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Table 1 Reactive dyes used with their reactive systems and Colour Index numbers

DYE CI Reactive

Monochloro-triazine (MCT) dyeD1 Procion Brill. Red H7B Red 4D2 Procion Blue H5R Blue 13

Dichlorotriazine (DCT) dyeD3 Procion Brilliant Red M5B Red 2D4 Procion Brilliant Yellow MGR Yellow 7

High Exhaustion (HE) Reactive dyeD7 Procion Red HE-3B Red 120D8 Procion Orange HE-R Orange 84

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[1] Hebeish, A. and El-Rafie, M. H. American Dyestuff Reporter, 79(7), 1990, pp. 34.

[2] Maganioti, A.E., Chrissanthi, H.D., Charalabos, P.C., Andreas, R.D., George, P.N. and Christos, C.N. Cointegration of Event-Related Potential (ERP) Signals in Experiments with Different Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Conditions. Health, 2, 2010, pp. 400-406. 

[3] Bootorabi, F., Haapasalo, J., Smith, E., Haapasalo, H. and Parkkila, S. Carbonic Anhydrase VII—A Potential Prognostic Marker in Gliomas. Health, 3, 2011, pp. 6-12. 

E-Journal Articles:[4] Bharti, V.K. and Srivastava, R.S. Protective Role of Buffalo Pineal Proteins on

Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress in Blood and Kidney of Rats. Health, 1, 2009, 167-172. http://www.scirp.org/fileOperation/downLoad.aspx?path=Health20090100017_97188589.pdf&type=journal 

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Books:[5] Billmeyer, F. W. Jr. and Saltzman M. Principles of Colour Technology, 2nd

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Edited Book:[6] Prasad, A.S. Clinical and Biochemical Spectrum of Zinc Deficiency in Human

Subjects. In: Prasad, A.S., Ed., Clinical, Biochemical and Nutritional Aspects of Trace Elements. New York : Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1982 pp. 5-15.

Conference Proceedings:[7] Clare, L., Pottie, G. and Agre, J. Self-Organizing Distributed Sensor Networks.

Proceedings SPIE Conference Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications, Orlando, 3713, 1999 pp. 229-237.

Thesis:[8] Heinzelman, W. Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless

Networks. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000.

Internet:[9] Honeycutt, L. Communication and Design Course, 1998. 

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 1, Issue 1, January- May 2010, pp. 25-34, Article ID: xxxxxAvailable online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijaret/Volume 1/Issue 1.aspISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499© IAEME Publication

ECO-FRIENDLY DYEING OF VISCOSE FABRIC WITH REACTIVE DYES

B. J. AgarwalDepartment of Textile Chemistry

Faculty of Technology and EngineeringThe Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara

ABSTRACTWater-soluble polymers have versatile applications but they are hardly

used in wet processing of cellulosic substrates (cotton, viscose, jute, etc.), particularly in dyeing. In this paper, one such water-soluble polymer, polyacrylic acid has been synthesized, characterized and applied to viscose fabric in conjunction with various types of reactive dyes, namely triazinyl, vinyl sulphone, high exhaustion and bi-functional, along with cross-linking agents, namely Glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin and hexamethylene tetramine-hydroquinone respectively. One of the cross-linking agents (the former one) has been synthesized in the laboratory and characterized. Cross-linking agent is necessary to adhere the dye onto the cellulose macromolecule. Different process sequences have been formulated for dyeing purpose. The dyed samples were assessed by Computer Colour Matching system for colour strength in terms of K/S values and their fastness properties were assessed by standard methods. All such dyeings were compared with conventional dyed samples.

Key words: Polyacrylic acid, cross-linking agent, viscose, reactive dyes

Cite This Article: Agarwal, B. J. Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Viscose Fabric with Reactive Dyes. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 1(1), 2010, pp. 25-34. http://www.iaeme.com/ijaret/Volume 1/Issue 1.asp

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1. INTRODUCTIONIn the textile industry, ecology and economy are the two most important aspects in the present worldwide scenario and their significance is of great importance for the survival of the textile industry. There is an increasing demand for the minimization of pollution load during wet processing of textiles, particularly in dyeing.

For dyeing of cellulosic substrates, the most widely used dyes are Reactive dyes. Their popularity on the commercial scale is mainly due to their acceptable price,

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brilliancy of shades, good tinctorial value and reasonably good fastness properties. However, they suffer from several drawbacks – one of which is environmental hazards due to the utilization of very high concentrations of exhausting agents, viz. sodium chloride or sodium sulphate (up to 100 gpl) as well as alkali (up to 20 gpl) in its dyeing process, which ultimately cause tremendous effluent problems. Together with this, commercial reactive dyes give only 65-70% exhaustion of the dyebath liquor. Further, to remove the unfixed dye, time-consuming, energy intensive and expensive washing-off procedures are required.

Unfixed reactive dye and/or hydrolyzed dye, along with alkali used for fixation, may also pose an environmental hazard because the hydrolyzed dye will pass in the effluent thereby increasing the pollution load. Certain reactive dyes, like mono- and di-chlorotriazine, or flourotriazine type of reactive dyes may cause the passage of organo-halogen in the discharge effluent, which may by-pass the permissible discharge limit fixed by certain countries.

The achievement of high dye fixation in a non-polluting dyeing procedure would be of great benefit. This can be attained either by the modification of the dyeing procedure or the substrate itself, or by the development of dyes with high fixation yields.

Treatment of cotton, viscose and other cellulosic substrates with various chemicals prior to its dyeing has been reported in literature to improve their dyeability with reactive dyes [1-4]. Dyeing of such pretreated fabric(s) was followed by treatment with an alkali for the fixation of these dyes. Other approaches reported [5-11] where some chemicals have been devised, namely Glytac A, etc. for improving the dyeability of such cellulosic materials with reactive dyes, which is due to increased dyebath exhaustion. In all these cases, alkaline conditions have been used for dyeing. In spite of extensive search, very little information has been received for dyeing cotton, viscose, etc. with reactive dyes at neutral pH. Burkinshaw et. al. [12-13] recently reported a method of dyeing cotton using Hercosett resin pretreatments, thereby improving the substantivity and reactivity of cotton. This facilitates dyeing process at neutral pH but lowers the light fastness. Thus, it would be a great achievement if reactive dyes can be applied to cellulosic substrates without utilization of any alkali or salt in the dyebath. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the modification of viscose material in order to perform reactive dyeing even at neutral pH conditions, i.e. without utilizing salt, alkali or any other chemical in the dyebath. For this purpose, a treatment with a highly reactive polymer has been suggested.

2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES2.1 Materials Plain weave viscose fabric (prepared from high twist yarn without lustre), having following specifications, was used for the study:

The fabric was scoured with 5 gpl non-ionic detergent (Lissapol N) and 5 gpl soda ash at boil for 90 min. The scoured fabric was then bleached with sodium hypochlorite (3 gpl available chlorine) using pH 10 at room temperature for 1 hour and subsequently washed thoroughly till it became neutral.

Acrylic acid monomer (A. R. grade) was used for the present investigation. Two cross-linking agents, namely Glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin (CA) and hexamethylene tetramine-hydroquinone (CB) utilized were based on non-nitrogenous and nitrogenous

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type products respectively. The former cross-linking agent, Glycerol-1, 3-dichlorohydrin has been synthesized in the laboratory. For the synthesis, Epichlorohydrin (mol. wt. 92.53 and purity 98%) and other chemicals used were of laboratory grade. Hexamethylene tetramine-hydroquinone (HMTA-HQ) cross-linking agent used was of Analytical Reagent grade.

Ten commercial reactive dyes, comprising of various reactive systems, viz. monochlorotriazine (MCT), dichlorotriazine (DCT), vinyl sulphone (VS), bis-monochlorotriazine (high exhaustion, HE) and bifunctional (ME) dyes were used without any further purification. The reactive dyes used for the work are represented in Table 1.

Table 1 Reactive dyes used with their reactive systems and Colour Index numbers

DYE CI Reactive

Monochloro-triazine (MCT) dyeD1 Procion Brill. Red H7B Red 4D2 Procion Blue H5R Blue 13

Dichlorotriazine (DCT) dyeD3 Procion Brilliant Red M5B Red 2D4 Procion Brilliant Yellow MGR Yellow 7

Vinyl Sulphone (VS) dyeD5 Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R Violet 5D6 Remazol Brilliant Red 3B Red 23

High Exhaustion (HE) Reactive dyeD7 Procion Red HE-3B Red 120D8 Procion Orange HE-R Orange 84

D10 Reactofix Blue ME2RL Blue 248

2.2 Methods2.2.1 Polymer preparationPolyacrylic acid was synthesized from its monomer acrylic acid by standard polymerization process. The polymer thus formed was with viscosity average molecular weight 3,416 and the solid content of the synthesized polymer was 48%.

2.2.2 Preparation of Glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrinGlycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin was prepared by interaction of Epichlorohydrin and Hydrochloric acid. Epichlorohydrin was gradually added to a mixture of 1 part conc. HCl and 3 parts of 13% by weight NaCl solution at 30o C over a period of 2 hours.

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2.2.3 PretreatmentViscose fabric was treated in liquor containing polyacrylic acid (50 gpl) and cross-linking agent (25 gpl) and then immediately padded (to minimize the reaction between polyacrylic acid and the individual cross-linking agent) by 2-dip-2-nip technique (using 65% expression). After padding, the fabric was dried at an ambient temperature and cured at 150o C for 4 min. The curing conditions were so chosen as these are commercially practiced in wet processing of textiles, e.g. in wash-n-wear and pigment dyeing/printing for cellulosic materials. The pretreated sample was rinsed with water and dried. The mass add-on of the polyacrylic acid-CA treated sample was found to be 6.7% and that of polyacrylic acid-CB treated sample was 8.2%.

The concentrations of polyacrylic acid and each individual cross-linking agent CA

and CB were optimized followed by the assessment of their dyeability (K/S values) with two commercial reactive dyes, viz. CI Reactive Red 4 (MCT) and CI Reactive Red 2 (DCT) at 2% depth of shades on the pretreated samples by exhaust dyeing for 90 min at boil (for MCT dye) and at 50o C (for DCT dye), as well as by pad-dry-cure dyeing (curing conditions: 150o C/4 min for MCT dye and 150o C/1min for DCT dye) techniques. In above dyeings, no alkali/salt was used. The pH of the dyebath was maintained at 7.0 ± 0.1. After dyeing, the dyed sample was washed, soaped with a non-ionic detergent, Lissapol N (2 gpl) and soda ash (1 gpl) at 60o C for 30 min using a liquor ratio of 30:1, followed by thorough rinsing and drying.

2.2.4 Dyeing ProceduresAfter optimization, dyeing was performed with pad-dry-cure method at different depth of shades, viz. 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5% respectively. Subsequently, different process sequences were formulated and ten commercial reactive dyes containing various reactive systems were applied on pretreated samples at 2% shade. Various dyeing sequences adopted were:

S I – Exhaust dyeing: Pretreated sample was dyed for 90 min. at boil (for MCT, VS & HE dyes) and at 50o C (for DCT & ME dyes)

S II – Pretreatment followed by pad-dry-cure dyeing: Pretreated sample was padded with requisite amount of dye solution using 2-dip-2-nip technique (65 % expression), dried and cured.

S III – Simultaneous dyeing: Sample was padded with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid, cross-linking agent and dye, dried and cured.For sequences S II and S III, curing conditions chosen were 150o C & 4 min for

MCT, VS, & HE dyes and 150o C & 1min for DCT & ME dyes, while the washing and soaping procedures were kept same as mentioned earlier. Various dyeings were also compared with conventionally dyed samples [14].

2.3 Testing and Analysis 2.3.1 Mechanical PropertiesTensile properties, namely breaking strength and elongation at break, of the treated and untreated samples were determined on the Instron 1121 tensile tester. An average of 10 readings was taken.

2.3.2 Determination of Nitrogen ContentNitrogen content of the treated and untreated samples was determined on C, H, N Analyzer (Perkin Elmer Model 240 Elemental Analyzer).

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2.3.3 Evaluation of Colour StrengthThe dyeing performance of various dyed samples was assessed on Data Spectra flash SF 600 Spectrophotometer by measuring the relative colour strength (K/S value) spectrophotometrically. These values are computer calculated from reflectance data according to Kubelka-Munk equation [15].

2.3.4 Assessment of Fastness Properties [16]Wash fastness was evaluated according to ISO Standard Test No.3 on Launder-O-meter; light fastness on fade-O-meter using carbon-arc continuous illumination (BS 1006: 1987) and rub fastness (both dry as well as wet) on Crockmeter (BS 1006: No.X12; 1978).

2.3.5 Determination of Wrinkle ResistanceWrinkle resistance (crease recovery) of the untreated and treated samples was measured on crease recovery tester (Model: Sasmira) using standard method [16].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Viscose fabric, treated with polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agent, was dyed with reactive dyes (CI Reactive Red 4 and CI Reactive Red 2) without using alkali/salt, i.e. at neutral pH (7.0 ± 0.1). Uniform dyeing was obtained. Therefore, the concentrations of polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents were optimized. This was carried out by using various concentrations of polyacrylic acid (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 gpl) and cross-linking agent (25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 gpl) for both exhaust as well as pad-dry-cure dyeing methods. Optimized concentrations of these three were found out individually by assessing the dyeing performance in terms of K/S values (not mentioned here) of the respective sample. It was found that optimum concentration of polyacrylic acid was 100 gpl (for exhaust dyeing process) and 150 gpl (for pad-dry-cure process), while the optimum concentration of cross linking agent CA was 25 gpl (for both the dyeing processes) and the respective values of cross-linking agent CB

were 25 gpl (for exhaust dyeing) and 50 gpl (for pad-dry-cure dyeing). The morphological changes incurred in the cellulosic substrate due to such

treatment were investigated through nitrogen content determination and tensile properties of the pretreated sample. The nitrogen content value of only polyacrylic acid treated (150 gpl/pad-dry-cure process) sample was 0.139% and those treated along with cross-linking agent CA or CB (50 gpl) sample were 0.214% and 0.795% respectively. This higher value of nitrogen content, particularly in case of polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agent CB treated sample manifests the possibility of cross-linking reaction being taken place with cellulose macromolecule.

The sample pretreated with polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agent CA (at optimized concentration) showed 14.7 kg breaking strength and 13.6% elongation-at-break. The respective values for polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agent CB treated sample (at optimized concentration) are 13.3 kg and 14.2% as compared with 16.28 kg and 12.3% breaking strength and elongation-at-break respectively for untreated sample. The decrease in breaking strength, viz. 9.7% (in case of cross-linking agent CA) and 18.3% (in case of cross-linking agent CB) is also an indicative of cross-linking reaction being taken place.

The optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and the two cross-linking agent have been used to study their various dyeing behaviour at neutral pH. It has been observed that pretreated fabric offered very good dyeing with pad-dry-cure dyeing

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technique as compared with exhaust dyeing. Therefore, viscose fabric was subsequently dyed by pad-dry-cure process at different depth of shades with three reactive dyes, one each of MCT, DCT and VS groups. The results are represented in Table 2. It can be seen that satisfactory dyeing is achieved on pretreated samples at all levels of dyeing. The dye uptake increases with the increase in the concentration of the dye in the dyebath. Dichlorotriazine (DCT) based dye gave best dyeing performance followed by vinyl sulphone (VS) and monochlorotriazine (MCT) dyes. This in good agreement with the observations reported in literature [14].

Table 2 Colour strength (in terms of K/S values) of viscose fabric dyed by pad-dry-cure (S II) technique with various percent shades using different reactive dyes

Dye CI Reactive

Dye conc. (%)

Conventionaldyeing

K/S values Polymer-aided dyeing by S II

process P + CA P + CA

Procion Blue H5R Blue 13 0.5 2.19 1.65 (-24.65) 1.98 (-9.59)(MCT dye) 1.0 5.86 5.11 (-12.79) 5.63 (-3.92)

2.0 12.56 11.98 (-4.61) 12.15 (-3.26)3.0 16.29 14.25 (-12.52) 15.23 (-6.50)5.0 22.35 20.81 (-6.89) 21.96 (-1.74)

Procion Brill. Red M5B

Red 2 0.5 5.26 4.36 (-17.11) 5.12 (-2.66)

(DCT dye) 1.0 11.51 9.88 (-14.16) 10.29 (-10.59)2.0 19.63 18.62 (-5.14) 19.11 (-2.65)3.0 24.96 22.15 (-11.26) 24.35 (-2.44)5.0 32.33 29.63 (-8.35) 32.68 (+1.08)

Remazol Brill. Violet 5R

Violet 5 0.5 3.21 2.65 (-17.44) 3.11 (-3.11)

(VS dye) 1.0 6.89 5.86 (-14.95) 7.02 (+1.88)2.0 12.39 11.59 (-6.45) 12.98 (+4.76)3.0 17.86 15.66 (-12.32) 18.15 (+1.62)5.0 25.28 21.29 (-15.78) 27.26 (-7.83)

Note: Data in parenthesis indicates percentage loss/gain over conventional dyeing.P - Polyacrylic acid, CA - Glycerol-1, 3-dichlorohydrin CB - Hexamethylene tetramine-hydroquinone

The probable mechanism for fixation of reactive dyes on polyacrylic acid treated and partially cross-linked viscose fabric may be explained as:

Viscose fabric treated with polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents (particularly CB type) demonstrate the introduction of a highly nucleophilic amino group (-NH2) in the cellulosic chain. The cationic charged amino groups may be involved in the adsorption of anionic chromophore of reactive dyes. The attachment of dye molecules onto the partially modified cellulosic substrate is found to be through covalent bonding as no dye strips out from dyed sample in pyridine (100%) as well as in its mixture with water (50:50).

An attempt has been made in the present investigation to commercialize this neutral dyeing of reactive dyes on viscose. For this, ten commercial reactive dyes,

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comprising of MCT, DCT, VS, bis-MCT and bifunctional groups were dyed by different dyeing sequences as mentioned. The results are given in Table 3. Such dyeings were also compared with conventionally dyed sample. No clear trend is observed from the results. The nature as well as chemical constitution of the dye and the dyeing process utilized also influences the dyeing performances.

Table 3 Colour strength (in terms of K/S values) of viscose fabric dyed with different reactive dyes

Dye CI Reactiv

e

K/S values for Polymer-aided dyeing Exhaustion (S I) Pad-dry-cure (S II) Pad-dry-cure (S III)P + CA P + CB P + CA P + CB P + CA P + CB

Monochlorotriazine dyeD1 Procion Brill. Red H7B

Red 4 4.11(-17.47)

4.36(-12.45)

10.21(-8.26)

10.98(-1.34) 11.26(+1.17) 11.53(-3.59)

D2 Procion Blue H5R

Blue 13 3.29(-20.14)

3.98(-3.39)

11.63(-6.28)

12.05(-2.90) 12.12(-2.33) 13.08(-5.39)

Dichlorotriazine dyeD3 Procion Brill. Red M5B

Red 2 4.19(-19.73)

4.88(-6.50)

12.63(-35.82)

15.69(-20.27)

19.99 (+1.57)

25.23(+28.20)

D4 Procion Brill. Yellow MGR

Yellow 7

4.98(-11.38)

5.08(-9.61)

7.26(-14.98)

8.15(-4.56)

9.25(+8.31) 12.59(+47.42)

Vinyl Sulphone dyeD5 Remazol Brill. Violet 5R

Violet 5 4.63(-11.47)

5.13(-1.91)

9.23(-25.28)

11.54(-5.33)

13.63 (+11.81)

19.86(+62.92)

D6 Remazol Brill. Red 3B

Red 23 4.01(-5.64)

4.29(+0.94)

11.63(-11.82)

13.21(+0.15)

14.11(+6.97)

25.81(+95.67)

High Exhaustion Reactive dyeD7 Procion Red HE-3B

Red 120

11.96(-6.56)

12.92(+0.93)

6.12(-19.68)

6.48(-14.96)

7.23(-5.12)

7.98(+4.72)

D8 Procion Orange HE-R

Orange 84

12.15(-6.03)

13.66(+5.64)

5.86(-10.12)

6.23(-4.47)

6.98(+7.05)

7.11(+9.05)

Bifunctional Reactive dyesD9 Reactofix Red ME4BL

Red 195

13.15(-10.36)

14.98(+2.11)

8.21(-16.73)

9.15(-7.20)

10.25(+3.95)

12.63(+28.09)

D10 Reactofix Blue ME2RL

Blue 248

16.28(-3.26)

17.26(+2.55)

10.33(-8.01)

11.36(+1.15)

12.15(8.19)

15.23(+35.62)

It can be observed that in case of MCT, DCT and VS dyes, the colour strength of treated sample dyed by either S I or S II are only slightly lower in comparison with

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the respective conventionally dyed samples. This is due to slight lower fixation of the dye in absence of alkali in S I and S II sequences. However, sample dyed by S III sequence gave better dyeing performance (colour strength enhanced up to 63% and 96% with D5 and D6 dyes respectively for polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agent CB, and by 1% to 48% with various other reactive dyes, with a few exceptions) over conventionally dyed samples. The overall dyeing performance of these three dyeing sequences with MCT, DCT, VS and ME reactive dyes can be represented as S III > S II > S I. On the other hand, a reverse trend is observed with high exhaust (bis-monochlorotriazine/HE type) and bifunctional (ME type) reactive dyes for obvious reason of their high reactivity as well as the nature of the dye. With these dyes, the observed dyeing performance is represented as S I > S III > S II. The reason for such behaviour may be attributed to the fact that in S III sequence, the dye molecule and cross-linking agent molecule compete with each other to combine with either cellulosic hydroxyl group or with the groups on the polymeric chain. The reactive dye is capable of combining with hydroxyl group of cellulose via covalent bond formation, which varies from dye to dye depending upon their reactivity. The unfixed reactive dye molecules also get linked with the polymeric chain at the curing stage. This results in increased colour strength during S III sequence.

The fastness properties of all such dyed sample are quite satisfactory and comparable with conventionally dyed sample (Table 4). However, in polymer-aided exhaust dyeing process (S I), there is slight impairment in the light fastness for some of the dyes, particularly DCT dyes.

Improved wrinkle recovery is expected due to occurrence of cross-linking reactions as manifested earlier. The dry crease recovery angle (DCRA) values of the polymer-aided dyed samples were 133o (S I), 135o (S II) and 129o (S III) for Glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin (CA) cross linking agent and 131o (S I), 132o (S II) and 130o (S III) for hexamethylene tetramine-hydroquinone (CB) cross-linking agent, while that of bleached (untreated) and treated (undyed) samples are 95o and 109o respectively. The DCRA for conventionally dyed sample were 115o (exhaust dyeing) and 117o (pad-dry-cure) respectively. Therefore, the polymer-aided dyed samples indicate an improvement in the wrinkle recovery for obvious reason. In sequence S III, the extent of cross-linking is restricted because of the process involved, thereby offering comparatively less DCRA values.

4. CONCLUSIONSViscose fabric was pretreated with polyacrylic acid and cross-linked with either CA or CB cross-linking agents by pad-dry-cure (at 150o C for 4 min) technique. The optimum concentration for polyacrylic acid was found to be 100 gpl (for exhaust dyeing) and 150 gpl (for pad-dry-cure dyeing) and that for CA cross-linking agent was 25 gpl (for either dyeing method) and for CB cross-linking agent were 25 gpl and 50gpl respectively for exhaust and pad-dry-cure dyeing techniques respectively. The morphological changes indicate cross-linking reaction through higher nitrogen content (0.214% with CA cross-linking agent and 0.795% with CB cross-linking agent), and also decrease in tensile strength by 9.7% with CA and 18.3% with CB cross-linking agents respectively.

Such pretreated and partially cross-linked viscose fabric can successfully be dyed with various types of reactive dyes by different process sequences. The colour strength of all the dyed samples was adequate and quite comparable with conventionally dyed samples. The polymer (polyacrylic acid)-aided dyeing was better

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Article Title

when hexamethylene tetramine-hydroquinone (CB) was used as the cross-linking agent as compared to Glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin (CA) cross linking agent. In case of simultaneous dyeing (SIII), the dye-uptake was about 1 – 96% (in case of DCT, VS and ME dyes) and up to 10% (in case of MCT and HE dyes) higher with respect to their conventionally dyed samples. The plausible dyeing mechanism revealed covalent bond formation. The fastness properties of such dyeings were very good. The dyed fabric also exhibited very encouraging wrinkle recovery, which may replace even the subsequent wash-n-wear treatment. The fabric so dyed did not utilize any salt or alkali during dyeing. So it may be considered as Green processing of textiles without any pollution problem.

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