Part one: Spelling(Tricky words, whose spelling was always an issue for me).

Buried-schedule-prominent-receive-deceive-deceased person-disease-perilous-pernicious-ambiguous-psychology-voluntary-volunteer-guarantee-behaviour-disavow-begs-cigarette-laboratories-allow-initiate-humorously-accessible-argument-erosion-exhibit-coffee shop-awkward-exceed-conscience-conscientious-overwhelmed-conspicuous-neutralise-achieve-accumulate-accommodate-exercise-writing-dependant, dependence-believe-intelligent-yourself-account-wherever-process-normally-responsible-destructive-museums-vehicle-billboard-neighborhood-labor-preceding-anxious-peculiar-custom-costume-separate-gradually-fundamental-locally-internationally-of course-relatively-ubiquitous-associate-professionally-competitive-techniques-career-programming-knowledgeable-depression-simultaneously-ancestors-coleague-equivalent-inadvertently-unmanageable-recommend-morally-aggressive-discreetly-assignment- adolescence-dissatisfied-personnel-indigenous-milieu-discrepancy-territory-milieu-compromise

Part 2: Words and Synonyms. These words were used more often in my writing and I didn’t have an alternative for many of them. Therefore, in order to improve variety in the prose, I checked their synonyms in the Dictionary. Some of them do not have synonyms as I just wanted to keep in mind that I could use them in my writing. +Some expressions. These expressions were used often in some TOEFL sample writings that I saw, so I wrote them down here.

+ Some handy structures using which you can show the examiners that you have enough knowledge in grammar.

Doom and gloom-doomed and gloomy-meet s ones doom(die)

Revolve around: to have sth as the main subject

Should you study you will pass.(conditional 1)Had the students studied better, they would have passed the exam(Conditional 3)

Implementation

Facilitate

Commonplace-prevalent=ubiquitous(he was carrying the ubiquitous mp3 player-often humorously)

Pertinent

Virtually=almost

merely

comprised of

associate with

trait

encompass=include

friction

narrow down:reduce the number of things for searching:narrow down the list

fairly close

until recently

eye-opening news

yield=produce a result-amount of result that sth produces

acquire: gain-get(formal)

increase the employment, survival rate

So much for “….”:there is enough about “…”

Prevalent: common in particular group…etc

Efficacious: effective since: because relate to: کردن understand=درک

Antecedents=ancestors

Set forth(by Aristotle):explain ideas and facts and opinions clearly

Deviation=انحراف

Acquire=Achieve

Earmarked= شده داده دادن =allocate اختصاص اختصاص

Cannot

What is more….

My arguments for this point are listed as follows

Taking into account of all these factors

Sagacious=wise

Prior to=before

Also,too,besides,in addition,furthermore,moreover,however,but,on the other hand,conversely,yet,though,in contrast,nevertheless,for example,such as,e.g.,to illustrate,for instance,that is,in other words,in fact,indeed,clearly,certainly,of course-meanwhile

Generally speaking, in general , overall, as a result, as a consequence

Identical with:exactly the same,or very similar

Intrinsic-extrinsic: عرضی- ذاتی

INTRINSIC= نفسه the forests of the northwest are intrinsically rich فی

Tempting=tantalizing

Diminish=reduce

Trend towards=a general tendency to do sth:lately there has been a trend towards using cheaper employees

One-fourth

Rigorous: exact and thorough

Affinity=a close relationship because of same qualities two things share:the affinities of Chinese and Christian concept of spirit

White lie= آمیز مصلحت دروغ

Set forth on a voyage :to begin a journey

Celebrated=famous

In conjunction with=in addition,alongside

Engender: to be the cause of a situation or feeling=cause=produce=breed(3)

Improve=ameliorate help=contribute

Endeavor recourse(n)= شدن متوسل

Tenacious= سخت و سفتSize up=Appraise=evaluate=assess(( غیره و آموزان دانش نمرات ارزیابی برای

Hazardous=detrimental=pernicious

It is crystal clear This method could be of no help

Unanimously= آرا اتفاق بهOther than=except for

Aforementioned= - مزبور الذکر فوقThe other side of the coin

Fallacious=based on false ideas

In recapitulation to recap the main points

Pros and cons=advantages and disadvantages of sth

Skeptical=doubtful

Possible=feasible=viable

Devise=invent=conceive

FOR IT determines=BECAUSE it determines

Unprecedented= سابقه بی

Depleted(v)(transitive usually passive)=to reduce(for population or…)depletion(n)

Grandiose schemes/plans= اجرا قابل غیر و رویایی های برنامه

Tenfold= برابر ten times as much as sth=ده

Underlie=to be the base of sthing

  it turns out that icebergs might not all go quietly into the night

they soon realized that they had also recorded the sounds of iceberg

That was seven years ago, when administrators first recognized the magnitude of the problem

Magnitude= چیزی بزرگی و اهمیت

Concrete= definite, specific

Portray=depict=describe

Vacate=relinquish

Diversity=variety diverse=eclectic

Welfare=رفاهHave a propensity to do sth

Bureaucracy-bureaucratic

Make definite decision=resolve She resolved not to marry him

Hyperbole=exaggerate=overstate

Burgeoning population

Dignitary-celebrity-principle-authority-VIP

Facet=aspect

Avert=prevent

Legislate for sth=do sth to prepare for it

Substantial=significant=vital=important

Structure:It is vital/essential (that)she (should)play with her children.

Zenith=apex=peak

Discreetly= بصیرت- روی از محتاطانهImpartial=fair

Inordinate=excessive

Limber(adj)=flexible

Swift=fast=quick

Notion=belief

Alibi=excuse

Robust=strong and showing no problems

Novel=new-uncommon

Courtesy of=as a consequent of nicoles head broke courtesy of jacks ice skate(the second thing caused the first)

non-renewable

Eligible= . . درخور مطلوب شرایط واجدobsession

appoint=گماشتنProficiency=competence= صالحیت- competent مهارت

exigent=urgent situation which we have to deal with it quickly

imperative=extremely important needing to be dealt with immediately

team-working

prosperity=موفقیت

It has been taken for granted= بهششده توجهی کم

subordinate=زیردست

comprehensively= دقیق و جامع طور بهbirds, cats, or animals....

Lonesome=lonely

regardless of=in spite of,despite

chiefly=mostly

Incessant=continues

In terms of= نظر نقطه ازeverything falls into its proper place

obvious=evident

Structure: Having gained a lot of experience, Spain turned into a wealthy nation: After Spain gained a lot of experience, it turned into a wealthy nation.

7. Do not begin a sentence with a conjunctionA conjunction is a word that is used to connect two words, phrases, or sentences. Here are some examples: and, but, or. Only use these words for connections. Never begin a sentence with one of these words.

We see a lot of essays that start like this:

Yes, I agree wholeheartedly with this point. This issue is a very important one, and I agree with it for several important reasons.

This introduction is not good for the TOEFL because it does not introduce the reader to the topic. In other words, after we read this introduction, we are not sure what the essay is going to be about.

Paraphrase= تاویل و تفسیر

at the expense of= بردن بین از قیمت ...به

vividly=clearly

Contraband= قاچاق مجرم=contraband(adj):contraband cigarettes culprit کاالهای

ware=کاالniche....>find ur niche=find ur suitable job

craze, fashion craze, music craze,....

constrain from

constrain=confine=restrict=limit

stereotype= . کلیشه مردم غالب تصور

solely=only

Hence=for this reason ....

It is beyond dispute= است شده پذیرفتهBroaden=widen

four-year study

drawback=disadvantage

youngsters

apprentice= کارآموز

burden= سنگین مسئولیت

burden falls on(upon)somebody

stratum= اجتماعی طبقه people from different social strata بک

meticulously=carefully

scanty=not enough There is only scanty evidence of his involvement

plausible=reasonable

sheer happiness= محض شادی

repression=سرکوبgist= - کالم لب کالم جان

The gist of my arguments

reciprocate-compensate

accustomed to=used to

monopoly of power/monopoly on telephones=take the whole control,so that nothing can compete with it.

pinpoint= to find or show the reason of something, to discover...

problem=predicament( مخمصه )=trouble=complication=difficulty

salient(adj) points: most important points

city-dwellers

Labor(uncountable):a shortage of skilled labor

coerce=force coerce somebody into (doing)something

cope= - شدن حریف برآمدن چیزی عهده از

eradicate= - چیزی کردن قمع و قلع چیزی کندن ریشه از

This problem has been completely eradicated

detractor= گر،منتقد تخریب و بدگوaside from= از ...جدا

dismal= کننده کننده،پریشان ناراحتpreceding= قبلی- پیشین

preceding years

synthetic food= - ارگانیک مخالف دقیقا مصنوعی غذای

outlying= - مرکز از دور افتاده دورsupplant=replace

incongruity= بودن عادی غیرthe incongruity of playing music in films became apparent

industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada

profoundly=deeply

rampant(adj)=pickpocketing is rampant in the New york city(there is a lot of it and it is difficult to control)

discrete=clearly separate

obsolete= شده منسوخ

sanitation= - بهداشت زباله آوری جمع سیستم

poor sanitation public health= عمومی بهداشت

thrifty=economic hard-working and thrifty people

lure= - و مشتری کردن جذب کردن ...تطمیع

clever advertising lures people into buying tickets

prepare ground for something= کردن آماده رو زمینه

prerequisite= نیاز پیشexpenses=مخارج

forethoughtful=دوراندیش

turn a blind eye to= کردن چشمپوشی

people are to choose a job which compatible with is their spirits

the atmosphere of the place in which people spend a considerable part of their day is another matter of utmost importance.

Regarding=concerning

regarding how animals navigate= یابی جهت چگونه حیوانات اینکه باب درکنند می

preposterous= absurd a preposterous idea

early 1800’s

Divergence= difference

usher in=to cause something new to start

The discovery of oil ushered in an era of prosperity

entity= د موجودیت

Good design brings house and garden together as a single entity

stringent control= strict control سخت و stringent laws سفت

lax=not strict enough=slack

matrimony=زناشویی

“...”is open to dispute=”...”is uncertain

governmental subsidy)subsidies)=سوبسید

tighten the rules

assortment=various kinds of different things assortment of knives

it really came of age= it established itself

two methods have come into vogue

paradigm=pattern

across time

hectic life of today

Needless to say,

overuse

in order to take a constructive measure

multitude of=lot of A multitude or multitudes

educated= کرده تحصیل و سواد با

resourceful

To this end,...

parsimonious= - جو صرفه خرج کمparsimony= جویی صرفه

induce=1.persuade someone to do sthing....induce sbody to do sthing

2.to cause a physical condition: use drugs to induce vomiting

mislead=deceive

cause and effect= The idea that one thing directly causes another

growing population

sought-after

be in the limelight= توجه مرکزgrossly inflated by the media= کرد بزرگنمایی آمیزی اغراق طرز به

illuminate sth=make sth clearer

war is an impediment to human progress= است انسان پیشرفت بازدارنده جنگ

analogies between/with two things= چیز دو های شباهتfailure in work constitutes a breach in contract= عهد نقض مانند به نکردن کاراستamid=in the middle of-while noisy things are happening

exacerbate= make a situation worse

foreshadow(v): چیزی دادن خبر پیش از

seclusion=انزواlegacy-legacies= ارث و میراث

ailment= درمان قابل کوچک بیماریphilanthropic works= بشردوستانه کارهای

on the strength of something=because of something

subsidize farming=pay parts of the costs of farming

empirical evidence

literacy=the state of being able to read and write

undertake=promise

undertake sth= پذیرفتن را کاری مسئولیت

Monetary= مالی financial=پولی

suggest= کردن القا

softwares

Doing this is simply robbing Peter to pay Paul

Sowing the seeds of future conflicts= کاشتن را بعدی های دشمنی بذرWhence= from where

meet the criteria=meet the standards

be acquainted with something=to know about something because you have read it or seen it or read it...

be on familiar terms with somebody= He is on familiar terms with all the teachers

exorbitant=expensive

outbreak= حادثه یک شروع و وفوعfashion= 1.create 2.influence we are fashioned by problems

attendant=accompanied-relating to it nuclear power, with all its attendant risks

exponential increase/growth=rapid increase

succinct-concise-succinctly-concisely-conciseness

hinder=hamper=get in the way of something=imped sth

The crux of the matter is

hastily made judgments

superseded=replaced

close-knit community= می اینا و کمک هم به شناسن می رو همدیگه همه که جاییکننtestify= دادن گواهی و شهادت

Sparse=existing only in small amounts sparse human population

sedentary= - مهاجر- غیر جا یک در نشسته health problems caused by our راکدsedentary lifestyles

in the wake of something= happening after sth. or as a result of sth.

In its wake= after of before

the odds are)=it is probability that...) he will commit crime again

ornamentation= پیرایش- و آرایش تزیینvolatile opp stable a volatile situation

eerily(adj)= strange and frightening

on the threshold of= at the beginning of

municipality=شهرداریjammed traffic

with regard to this salient fact that the heavy traffic and its drawbacks have become a nettlesome matter

human body human mind human behavior

by virtue of=by means of-as a result of-taking advantage of

circumscribe(trans)= restrict

thwart=stop thwart government’s plans

notwithstanding=despite=in spite of something

ultimately=finally

deed= خوب- یا زشت عمل کردار

mislead=deceive=delude delude somebody into doing something

arrive at decisions

Its high time men ceased to regard women as ...

It’s high time a world code were created

shun=avoid shunned

conceivable=able to be believed or imagined every conceivable way inconceivable=unimaginable

government should conduct serious campaigns

staggering sums=vast sums of money

censorship

countless=many

dire consequences detrimental effects

positively=very

irreparable harm

belongs to the past

providing=if

keep pace with

segregated school-coeducational school

vice-versa

adolescence

so-called= اصطالح بهThey have only themselves to blame

squander=carelessly spend money, energy,...

No one can claim that....

There can hardly be a man who has not....

chronic problem= - حاد مضمن مشکل

wage=دستمزد

uninhabitable

desecrate= چیزی به کردن حرمتی بیrevenue=income= کارخونه یک آمد در

children romping about= - ها یچه کردن شیطونی ها بچه پریدن پایین باالpsychological wounds

juvenile delinquency= جوانان بزهکاریsurfeit of something=excess amount of something

sheer hypocrisy= دورنگی- ریاکاریfor=because=as

affluent=wealthy=rich

outlook of life=attitude towards life

mammon=money( بد چیز یه عنوان (بهunreasonable=illogical

reception=پذیرایی

educationists

aptitude=a natural skill

embark on a career

predecessor-successor

He became a citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote

override= بر جستن برتریwax and wane= increase and decrease over time waxed and waned

communal bathroom= عمومی دستشوییWages are low? wages are not enough

each student na each students

the arguments of the second group seem more plausible

you get fat if you eat too much(no comma)

If it were not for his mother, he would not pass the exam.(one thing changes everything)

aged-old-senile

gravitate= شدن متمایلprovocative

undergo(v)=experience(v)

unravel=solve unraveled-unraveling

on the strength of=because of

superficial=سطحی

elusive= دسترس قابل غبر

pupil=student

contented=satisfied

procure=obtain sthing.

evade= از رفتن ...طفره

barely= only with lot of effort- سختی به

ceaselessly

mirage= خیال- سراب

exempt from= از بودن معافSequentially= دیگری از پس یکی

Top-notch= Having the highest quality or standard

Apprehensive about/that=concerning-concerned

well-off=rich, having a lot of money children from well-off families

the well-to-do=rich families. a well-to-do personConspiracy=collusion Conspiracy of silence

Impulsive= - عجله با قیلی تصمیم impulsive decisions بدون

Intangible assets

Mercenary attitude-reasons= مادی کامال نگرش

Make restitution= غرامت پرداختInflation=تورم

An uphill struggle;/task= دشوار خیلی کارIncurring s ones wrath= کردن فراهم را کسی عصبانیت موجبات

It may rise some eyebrows

customer goodwill= مشتری نیت حسن

succeeding generations

Make inroads into/onto something=having an important influence on something

tread lightly= یرداشتن قدم آهستهA modicum of respect= احترامی کوچکترین

Slow and steady= پیوسته و آهستهbrace yourself= ) ( چیزی برای فیزیکی و ذهنی شدن آماده

Grasping at straws= کردن استدالل واهی اساسدالیل بر

craving for something= داشتن – را چیزی ویار خواستن بسیار را چیزی

Extenuating factors/circumstances

Become wary of something= چیزی از شدن آگاه

Create a niche= کردن درست محکم جاپایbe destitute of something=to be completely without something

trading banter with someone= کسی با کردن شوخیreap the harvest= محصول آوری جمع

be apt to do something=tend to

Sleep-inducing

rustic charm

at one’s disposal=able for one’s use

whereby=by means of which, according to which آن به توجه با که

heretofore

ever after=for all time after something: they will marry and live happily ever after

per capita=سرانه

hygiene= الصحه- حفظ بهداشتdue to=because of something

just because=simply because

predispose= - کسی برای ساختن مهیا را زمینه کسی کردن مستعد

the lesser of two evils

corollary=the exact result of something

nurture= دادن پرورشimplicate in= در بودن دخیل

allowing for=according to

in somebody’s thrall=influenced or controlled by sb or sth بودن چیزی تاثیر تحت

hitherto=up to this time

vis-a-vis=in comparison with

ineluctable=unavoidable

the argument above is rife with

expound= to describe something using more details and...

recession= اقتصادی رکود

dissect= کردن شکافی کالبد

unwholesome=detrimental-unhealthy

explicate=to explain an idea in detail

the demographics of a newspaper’s readership 

reconnaissance

With Drugs Galore, ‘The Wolf of Wall Street’ Is Martin Scorsese’s Craziest Movie Galore=in large amounts