t h a t ,o n e must c a l c u l a t ei t f r o m t h e s p e c t r a o f t h i nt a r g e t s ,w h e r ei m p a c t sc a n o c c u r o n l y a t t h ei n i t i a le n e r g y o r n o t a t a l l . F o r t h e m o s t p r o b a b l ef o r m o f a t h i n - t a r g e t

s p e c t r u m ,d a t a a r e

a v a i l a b l ei na

p a p e r b yW e b s t e ra n d

H e n n i n g s , 5a n d

t h e e n e r g i e st o b e a s s u m e da r e p r o b a b l y t h o s e w i t h w h i c h t h e p h o t o -e l e c t r o ns t r i k e st h e o t h e r e l e c t r o n si n t h e e j e c t i n gatom w h i l e o n i t s w ayo u t .

S i n c e t h e L e l e c t r o n sa r e n e a r e s t t h e K , o n t h e a v e r a g e , a n d t h e c h a r -a c t e r i s t i ce m i s s i o ns p e c t r a s h o wt h a t t h e y a r e t h e o n e s m o s t l i k e l yt o f a l li n t oa n y v a c a n c yi n t h e K s h e l l ,w e may a s s u m et h e e n e r g y f o r most o ft h e i m p a c t si s n o t C l a r k a n d D u a n e s h ( v - K ) ,b u t h ( v -v K ) . L i k e -w i s e t h e n e x tm o s t i m p o r t a n tt y p e o f c o l l i s i o n si s o n t h e M e l e c t r o n s ,w i t he n e r g y

hh v- V K P ,a n d f i n a l l yw e h a v e a f e w a t

h ( v V K ,

C o l l i s i o n so f a l l t h e s e t y p e s m a y o f c o u r s e o c c u r w i t h e l e c t r o n se x c i t e db y p r i m a r yr a y s o f a n y f r e q u e n c ya b o v et h e m o l y b d e n u mK l i m i t s ,t h e r e -f o r ee s p e c i a l l ys t r o n g s p e c t r a m ay b e p r e d i c t e d f o ra l l v a l u e s o f v g i v e nb y t h e t u n g s t e nl i n e s . T h ef u l l - l i n eg r a p h s ,m a r k e d T h i n - T a r g e tS p e c t r a ,F i l t e r e d ,i n t h e l o w e r h a l fo f t h e f i g u r e ,a r e t h e p r e d i c t e ds p e c t r a d u e t o

a l l t h e s e c o l l i s i o n s ,w i t h t h e s a m e t y p i c a lf i l t e r i n ga s i n t h e c o n t i n u o u ss p e c t r a ,a n d t h e u p p e r m o s tg r a p ho f t h i ss e ti s t h e s u m o f t h e l o w e ro n e s .T h e d o t t e d g r a p h s s h o w t h e s p e c t r a p r e d i c t e d f o r 0 = 0 ( m a x i m u m. f i l t e r i n ga n d 0 = 0 ( n of i l t e r i n g )a n d g i v ea n i d e a o f t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c hf i l t e r i n gc a n b e e x p e c t e dt o m o d i f ys u c h s p e c t r a u n d e rd i f f e r e n tc o n d i t i o n s .

A s s u m i n ga r e a s o n a b l e c u r v ef o rt h e c o n t i n u o u ss p e c t r u md u e t o o t h e rs o u r c e s ,a n d a d d i n g t o i t a s p e c t r u m c a l c u l a t e d . m o r eo r l e s sa s a b o v e f o rt h e e f f e c to f t h e m o l y b d e n u mL p h o t o e l e c t r o n s ,a n d f i n a l l ya d d i n g t h e s es p e c t r a d u e t o t h e m o l y b d e n u mK p h o t o e l e c t r o n s ,w e g e t t h e t h e o r e t i c a l

s p e c t r u mp l o t t e dw i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a lo n e i n t h e u p p e rh a l fo f t h e f i g u r e .T h e a g r e e m e n ti s o f c o u r s e n o t p e r f e c t ,e v e n w i t h a l l o w a n c e sf o re f f e c t so f s l i tw i d t h s ,a n d i t w o u l dn o t b e made v e r y much b e t t e rb y t h e a s s u m p -t i o no f m a x i m u m f i l t e r i n g .Bu t o n e w o u l dh a r d l y e x p e c t i t t o b e p e r f e c t ,

1 8 8 PHYSICS: D . L . WEBSTER P R t O C .N . A . S .

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Vo L . 1 0 ,1 9 2 4 PHYSICS: D . L . WEBSTER 1 8 9

s i n c et h e c o n d i t i o n so f r a d i a t i n gc o l l i s i o n su n d e r t h e s es p e c i a lc i r c u m -

s t an c e s a r e n o t t h o s e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t sw i t h c a t h o d e r a y s f r o m w h i c hW e b s t e ra n d H e n n i n g s t h i n - t a r g e ts p e c t r a w e r e c a l c u l a t e d .

2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0

T h e m o s t s e r i o u so b j e c t i o nt o t h i s t h e o r y i s p r o b a b l yn o t t h i sm i n o rd i s a g r e e m e n tw i t h t h e o b s e r v e d s p e c t r a ,b u t t he qu e s t i o n w h e t h e r ac o l l i s i o nb e t w e e nt w o e l e c t r o n sc a n g i v e r i s et o r a d i a t i o nc a r r y i n go f fa l l

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P H Y S I C S : D . L . WEBSTER

o r n e a r l y a l l o f t h e i re n e r g y . C o n s i d e r a t i o n so f c o n s e r v a t i o no f momen-

t u m , s u g g e s t e db y E h r e n f e s t i n a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s s u b j e c t ,a p p e a r a d -v e r s e t o t h i si d e a ,u n l e s s t h e e l e c t r o nw i t h w h i c ht h e p h o t o e l e c t r o nc o l l i d e sm a y h a v e o p p o s i t e m o m e n t u m o r b e c o n s t r a i n e di n s o m eu n f o r s e e nw ayb y t h e n u c l e u s . M o r e o v e r , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c l a s s i c a l- e l e c t r o d y n a m i ct h e o r y i n d i c a t e d a l m o s t c o m p l e t e i n t e r f e r e n c ei n t h e r a d i a t i o n sf r o mc o l l i d i n g e l e c t r o n sm a k e st h e a s s u m p t i o no f a h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y o f s u c h r a -d i a t i o ns e e m s o m e w h a ta t v a r i a n c e w i t h t h e g e n e r a l i d e a so f t h e c o r r e -s p o n d e n c ep r i n c i p l e ,u n l e s s ,a g a i n ,u n f o r s e e nc o n s t r a i n t sa c t o n o n e o f t h ee l e c t r o n s .I t m a y b e t h a t a b e t t e rh y p o t h e s i s a s t o t h e a c t u a l p r o c e s so fr a d i a t i o n w o u l db e f o u n da l o n g a l i n es u g g e s t e db y E p s t e i n ,o f a s s u m i n gt h a t t h e p h o t o e l e c t r o ns t a r t si t s f l i g h tw i t h a h y p e r b o l i co r b i ta r o u n d t h en u c l e u s , a n d r a d i a t e smore o r l e s sa s i n K r a m e r s s 6c o n t i n u o u s - s p e c t r u mt h e o r y I f s o , i t r e m a i n s t o b e e x p l a i n e d ,w h y t h e d e d u c t i o no f h v K amust b e made f r o m i t s e n e r g y . A d e d u c t i o no f h v K w o u l d b e more i nl i n ew i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n gq u a n t i t y i n K r a m e r s so r b i t s ,b u t h P K af i t st h e o b s e r v a t i o n sb e t t e r ,u n l e s s ,i n d e e d ,t h e t e r t i a r yr a y s a r e m u c h m o r en e a r l y m o n o c h r o m a t i ct h a n e v e n a t h i n - t a r g e ts p e c t r u m .

H o w e v e r ,t h e s e o b j e c t i o n sa r e o n s o m e w h a tu n c e r t a i ng r o u n d s ,a n d moret h e o r e t i c a lt h a n e x p e r i m e n t a l ;a n d t h e c h i e fp o i n t a t i s s u et h u s f a r i s n o t

s o m u c h t h e e x a c t p r o c e s sb y w h i c ht h e r a d i a t i o n o c c u r s a s t h e h y p o t h e s i st h a t t he s e t e r t i a r yl i n es p e c t r a c a n b e p r o d u c e do n l y w i t h i n t h e a t o m se j e c t i n gt h e p h o t o e l e c t r o n s , a n d i n v o l v e i n t h e s e a t o m s a n e f f i c i e n c yo fX - r a y e m i s s i o nh i t h e r t o u n p r e c e d e n t e d . T h i s p o i n t s e e m s t o b e a f a i r l yu n a m b i g u o u sc o n c l u s i o n f r o m t h e o b s e r v a t i o n sn o w a t h a n d .

A t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e c a l l e dt o t h e f a c tt h a t t h i s t h e o r y d o e s n o t c o v e rt h e C o m p t o n - R o s se f f e c t ,w h i c h o b e y s l a w s q u i t ed i f f e r e n tf r o m t h e s e ,a s i s s h o w ne s p e c i a l l yc l e a r l yi n R o s s s p h o t o g r a p h s .

1 G . L . C l a r k a n d W. D u a n e ,T h e s e P R o c U S D I N G s ,9 , 4 1 9 ,D e c . ,1 9 2 3 ;1 0 ,4 1 ,J a n . ,1 9 2 4 .

2 M . d e B r o g l i e ,C . R . P a r i s A c a d . S c i . ,J a n . 3 1 ,M a r . 2 9 ,S e p t .2 6 ,1 9 2 1 ;J . P h y s i q u e . ,S e p t . , 9 2

3 A . H . C o m p t o n ,D e c e m b e rm e e t i n go f t h e A m e r i c a nP h y s i c a lS o c i e t y ,1 9 2 3 .4 C . D . E l l i s ,P r o c . R o y . S o c . ,9 9 , 2 6 1 ,J u n e , 1 9 2 1 ;1 0 1 ,1 , A p r . ,1 9 2 2 ;P r o c . C m b .

P h i l . S o c . ,2 1 , 1 2 1 ,M a y , 1 9 2 2 .5 D . L . W e b s t e ra n d A . E . H e n n i n g s ,P h y s i c .R e v . , 2 1 ,3 1 2 ,M a r . , 1 9 2 3 .6 H . A . K r a m e r s , P h i l .M a g . , 4 6 , 8 3 6 , N o v . , 1 9 2 3 .

NOTE A D D E DA p R I L2 1 : On t h e N e c e s s i t yf o r a S p e c i a lH y p o t h e s i st o E x p l a i n t h eT e r t i a r yX-Ray S p e c t r ao f C l a r ka n d D u a n e . - I n t h e f o l l o w i n gp a p e r o f w h i c h t h ea u t h o r s h a v e s e n t m e a c o p y , I n o t e t h a t t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c eo f o p i n i o nb e t w e e nu s a s

t ot h e s h o r t - w a v el i m i t s

t o b e e s t i m a t e df o r

t h et e r t i a r y

b a n d s . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h e

d e s i r a b i l i t yo f a c a r e f u l ,c r i t i c a la n a l y s i so f t h e g e n e r a lp r o b l e mo f e s t i m a t i n g s h o r t -wave l i m i t s i ns p e c t r a c o n t a i n i n g o v e r l a p p i n gb a n d s , b u t i t i s more d e s i r a b l ea t t h i ss t a g e t o g e t more c o m p l e t ed a t a f i r s t ,a n d I a m g l a d t o s e e t h a t C l a r k a n d Duane p r o -p o s e t o t r y f u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t so n t h i sp o i n t .

1 9 0 P R O C .N . A . S .

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P H Y S I C S : CLARK AND D UANE

I t must b e r e m e m b e r e d ,h o w e v e r ,t h a t t he e x a c t v a l u e s o f t h e s h o r t - w a v el i m i t sa r e

n o t t h e e s s e n t i a lp o i n t o f t h e t h e o r y b y w h i c hI h a v e a t t e m p t e dt o e x p l a i n t h es et e r t i a r yb a n d s . A s n o t e d a b o v e , i t i s i m m a t e r i a lf o r t h i st h e o r y w h e t h e r i t s b a s i ch y p o t h e s i si s s o f r a m e da s t o l e a d t o t h e u s e o f a n e m i s s i o nl i n ef r e q u e n c yi n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n ,o r t h ef r e q u e n c yo fa n a b s o r p t i o nl i m i t . I n o t h e r w o r d s , i t i s i m m a t e r i a l ,s o f a ra s t h e e s s e n t i a lp o i n t i s c o n c e r n e d ;w h e t h e r t h e s h o r t - w a v el i m i t so f t h e b a n d s a r e w h e r eI e s t i m a t e dt h e m o r a t t h e p o s i t i o n sg i v e n b y C l a r k a n d D u a n e .

T h e e s s e n t i a lp o i n t i s , f i r s t ,t h a t t h e u n e x p e c t e d l yh i g h i n t e n s i t ya n d t h e n a r r o ww a v e - l e n g t h r a n g eo f t h e s e b a n d s a r e b o t h i n e x p l i c a b l eo n t h e s i m p l e t h e o r yt h a t t h eb a n d s a r eo r d i n a r y c o n t i n u o u ss p e c t r a , p r o d u c e db y t h e i m p a c t so f p h o t o e l e c t r o n so na t o m s s t r u c k a f t e rl e a v i n g t h e a t o m s t r o m w h i c h t h e y a r e e j e c t e d ;a n d f u r t h e r m o r e ,t h a t b o t h t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o ft h e b a n d s a r e e x p l a i n e d a t o n c e b y t h e h y p o t h e s i so u t l i n e d i n m y p a p e r . A s t h i s p o i n t h a s n o t b e e n d i s c u s s e d b y C l a r k a n d D u a n e ,o n e m a y i n f e rt h a t t h e r e i s n o d i s a g r e e m e n ta b o u t i t . - D . L W.

O N TH E T H E O RY O F TH E TERTIARY R A D I AT I O N P R O D U C E DBY I M PA C T S O F P H O TO - E L E C T R O N S

By GZORGEL . C L A R K 1A ND W I L L I A MDUANE

J E F F Z R S O NP H Y S I C A LL A B O R AT O R Y,HARVARDU N I V g R S I T Y

C o m m u n i c a t e dA p r i l4 , 1 9 2 4

T h e a u t h o r s h a v e p u b l i s h e d 2r e c e n t l ya c c o u n t so f e x p e r i m e n t si n w h i c ht h e t e r t i a r yr a d i a t i o n d u e t o t h e i m p a c t s o f p h o t o - e l e c t r o n sp r o d u c e db y p r i m a r yX - r a y sh a s b e e n d i s c o v e r e d .T h e t e r t i a r yr a d i a t i o n a p p e a r e di n s o m e i n v e s t i g a t i o n so f t h e s p e c t r u m o f s e c o n d a r yr a y s c o m i n gf r o ms e c o n d a r yr a d i a t o r so f v a r i o u s c h e m i c a l e l e m e n t su n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c eo fp r i m a r y X - r a d i a t i o n . T h e t e r t i a r yr a d i a t i o no c c u p i e s c e r t a i nb a n d s i nt h e s p e c t r a o f t h e r a y s f r o m t h e s e c o n d a r yr a d i a t o r s .T h e t h e o r y w ep r o p o s e df o rt h e t e r t i a r yr a d i a t i o n a s s u m e dt h a t i t w as d u e t o t h e e l e c t r o n se m i t t e db y t h e p r i m a r yr a y s f r o m c e r t a i na t o m sw h e n t h e s e e l e c t r o n si m -p i n g e du p o n n e i g h b o r i n ga t o m s . A c c o r d i n gt o t h i st h e o r y ,t h e s h o r t w a v e -l e n g t h l i m i to f a t e r t i a r yr a d i a t i o nb a n do u g h tt o b e g i v e nb y t h e e q u a t i o n

V = V I 2 ( 1 )

i n w h i c h v , v i a n d v 2r e p r e s e n t t h e f r e q u e n c i e so f t h e l i m i to f t h e t e r t i a r yb a n d , t h e p r i m a r yr a y a n d t h e c r i t i c a la b s o r p t i o n o f a c h e m i c a le l e m e n ti n t h e s e c o n d a r yr a d i a t o r ,r e s p e c t i v e l y .T h e e x p e r i m e n t a ld a t a a g r e ew i t h t h e e q u a t i o n t o w i t h i n e r r o r s o f m e a s u r e m e n t .

I n t h i s n u m b e ro f t h e s eP R O C S I D I N G S ,D . L . We b s t e r , i n ea n a r t i c l es u b m i t t e db y h i m t o u s f o rc o m m e n t ,p u b l i s h e sa s l i g h t l yd i f f e r e n tt h e o r yf o r t h e o r i g i no f t h e t e r t i a r yb a n d s . A c c o r d i n gt o h i st h e o r y ,t h e t e r t i a r yr a d i a t i o na r i s e sf r o m t h e i m p a c to f a p h o t o - e l e c t r o na g a i n s ta s e c o n de l e c -

V O L .1 0 ,1 9 2 4 1 9 1