Biology 2nd Semester Exam Review

1. What is the benefit of having large sample sizes when conducting an experiment?

More representative data

2.

What could be determined about the habitats that existed in the above diagram?

It was once a forest that was replaced by a freshwater lake

3. Define stomata:

Pores on leaves that control transpiration

4. Define guard cells:

Controls the opening & closing of the stomata

5. In order for bacteria to properly grow on cultured media, the media must contain what for the bacteria to grow well?

Nutrients to feed on

6. What most directly affects the population numbers for a predator that relies on one prey item as its primary food source?

Competition for resources

7. Define vaccine:

A weakened virus without it’s DNA that causes the body to react & defend itself

8. What is the benefit of getting a vaccine for a viral disease?

Fewer episodes of the virus

9. If cars release greenhouse gases, explain why a car with better gas mileage than another car is better for the environment?

Cars with higher gas mileage emit smaller amounts of greenhouse gases

10. Define binomial nomenclature:

2 word naming system developed to identify & name organisms

11. What 2 classification categories are used to determine an organism’s scientific name?

Genus & Species

12. What is the reason that most male animals are larger than females of the same species?

Males compete with each other for females

13. What kingdoms of life have organisms that are photosynthetic?

Plantae & Protista

14. Organisms that are single-celled with a nucleus and cilia or flagella would belong to what kingdom of life?

Protista

15. Organisms that are all multicellular heterotrophs, and are usually mobile, would belong to what kingdom of life?

Animalia

16. Define zooplankton:

An animal-like protist that lives in the water

17. Organisms belonging to kingdom Protista all have what kind of cells?

One or more eukaryotic cells

18.

What kingdom would this cell most likely belong to?

Plantae

19. Define chlorophyll:

Pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs solar energy (sunlight)

20. What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

Carry nutrients & oxygen through the body

21.

What muscle is the bicep? What is its primary function?

#3 – works with the triceps to raise the lower arm

22. Define autonomic functions:

Involuntary nervous system functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

23. The medulla, part of the brain stem, can react to stimuli from different systems of the body. If the medulla reacts to an increase in CO2 in the blood, what system of the body is the medulla receiving its information from?

24. Define digestive system:

Produces enzymes that aid in breaking down substances to be absorbed for the body’s growth & repair

25. What is the main purpose of muscle tissue?

Extension of limbs

26. What body system is responsible for protecting the body from viruses and bacteria?

Immune system

27.

These cells would belong to what body system?

Nervous system

28. Define hemoglobin and determine what body system it is present in:

Molecule in red blood cells (circulatory system) that carries oxygen to cells

29. What 2 body systems work to coordinate specific movements in animals?

Nervous & muscular systems

30. How do viruses harm their hosts?

Destruction of cells by viral reproduction

31. What do cells and viruses have in common?

Genetic material

32. Define T cells:

White blood cells (lymphocytes) that aid in immune responses

33. HIV the virus that causes AIDS does not actually kill a person. What actually does cause a person to die, and why?

Weakens the immune system by destroying helper T cells making the body unable to fight off infection or disease

34. What are some common viruses that can be spread through the air via coughing or sneezing?

Influenza

35. What organisms live in the intestines of animals and help in the digestion of food?

Bacteria

36. Why is the human mouth such a favorable breeding ground for many varieties of bacteria?

Presence of nutrients

37. In order to avoid getting food poisoning from bacteria in meat, what should one do?

Cook the meat until well done

38. Explain why animals like the black-footed ferret, which are extremely specialized to hunt one kind of prey, are very susceptible to extinction?

Extreme specialization

39. What are some things that could cause an increase in a predator species population?

Reduction in competition

40. What group of animals is extremely resistant to pesticides over time?

Offspring that inherit the resistance from the survivors that developed the resistance (i.e. roaches)

41. Closely related species that come in contact with one another will remain different species if they are not able to do what?

Breen in different seasons

42. Define symbiosis:

Living together

43. Define and give an example of mutualism:

Both species benefit. Human uses a dog to protect a flock of sheep & the dog is given food & shelter; hummingbird gets nectar from flowering plant & spreads the pollen of the plant

44. Define and give an example of commensalism:

One organism benefits without harming or benefitting the other organism. Whale and barnacles.

45. Define and give an example of parasitism:

One species benefits by harming or killing the other species. Dog and tick.

46. Animals of different species that eat the same food sources in a common area are said to be doing what with one another?

Competing

47. Define vector:

Organism that transmits a pathogen or disease

48. What is the vector for malaria?

Mosquitoes

49. List the elements that would compose a basic food chain:

Producer 1° consumer 2° consumer decomposer

50. An organism that is both a primary and secondary consumer will consume what type of food?

Both producers and consumers or plants & animals

51. Define omnivore:

Eats both plants and animals

52.

Which part of the leaf controls the exchange of gases?

T (guard cells which control the opening & closing of the stomata)

53. Seeds with wing-like structures will probably be dispersed by what process?

Wind

54. What is a characteristic that a plant would find beneficial if living in an area with limited amounts of sunlight?

Large leaves

55. Why does having deep root systems allow mesquite trees to do so well in dryer climates?

Roots can extend great distances to reach water

56. Define transpiration:

Loss of water through the leaves of a plant

57. What effect would closing stomata during the day have for a plant in terms of water loss?

Limits water loss through transpiration

58.

What phylum best fits this animal?

Annelida

59. List the classification taxa from most general to most specific.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

60. Define antibiotic:

Medicines that fight bacterial infections

61. Any organism belonging to the Kingdom Plantae gets its energy through what process?

Photosynthesis

62. Define flagella and give its function:

Tail-like projection that helps bacteria to move

63. Define binary fission:

A method of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes for cell division.

64. Define protozoan and give an example:

Animal-like protist. Amoebas

65. What kingdom of life are protozoans found in?

Protista

66. How can looking at two different species scientific names show that those organisms are related to one another?

They have the same genus

67. List the order of organs that urine passes through in the human excretory system?

Kidneys ureters bladder urethra

68. What is the purpose of the small intestine?

Nutrient absorption

69. What is the purpose of the blood?

Nutrient distribution

70.

What parts of the flower are sexual, and what parts are non-sexual?

Sepal & pedical are non-sexual parts, all others are involved in reproduction

71. Why do viruses only infect certain types of cells? What limits them from infecting all types of cells?

Viruses have receptor sites with a specific shape that only affects a certain type of cell.