Holyrood Secondary School

Pupil Name: _____________ Class: _____

Teacher: _______________

Sub-topic (a): The Nervous System

Learning Intentions

By the end of this topic you should be able to:0

State the main function of the nervous system.

Describe the structure and function of the PERIPHERAL nervous system including the AUTONOMIC nervous system and the SOMATIC nervous system.

The functions of the Medulla and Cerebellum in the central core of the brain.

Describe the functions of The Limbic System

Describe the function of the Cerebral Cortex

Describe the localisation of brain function and the role of the Corpus Callosum in connecting the two sides of the brain.

Glossary

Word ExplanationCNSAutonomic Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous SystemSympathetic SystemParasympathetic System

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Antagonistic

Limbic System

Central Core

Cerebral Cortex

Corpus Callosum

Medulla

Cerebrum

LI: State the main function of the nervous system.

Structure and function of the nervous systemUse the word bank to fill in the blanks to explain the function of the nervous system

The nervous system analyses ________information from the body and the__________ environment. It________ some aspects and makes ________ regarding appropriate responses and behaviours. It also makes _______ responses by initiating _________ contractions or ___________ secretions.

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Muscular External Stores Motor Sensory Glandular Decisions

Sensory information from the body or external environment

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMComplete the diagram to show the divisions the nervous system

LI: Describe the structure and function of the PERIPHERAL nervous system including the AUTONOMIC nervous system and the SOMATIC nervous system.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEMUse the words in the word bank to complete the explanation of the somatic nervous system.

Controls the body’s _________ muscles. Involves both motor and ______ nerves. It does control certain involuntary reflex actions eg. ______ withdrawl but its main function is to control ________ movements of skeletal muscles. __________ neurones carry impulses into the ____ from the senses. _______ neurones carry impulses out of the CNS to muscles and _______ eg cardiac and skeletal muscle.

SOMATIC NERVE PATHWAY

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Voluntary Sensory CNS Skeletal Limb Sensory Motor Glands

CNS

Complete the flow diagram to show the somatic nerve pathway involved in smelling flowers

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMUse the words in the word bank to complete the explanation of the autonomic nervous system.

SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC

HEART RATE

BREATHING RATE

PERISTALSIS

INTESTINAL SECRETIONS

The autonomic nervous system works automatically, without _________ thought. The associated nervous impulses originate in the ________ in the brain. It regulates the bodies ______ environment. It is made up of two systems: ____________ and_____________. These two systems are ___________ in action. The sympathetic system prepares the body for ______or flight. The parasympathetic system prepares the body for rest and ______.

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STIMULUS

FLOWERS

fight medulla parasympathetic conscious antagonistic internal digest sympathetic

LI: The functions of the Medulla and Cerebellum in the central core of the brain.

THE BRAIN

The brain is a complex organ composed of 3 interconnected layers:

1. The Central Core2. The Limbic System3. The Cerebral Cortex

THE CENTRAL CORE

The Central Core contains the medulla and the cerebellum. Label these on the diagram below and explain their function.

LI: Describe the functions of the limbic system

THE LIMBIC SYSTEMThe function of the limbic system includes:

Processing information to form long term memories Regulating emotional states eg: anxiety, fear, pleasure, pain and

aggression.6

Influencing biological motivation eg: thirst, hunger and sexual urges.

Summarise the findings of the case studies below

LI: Describe the function of the cerebral cortex

THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

Use the word bank to complete the explanation on the function of the cerebral cortex.

Cerebral cortex is the centre of _________ thought. It receives _________ information, coordinates _______ movement and makes decisions in the light of __________. It also recalls _________.

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Experience Voluntary Conscious Memories Sensory

LIMBIC SYSTEM INJURY- CASE STUDY 1

LIMBIC SYSTEM INJURY- CASE STUDY 2

LIMBIC SYSTEM INJURY – CASE STUDY 3

REHABILITATION OF BRAIN INJURIES

MONITORING BRAIN INJURIES

LI: Describe the localisation of brain function and the role of the Corpus Callosum in connecting the two sides of the brain.

THE LOCALISATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION

The cerebral hemisphere contains many distinct regions with distinct functions. These include motor and sensory area and association areas concerning language, personality, imagination and intelligence. The areas work together to produce an integrated response.

THE CORPUS CALLOSUM

The Corpus Callosum in the region of the brain which connects left and right cerebral hemisphere.

The left cerebral hemisphere processes information from the _______ ______ ______ and controls the ______ side of the body.

The right cerebral hemisphere processes information from the ______ _______ ______ and controls the _______ side of the body. The transfer of information occurs through the ________ __________.

REVISION QUESTIONS:

1. Decide if the following statements are true are false. If false replace the word in bold to make it true.

a. The brains central core contains the medulla and the cerebrum.

b. Balance and muscular coordination are controlled by the cerebellum.

c. Rate of breathing and heartbeat are regulated by the pituitary gland.

d. Emotional and motivational states are influenced by the limbic system.

2. Name three different types of functional areas present in the cerebral cortex and briefly explain their function.

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3. Describe the antagonistic nature of the two branches of the autonomic nervous system. Expand your answer by including the control of heart rate and peristalsis (6 marks)

Sub-topic (b): Perception and Memory

Learning Intentions

By the end of this topic you should be able to:

o Give a definition of perceptiono Explain how perception is used in segregation of objects

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o Explain perception of distanceo Explain how perception is involved in recognitiono Give a definition of memoryo Explain short term memoryo Explain long term memoryo Explain the locations of different types of memory in the brain

Glossary

Word MeaningPerceptionMemorySensory MemoryShort Term MemoryLong term MemoryProcedural MemoryEmotional MemorySpatial MemoryEpisodic MemorySemantic Memory

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LI: Give a definition of perception Explain how perception is used in segregation of objects Explain perception of distance Explain how perception is involved in recognition

Your awareness of your environment is based on information picked up by receptors in sensory organs and passed to the brain. This information is then analysed and interpreted by the brain.

Perception is the process by which the brain analyses and makes sense of incoming sensory information.

There are 3 areas of perception:

Segregation of objects can be done using methods like organising them into _____________ and ____________, coherent ____________.

To judge the distance of objects from the eye, we make use of visual clues present in the scene being viewed, for example, relative __________, height in ___________ and _________________.

Questions

1. What is meant by binocular vision?

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2. What are the advantages of binocular vision?

3. What are 2 aspects of an object that are perceived to remain constant despite the person viewing it moving forwards?

4. What is the most important visual clue in recognition of an object?

5. Use the diagram below to explain what is meant by perceptual set.

LI: Give a definition of memory

Explain short term memory

Memory is ....

To become part of the memory, the selected sensory image first must be _______________ (converted to a form that the brain can process and store).

___________ is the retention of information over a period of time; it could be 30 seconds or a lifetime.

____________ is the recovery of stored material. This involved the recall of information from the short-term or __________-_______ memory.

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0

2

H I J

Match the memory level to its description:

Short term memory is used to store a small amount of information for a short time. After this the information is either transferred to the long term memory or lost by ____________ or _____________.

To increase the memory span, techniques like _____________ can be used. This is where information is split into smaller units, for example instead of remembering a phone number as 11 individual numbers, it is easier to remember it as 3 ‘chunks’ of numbers.

_________________ involves repeating a piece of information to yourself over and over, to extend the time it is stored in the ____________-____________ memory.

____________ _____________ _____________ describes how items in a list are remembered, with items in the middle of the list being the least well remembered. Items at the beginning of the list are remembered because they have been rehearsed and often transferred to ___________ -____________ memory. Items at the end of the list are remembered because they are still in the ____________- ___________ memory.

LI: Explain long term memory

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Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Sensory memory

Very short lived – E.g. 0.5 seconds

Can hold about 7 items for 30 seconds

Unlimited amount of information for up to a

lifetime

Long term memory is thought to be able to store unlimited amounts of information.

If information in the short-term memory is ______________, it is transferred to the long-term memory for storage. Encoding of information into the long term memory is promoted by:

There are 2 types of encoding and the quality of the memory is affected by the attention given to it during encoding.

Questions

1. What is meant by shallow encoding?

2. What is meant by elaborative encoding?

3. Which type of encoding gives a more secure memory?

4. How does the brain retrieve encoded information from the LTM?

LI: Explain the locations of different types of memory in the brain

There are several different types of memory within long term memory, which are associated with different areas of the brain (although evidence suggests there is some overlap).

Different types of memory are:

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Carry out the memory locations group activity and answer the questions below:

1. What is meant by episodic memory?

2. What is meant by semantic memory?

3. Where are episodic and semantic memory located?

4. How are emotional memories formed?

5. Where are emotional memories located?

6. What 2 skills are involved in procedural memories?

7. Where are procedural memories located?

8. What is spatial memory?

9. Where is spatial memory located?

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Sub- topic (c): Neural Pathways

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Learning Intentions

By the end of this topic you should be able to:

o Name and describe the components of a neurono Compare the myelin content of adults and infantso State that there are 3 different types of neurono Discuss the role of glial cellso Describe the structure of a synapse and movement of

neurotransmittero State the difference between excitatory and inhibitory signalso Describe the filtering of weak stimuli and summationo Explain the need for and methods of removal of neurotransmitterso Explain the difference between converging, diverging and

reverberating neural pathwayso Explain the term plasticityo Compare minor and major plasticity o Describe the role of endorphinso Describe the role of dopamine and the reward pathwayo Discuss the causes, symptoms and treatment of neurotransmitter

disorders o Describe the mode of action of agonist, antagonist and inhibitor

drugso Describe the effect of recreational drugso Explain drug desensitisation and sensitisation

Glossary

Word MeaningCell body

Dendrite

Axon

Myelin

Sensory neurone

Interneurone

Motor neurone

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Glial

SynapsePresynaptic neuronePostsynaptic neuroneNeurotranmitter

Inhibitory signal

Excitatory signal

Weak stimuli

SummationConverging pathwayDiverging pathwayReverberating pathwayPlasticity

Minor plasticity

Major plasticity

Endorphin

Reward pathway

Agonist drug

Antagonist drug

Inhibitor drug

Sensitisation

Desensitisation

Tolerance

Addiction

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LI: Name and describe the components of a neuron

Neurones are bundles of nerve fibres which carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to the other. A neurone consists of a nerve cell _______ and nerve fibres.

Label the diagram of a neurone below:

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The cell body contains the ________ which contains DNA which codes for ____________________ and receptors. It also contains mitochondria which provide ______.

Dendrites are nerve fibres that receive nerve impulses and carry them __________ the cell body.

An axon is a nerve fibre which carries impulses ________ from the cell body. Axon ends in many divisions called axon ____________.

Long axon fibres are covered in a _________ sheath which insulates the axon and speeds up impulse conduction from node to node

The direction in which a nerve impulse travels is always:

dendrite ______ _________ ____________LI: Compare the myelin content of adults and infants

Myelination is the development of ____________ round axon fibres of individual neurons. Myelination is not complete at ________ and so nervous control increases over the first ____ years as many more neurons are myelinated (myelination continues from birth to adolescence).

As a result responses to stimuli in the first two years of life are not as _______ or __ - _____________ as those of an older child or adult.

Certain diseases __________ the myelin sheath causing a loss of co-ordination, for example multiple sclerosis.

LI: State that there are 3 different types of neuron

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Sensory neurons, carry impulses ______ the CNS from sense organs.

_______________, found in the _____, connect with other neurons

Motor neurons, carry impulses _____ from the CNS to ________ such as muscles and glands.

LI: Discuss the role of glial cells

The nervous system contains more than neurons. About 15% of the cells in thecerebrum are _________ cells which support and maintain the neurons in several ways.

Some of them monitor the conditions surrounding the neurons and maintain a constantenvironment by ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.. . Others help repair damage by removing cell debris and foreign material by________________. Another type of glial cell produces the __________ sheath for the axon, the effect of which is to greatly _____________

the conduction of impulses

Questions1. What effect does the presence of a myelin sheath around a nerve

fibre have on the speed at which the fibre can transmit a nerve impulse?

2. Why are children unable to exert full control of their lower body before the age of 2 years?

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LI: Describe the structure of a synapse and movement of neurotransmitter

Synapses are tiny gaps between two ____________. The neurones at a synapse do not touch and are separated by the synaptic _______.

The neurone before the synapse is called the ______________ neurone and the one after the synapse is the __________________ neurone.

Chemicals called ______________ relay messages from neurone to neurone within and out with the brain. Examples of neurotransmitter include:

Label the diagram of a synapse:

Neurotransmitters are stored in _______ and are released into the cleft on arrival of an __________. They ________ across the cleft and bind to ______________ on the postsynaptic membrane.

The vesicles containing neurotransmitters occur on one side of the synapse only. This means nerve impulses travel in ________ direction only.

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LI: State the difference between excitatory and inhibitory signals

The type of alteration to a postsynaptic membrane that occurs following the binding of a neurotransmitter depends on the type of _________. The signal can be:

___________ e.g. cause contraction in muscle e.g. peratalsis

___________ e.g. reduces the rate an strength of contraction of heart muscle

LI: Describe the filtering of weak stimuli and summation

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A nerve impulse is only transmitted across a synapse if there is release of enough ________________. A critical number of neurotransmitter molecules is needed (___________) to affect a sufficient number of _____________ on the postsynaptic membrane. This means weak stimuli are filtered out because not enough neurotransmitter molecules reach the next neurone.

However, a series of weak stimuli can combine to trigger enough neurotransmitter to fire an impulse in the post-synaptic neuron, a process known as _______________.

LI: Explain the need for and methods of removal of neurotransmitters

Between impulses the transmitter molecules are removed from the synaptic cleft to prevent continuous ______________ of ________-synaptic neurones.

Noradrenaline is _________________ directly into the _________________ membrane and stored in a vesicle ready for reuse, as shown in the diagram opposite.

Acetylcholine is broken down by an _________ and the non active products are ___________ by the presynaptic neurone and resynthesised into active transmitter.

Questions

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1. Name the parts shown in the diagram opposite:

1____________________

2____________________

3____________________ 4____________________

2. a) Identify structure P

b) To what structures do neurotransmitters bind?

c) In which direction would the nerve impulses pass in the diagram above?

d) What are the 2 fates of neurotransmitter once the nerve impulse has been transmitted?

LI: Explain the difference between converging, diverging and reverberating neural pathways

Neurones are found to be connected to one another in many different ways in the CNS.

Converging Neural Pathway

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To converge means to come together and meet at a common point.

Converging path ways are where two or more neurones feed impulses to ______ neurone.

Converging neural pathways __________ the sensitivity to excitatory or inhibitory signals.

Diverging Neural Pathway

To diverge means to branch out from a common point.

In a diverging neural pathway, the route along which an impulse is travelling _________.

Diverging neural pathways mean that an impulse in one neurone can have a simultaneous effect in many parts of the _______.

An example of diverging pathways is fine motor control in the fingers.

Reverberating Neural Pathway

Reverberation means a sound that occurs repeatedly, as in an ________.

In reverberating pathway neurones later in the pathway posses axon branches which _________ with earlier neurones sending the impulse _______through the circuit.

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LI: Explain the term plasticity

LI: Compare minor and major plasticity

The brain is not hard wired with fixed neural pathways, the neurons undergo change in their synaptic network. ______________ of response is the ability of brain cells to become altered as a result of new ________________ experiences.

Plasticity of response enable new neural pathways to form during:

Major plasticity following _________ damage is when undamaged cells form_______ neural pathways which take on the function of the ______area.

Minor plasticity is when the brain suppresses _________e.g. blinking or suppresses sensory impulses causing _______________ from a task.

Blinking ExperimentPut a tick if you blink and a cross if you do not

Trial Blink Trial Blink1 62 73 8

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4 95 10

Did your brain show minor plasticity of response? (Were you able to resist blinking?)

If you are given a task to do that requires a lot of concentration and you are surrounded by lots of noise and visual stimulation (eg tv/computer), does your brain show minor plasticity of response of block out the sensory impulses so you complete the task well?Questions

1. Explain what is meant by each of the following neural pathwaysa) converging

b) diverging

c) reverberating

2. a) Describe what is meant and give an example of major plasticity of response of the brain

b) Describe what is meant and give an example of minor plasticity of response of the brain

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LI: Describe the role of endorphins

LI: Describe the role of dopamine and the reward pathway

EndorphinsEndorphins are neurotransmitters that stimulate neurones involved in reducing the intensity of _________. Increased levels are also connected with euphoric ___________, appetite modulation and release of sex ______________.

Endorphin production increases in response to:

severe injury prolonged and continuous ___________ ________ certain _______

Dopamine and the Reward Pathway

The reward pathway involves neurones which secrete or respond to the neurotransmitter ____________. The reward pathway is activated on engagement of _______________ behaviours, eg eating when hungry. Dopamine induces the feeling of ____________ and reinforces particular behaviours.

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LI: Discuss the causes, symptoms and treatment of neurotransmitter disorders

Either individually read through the neurotransmitter disorder information cards or split into expert groups in order to complete the table below:

Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s SchizophreniaCauses

Symptoms

Treatment

LI: Describe the mode of action of agonist, antagonist and inhibitor drugs

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Many drugs used to treat neurotransmitter related disorders are similar to neurotransmitters.

___________ bind to and stimulate ___________ mimicking the neurotransmitter and triggering a normal cellular response.

Antagonists bind to specific receptors ___________ the action of the neurotransmitter.

Other drugs inhibit the __________ (e.g. cholinesterase) which degrade neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine) or inhibit ___-____________ of the neurotransmitter (e.g. norepinephrine).

LI: Describe the mode of action of recreational drugs

Many recreational drugs affect neurotransmission in the reward circuit of the brain. They cause changes in neurochemistry leading to changes in:

Recreational drugs interact with neurotransmitters in different ways. They can:

stimulate the release of_________________ imitate their action (__________) block their binding (_______________) inhibit their __-___________ inhibit their breakdown by ______________

LI: Explain drug desensitisation and sensitisation

Drug addiction can be defined as:

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Sensitisation and desensitisation are thought to underlie drug addiction and tolerance.

DesensitisationRepeated use of a drug that acts as an __________ results in neurotransmitters (eg those that promote dopamine release) being repeatidly _____________ tand increased feelings of wellbeing and euphoria.

The nervous system compenstates for overstimulation of these receptors by ___________their number and those receptors left become _______ sensitive to the agonist drug. This leads to ______________.

SensitisationRepeated use of a drug that acts as an antagonist by ____________ neuroreceptors prevents normal neurotransmitter from acting on them.

The nervous system compensates for the reduced stimulation of the receptors by ____________ their number and the receptors become _____ sensitive to the antagonist drug. This leads to ______________.

Check listCan you do the following? Colour the bullet points red, amber or green to assess your learning from this topic.

o describe the nervous system as consisting of a range of different cells called neurons;

o state that neurons receive and transmit impulses (a form of electrical signal);

o state that there are three main types of neuron, namely sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons;

o state that sensory neurons carry impulses into the Central Nervous System (CNS) from sense organs;

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o state that motor neurons carry impulses out from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands;

o state that interneurons are found in the CNS where they connect with other neurons;

o describe a neuron as consisting of a cell body with protruding fibres in the form of one axon and many dendrites

o state that dendrites are stimulated by sense organs or other neurons to carry impulses towards the cell body

o state that dendrites are stimulated by sense organs or other neurons to carry impulses towards the cell body.

o state that the axon ends in many divisions called axon terminalso state that the axon carries impulses in one direction from the dendrites to

the axon terminals;o explain that myelin surrounds the axons, greatly increasing the speed of

conduction of impulses along the nerve fibres o state that glial cells support and maintain neurons by:

– producing the myelin sheath,– acting homeostatically to maintain a constant environment around the neuron,– removing debris by phagocytosis;

o state that myelination begins in the foetus and continues into adolescence;

o explain that incomplete myelination causes an infant's response to stimuli to be slower and less co-ordinated than that of older children or adults;

o state that neurotransmitters are chemicals which relay signals from neuron to neuron in the central and peripheral nervous systems;

o state that neurotransmitters also transmit signals between neurons and other target cells e.g. muscle fibres, endocrine glands;

o state that neurotransmitters are secreted into the gap, the synaptic cleft, between the neuron and the next cell;

o state that neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles;o state that the arrival of an impulse causes the release of the

neurotransmitters;o state that neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and

bind to receptors on dendrites;o state that if sufficient neurotransmitters attach to the receptors, a

threshold is reached and an impulse is triggered;o state that signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, depending only on

the receptor on the receiving dendrite and not on the type of neurotransmitter;

o explain that neurotransmitters must be immediately removed to prevent continuous stimulation of the post-synaptic neurons;

o state that there is a wide range of different chemicals which act as neurotransmitters, e.g. noradrenalin and acetylcholine;

o state that neurotransmitters are either removed by enzyme action (e.g.acetylcholine) or by re-uptake (e.g. noradrenalin);

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o explain that synapses can filter out weak impulses arising from insufficient secretion of neurotransmitter;

o explain that by summation a series of weak stimuli can combine to reach the firing threshold in the post-synaptic neuron

o Where several neurons pass messages on to a single neuron, it is called a converging pathway.

o A converging pathway increases the sensitivity to both excitatory or inhibitory signals.

o Rods in the retina are an example of a converging pathway.o Where a single neuron passes messages on to several neurons, it is

called a diverging pathway.o Diverging pathways influence several neurons or tissues at the

same time.o An example of diverging pathways is fine motor control in the

fingers.o In a reverberating pathway, neurons later in the pathway synapse

with earlier ones, so sending the impulse back through the circuit. o New neural pathways can be developed to:

– create new responses,– bypass areas of brain damage,– suppress reflexes,– suppress responses to sensory impulses.

o The development of new neural pathways creates a plasticity of response.

o The reward pathway involves neurons which secrete or respond to the neurotransmitter dopamine.

o Dopamine induces the feeling of pleasure and so reinforces particular behaviours.

o The reward pathway is activated by beneficial behaviour, e.g. eating when hungry.

o Endorphins stimulate neurons involved in reducing the intensity of pain.

o Increased levels of endorphins are connected with euphoric feelings, appetitemodulation and the release of sex hormones.

o Increased endorphin production is associated with severe injury, prolonged continuous exercise, stress and consumption of certain foods.

o Neurotransmitter-related disorders arise from the under- or over-production of neurotransmitters, or an imbalance in their production.

o Many of the drugs used to treat these disorders are similar to neurotransmitters.

o Agonists bind to and stimulate receptors, thus mimicking the neurotransmitter.

o Antagonists bind to specific receptors, so blocking the action of a neurotransmitter.

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o Other drugs inhibit the enzymes which degrade neurotransmitters, or inhibit reuptake.

o Many recreational drugs affect neurotransmission in the reward pathway.

o Changes in neurochemistry alter mood, cognition, perception and behaviour.

o Recreational drugs may:– stimulate the release of neurotransmitters;– imitate the action of neurotransmitters (agonists);– block the binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors (antagonists);– inhibit the re-uptake of neurotransmitters;– inhibit the enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters.

o Changes in the number and sensitivity of receptors underlie addiction and tolerance.

o Sensitisation is an increase in the number and sensitivity of receptors.

o Sensitisation results from exposure to antagonist drugs.o Sensitisation leads to addiction.o Desensitisation is a decrease in the number and sensitivity of

receptors.o Desensitisation results from exposure to agonist drugs.o Desensitisation leads to tolerance.

Sub- topic (d) Communication and social

behaviour and the effect of experience and group behaviour

Learning IntentionsBy the end of this topic you should be able to:

• Define infant attachment and explain it’s importance.• Explain the effects of insecure attachment• Define comfort contact

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• Explain the use of the Strange Situation as a research tool• State the three methods of control• Describe the methods involved in authoritarian,

authoritative and permissive control• State the two types of communication.• Describe the importance of non verbal communication.• State the four main forms of non verbal communication.• State the importance of verbal communication• Describe the use and importance of language.• State the definition of learning• Explain how human behaviour is learned and the how a

motor pathway is established.• Explain trial and error learning by defining: reinforcement,

shaping and extinction.• State the definition of social facilitation• State the definition of generalisation• State the definition of discrimination• State the definition of deindividuation • State the definition of internalisation• State the definition of identification

Glossary

Word Explanation

AttachmentSecure AttachmentInsecure AttachmentContact ComfortThe Strange SituationAuthoritarian ControlAuthoritative ControlPermissive ControlLearning

Reinforcement

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Shaping

Extinction

Social Facilitation

Generalisation

Discrimination

Deindividuation

LI: Define infant attachment and explain it’s importance.LI: Explain the effects of insecure attachmentLI: Define comfort contact

Infant Attachment is:

Explain the importance importance of secure infant attachment

Explain the effects of insecure attachment

Define comfort contact

LI: Explain the use of the Strange Situation as a research tool

Explain the steps involved in the strange situation

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Explain how the child would behave during the experiment if they showed secure attachment.

LI: State the three methods of controlLI: Describe the methods involved in authoritarian, authoritative and permissive control

The three methods of control used by parents are

Sort the behaviours into the three methods of control and use them to complete the table.Authoritarian

Authoritative

Permissive

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LI: State the two types of communicationLI: Describe the importance of non verbal communicationLI: State the four main forms of non verbal communication

Communication

Communication is the exchange of information, facts, feelings, ideas, and opinions between people.

There are two types of communication __________ and _____ _________.

Non Verbal Communication

Non verbal communication acts as a ________ to verbal communication. It signals _______ and ________ and helps to form _____________.

There are four types of non verbal communication:

1.2.3.4.

Complete the faces below to show the 6 main types of facial expression:

LI: State the importance of verbal communication

LI: Describe the use and importance of language

Verbal CommunicationUse the words to fill in the blanks explaining verbal communication and language.

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Verbal Communication is the use of language to transmit __________, develop ________ and social evolution.Language uses _______ to represent ____________ allowing it to form categories and _________. This helps to develop ___________ and accelerates __________. It allows us to make detailed ______ which benefit future ____________.

Study the different types of language cards. Select two types and write you name in these forms below.

LI: State the definition of learningLI : Explain how human behaviour is learned and the how a motor pathway is established.LI: Explain trial and error learning by defining: reinforcement, shaping and extinction.

LearningWhen a motor skill, for example riding a bike, has been repeated and mastered the motor skills involved form a motor pathway and the action is learned.You can learn by __________ or ____________.

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Intellect knowledge symbols generations hierarchies plans information learning culture

Trial and Error LearningMatch the terms with their definitions to explain the main concepts involved in trial and error learning.

LI: State the definition of social facilitation LI: State the definition of generalisation LI: State the definition of discrimination LI: State the definition of deindividuation LI: State the definition of internalisation LI: State the definition of identification

Maintaining Social Groups

Humans are social animals and to be accepted into a group they must behave in the same way as the other members of the group.

Decide what concept the pictures are illustrating and add the definition to each.

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a change in behaviour due to experience.

behaviour patterns that have positive consequences for the individual are likely to be repeated.

the rewarding of behaviour that approximates to the desired behaviour.

when behaviour patterns are not rewarded and so are likely to disappear.

Shaping

Reinforcement

Extinction

Learning

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REVISION QUESTIONS1. Explain the concept of infant attachment (2 marks)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Describe the research tool “The Strange Situation” including what

each outcome means (4 marks)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Compare the importance of verbal and non verbal communication (4 marks)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Ok Ok I admit it I did enjoy M.I. C

_____________________________________________________4. Explain the concept of trial and error learning including:

reinforcement, shaping and extinction (4 marks)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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