· web viewembryonic stem cells differentiate into various tissues. research suggests that it may...

BCSD Biology Item Bank*Items may need to be reviewed and reworked to address 2014 standards

Standard H.B.1H.B.1A .1 H.B.1A.2 H.B.1A.3 H.B.1A.4 H.B.1A.5

H.B.1A.6 H.B.1A.7 H.B.1A.8 H.B.1B.1 H.B.1B.2

Standard H.B.2H.B.2A.1 H.B.2A.2 H.B.2B.1 H.B.2B.2 H.B.2B.3 H.B.2C.1

H.B.2C.2 H.B.2C.3 H.B.2D.1 H.B.2D.2 H.B.2D.3 H.B.2D.4

Standard H.B.3H.B.3A.1 H.B.3A.2 H.B.3A.3 H.B.3A.4 H.B.3A.5

Standard H.B.4H.B.4A.1 H.B.4A.2 H.B.4B.1 H.B.4B.2

H.B.4C.1 H.B.4C.2 H.B.4C.3 H.B.4D.1

Standard H.B.6H.B.6A.1 H.B.6A.2 H.B.6B.1 H.B.6B.2 H.B.6C.1 H.B.6D.1

Standard B-5B-5.1 B-5.2 B-5.3 B-5.4 B-5.5 B-5.6 B-5.7

H.B.1: The student will use the science and engineering practices, including the processes and skills of scientific inquiry, to develop

Biology 1 BCSD Item Bank

understandings of science content.

H.B.1A.1 Ask questions to (1) generate hypotheses for scientific investigations, (2) refine models, explanations, or designs, or (3) extend the results of investigations or challenge scientific arguments or claims.

H.B.1A.2 Develop, use, and refine models to (1) understand or represent phenomena, processes, and relationships, (2) test devices or solutions, or (3) communicate ideas to others.

H.B.1A.3 Plan and conduct controlled scientific investigations to answer questions, test hypotheses, and develop explanations: (1) formulate scientific questions and testable hypotheses based on credible scientific information, (2) identify materials, procedures, and variables, (3) use appropriate laboratory equipment, technology, and techniques to collect qualitative and quantitative data, and (4) record and represent data in an appropriate form. Use appropriate safety procedures.In a laboratory setting the same amount of yeast, sugar (sucrose), and water are mixed together by scientists. The scientist changes the temperature during the experiment and the height of the foam produced was measured. The results of the experiment are depicted below.

In the experimental setup above, what does the height of the foam (bubbles of a particular gas) represent? A. Oxygen gas bubbles B. Hydrogen gas bubbles C. Water vapor D. Carbon dioxide gas bubbles

H.B.1A.3In a laboratory setting the same amount of yeast, sugar (sucrose), and water are mixed together by scientists. The scientist changes the temperature during the experiment and the height of the foam produced was measured. The results of the experiment are depicted below.


What would be the independent variable in this experiment? A. The amount of yeast B. Amount of water C. Temperature D. Height of the foamH.B.1A.3In a laboratory setting the same amount of yeast, sugar (sucrose), and water are mixed together by scientists. The scientist changes the temperature during the experiment and the height of the foam produced was measured. The results of the experiment are depicted below.

What would the dependent variable in this experiment? A. Amount of yeast B. Amount of water C. Temperature D. Height of the foam

H.B.1A.3A farmer tests the hypothesis that the more alfalfa sprouts cattle eat, the more milk they produce. He divides his pasture into four fields and puts twenty cattle in each field. Field 1 cows get no alfalfa sprouts, field 2 cows get ten pounds of sprouts per day, field 3 cows get twenty pounds of sprouts per day, and field 4 cows get thirty pounds per day. Additionally, he feeds all groups fifty pounds of regular hay per day, uses the same breed of cattle, and


gives them the same amount of water. He measures the gallons of milk produced per cow every day.

What is the independent variable in this experiment?

A. The number of cattle in each field.B. The amount of milk the cows produce.C. The amount of alfalfa sprouts the cattle are fed.D. The ratio of hay to milk produced.

H.B.1A.3H.B.1A.4 Analyze and interpret data from informational texts and data collected from investigations using a range of methods (such as tabulation, graphing, or statistical analysis) to (1) reveal patterns and construct meaning, (2) support or refute hypotheses, explanations, claims, or designs, or (3) evaluate the strength of conclusions.H.B.1A.5 Use mathematical and computational thinking to (1) use and manipulate appropriate metric units, (2) express relationships between variables for models and investigations, and (3) use grade-level appropriate statistics to analyze data.H.B.1A.6 Construct explanations of phenomena using (1) primary or secondary scientific evidence and models, (2) conclusions from scientific investigations, (3) predictions based on observations and measurements, or (4) data communicated in graphs, tables, or diagrams. H.B.1A.7 Construct and analyze scientific arguments to support claims, explanations, or designs using evidence and valid reasoning from observations, data, or informational texts. H.B.1A.8 Obtain and evaluate scientific information to (1) answer questions, (2) explain or describe phenomena, (3) develop models, (4) evaluate hypotheses, explanations, claims, or designs or (5) identify and/or fill gaps in knowledge. Communicate using the conventions and expectations of scientific writing or oral presentations by (1) evaluating grade-appropriate primary or secondary scientific literature, or (2) reporting the results of student experimental investigations.H.B.1B Conceptual Understanding: Technology is any modification to the natural world created to fulfill the wants and needs of humans. The engineering design process involves a series of iterative steps used to solve a problem and often leads to the development of a new or improved technology. H.B.1B.1 Construct devices or design solutions using scientific knowledge to solve specific problems or needs: (1) ask questions to identify problems or needs, (2) ask questions about the criteria and constraints of the device or solutions, (3) generate and communicate


ideas for possible devices or solutions, (4) build and test devices or solutions, (5) determine if the devices or solutions solved the problem and refine the design if needed, and (6) communicate the results.H.B.2: The student will demonstrate the understanding that the essential functions of life take place within cells or systems of cells. H.B.2A.1 Conceptual Understanding: The essential functions of a cell involve chemical reactions that take place between many different types of molecules (including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) that are catalyzed by enzymes.

Animals store most of their excess energy reserves as _______ because _

A. glucose; it is easy to break down. B. fat; they have the most hydrogen carbon bonds per gram. C. protein; it is a compact source of energy in their bodies. D. carbohydrates; they store twice as much energy per gram of glucose.

H.B.2A.1

Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things? A. Lipids B. ProteinsC. Nucleic acidsD. Carbohydrates

H.B.2A.1*

Fatty acids and glycerols are the building blocks (components) of which biomolecule?A. LipidsB. ProteinsC. Nucleic Acids


D. Carbohydrates

H.B.2A.1*

Carbohydrates contain three elements. They are:

A. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenB. oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfurC. hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogenD. carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and phosphorous

H.B.2A.1*

A ________________ protein chain is a sequence amino acids that is the foundation for the basic structure of a protein.

A. polynomialB. polypeptideC. polysaccharideD. polyunsaturated

H.B.2A.1*


Which of the following molecules would be the most useful for long term energy storage?

A.

B.

C.

D.

H.B.2A.1

H.B.2A.2 Plan and conduct investigations to determine how various environmental factors (including temperature and pH) affect enzyme activity and the rate of biochemical reactions.


Which statement best describes the enzyme represented in the graphs?

A. This enzyme works best at a temperature of 35°C and a pH of 8. B. This enzyme works best at a temperature of 50°C and a pH of 12. C. Temperature and pH have no effect on the action of this enzyme. D. This enzyme works best at a temperature above 50°C and a pH above 12.

H.B.2A.2

A substance that accelerates the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction is called a(n) ______.A. CatalystB. LipidC. MoleculeD. Element

H.B.2A.2*Under what condition(s) can enzymes become less efficient?

A. Increase in pHB. Decrease in pHC. Decrease in temperatureD. All of the above

H.B.2A.2*

Wh Which of the statements below best describes enzymes

A. are able to heat up molecules so that they can react.B. always provide carbon dioxide for chemical reactions.


C. are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of a reaction.

D absorb excess heat so that reactions occur at low temperatures.

H.B.2A.2*

Reusable, complex proteins that promote chemical reactions within cells are called

A. enzymesB. regulatorsC. inhibitorsD. Steroids

H.B.2A.2*The chemical processes that occur within a cell are affected by many factors. Optimum cell function occurs within a narrow range of conditions. Which combination of factors identified below would curtail (affect) cell function?

I. pHII. densityIII. salinityIV. temperat

ureA. I and IIB. I, II, and IIIC. I and IVD. I, III, IVH.B.2A.2*H.B.2B Conceptual Understanding: Organisms and their parts are made of cells. Cells are the structural units of life and have specialized substructures that carry out the essential functions of life. Viruses lack cellular organization and therefore cannot independently carry out all of the essential functions of life.H.B.2B.1 Develop and use models to explain how specialized structures within cells (including the nucleus, chromosomes, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and Golgi complex) interact to produce, modify, and transport proteins. Models should compare and contrast how prokaryotic cells meet the same life needs


as eukaryotic cells without similar structures. Using a microscope, you are looking at what appears to be a cell, but you are unsure if it is a prokaryotic cell or an eukaryotic cell. Which of the following structures is found in an eukaryotic cell but not in a prokaryotic cell?

A. A cell membrane. B. the ability to reproduce. C. the presence of nucleic acids. D. the presence of a true nucleus.H.B.2B.1 What organelle is used to process, package, and export proteins out of the cell?

A. mitochondria B. endoplasmic reticulum C. ribosome D. golgi apparatusH.B.2B.1 Which cell structure is found in plant and animal cells, contains DNA, and is known as the “control center” of the cell?

A. NucleusB. VacuoleC. CytoplasmD. Mitochondria

H.B.2B.1*The organelle that moves (transports) proteins and other substances through the cell is the

A. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)B. Golgi apparatusC. MitochondriaD. Cytoplasm

H.B.2B.1*

Refer to the illustration above. Which structure acts as a boundary between the outside environment and the inside of the cell?

A. Structure 1


B. Structure 2C. Structure 3D. Structure 4

H.B.2B.1*

Consider the diagram of a eukaryote and a prokaryote in figure 7-2. According to cell theory,

A. Both are single cells that carry out the functions of lifeB. Both are examples of primitive cells that are not capable of reproduction C. Both are examples of cells with a nucleus to direct the functions of lifeD. Only the eukaryote has true cell structure to carry out the functions of life

H.B.2B.1*

What is the function of the organelle identified as #6 in figure 7-1 (it is mostly brown, folded over, and is in the lower right part of the cell)?

A. movementB. houses the cell’s DNAC. contains the cells digestive enzymes D. packages proteins for movement out of the cell


H.B.2B.1*H.B.2B.2 Collect and interpret descriptive data on cell structure to compare and contrast different types of cells (including prokaryotic versus eukaryotic, and animal versus plant versus fungal).Which organelles are present in plant cells but not in animal cells?

A. Cytoplasm and vacuoles B. Golgi bodies and nucleus C. Cell wall and chloroplast D. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulumH.B.2B.2 If you have no other information about an organism other than the fact that it was single celled, what could you conclude?

A. It is prokaryotic B. It is eukaryotic C. It could be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic D. It is neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

H.B.2B.2

Prokaryotes lack ______________.A. A nucleusB. CytoplasmC. A cell membraneD. Genetic material

H.B.2B.2*Eukaryotes contain __________.

A. A nucleusB. Genetic materialC. Specialized organellesD. All of the above

H.B.2B.2*Which of the following organisms are eukaryotes?

A. PlantsB. AnimalsC. FungiD. All of the above


H.B.2B.2*

All of the following are found in both plant and animal cells, exceptA. a cell wallB. a cell membraneC. mitochondriaD. endoplasmic reticulum

H.B.2B.2*H.B.2B.3 Obtain information to contrast the structure of viruses from that of cells and to explain, in general, why viruses must use living cells to reproduce.

H.B.2C Conceptual Understanding: Transport processes which move materials into and out of the cell serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell.H.B.2C.1 Develop and use models to exemplify how the cell membrane serves to maintain homeostasis of the cell through both active and passive transport processes.


Which letter indicates a cell structure that directly controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell?

A. A B. B C. C D. D

H.B.2C.1

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from __________________.A. An area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.B. An area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.C. An area of equilibrium to an area of high concentration.D. An area of equilibrium to an area of low concentration.

H.B.2C.1*Which type of transport requires input of energy from the cell?

A. DiffusionB. OsmosisC. Active transportD. Facilitated diffusion

H.B.2C.1*

What is a major difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?A. diffusion moves water molecules and facilitated diffusion moves glucoseB. diffusion does not require energy and facilitated diffusion does


C. diffusion does not use proteins and facilitated diffusion doesD. diffusion moves particles from low to high concentration

H.B.2C.1*All of the following are types of passive transport EXCEPT

A. OsmosisB. DiffusionC. EndocytosisD. Facilitated diffusion

H.B.2C.1*Which of the following does not require energy?

A. active transportB. endocytosisC. diffusionD. exocytosis

H.B.2C.1*

Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by

A. diffusionB. exocytosisC. endocytosisD. osmosis

H.B.2C.1*Diffusion is the movement of a substance

A. from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.B. From an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.C. only through a lipid bilayer membraneD. only in liquids

H.B.2C.1*H.B.2C.2 Ask scientific questions to define the problems that organisms face in maintaining homeostasis within different environments (including water of varying solute concentrations).

H.B.2C.3 Analyze and interpret data to explain the movement of molecules (including water) across a membrane.

H.B.2D Conceptual Understanding: The cells of multicellular organisms repeatedly divide to make more cells for growth and repair. During embryonic development, a single cell gives rise to a complex, multicellular organism through the processes of both cell division and differentiation.


H.B.2D.1 Construct models to explain how the processes of cell division and cell differentiation produce and maintain complex multicellular organisms.

H.B.2D.2 Develop and use models to exemplify the changes that occur in a cell during the cell cycle (including changes in cell size, chromosomes, cell membrane/cell wall, and the number of cells produced) and predict, based on the models, what might happen to a cell that does not progress through the cycle correctly.Which of the following processes occur only in S phase of the cell cycle?

A. Organelle replication B. Cell growth C. Chromosome segregation D. DNA replication

H.B.2D.2

Which of the following does NOT happen during Interphase?A. cell growsB. DNA is copiedC. Spindle fibers formD. Cell prepares to divide

H.B.2D.2*The typical growth period of a cell occurs during which stage of the cell cycle?

A. G1 (gap 1) phaseB. CytokinesisC. MitosisD. Synthesis (S) phase

H.B.2D.2*Which of the following occurs in telophase?

A. chromosomes move to opposite polesB. chromosomes line up at the equatorC. chromosomes relax/ uncoilD. chromosomes condense

H.B.2D.2*During which phase do chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell?


A. TelophaseB. InterphaseC. MetaphaseD. Anaphase

H.B.2D.2*Which of the following events does NOT occur during prophase?

A. spindle fibers formB. chromosomes condenseC. nuclear membrane dissolvesD. spindle attaches each sister chromatid to a centriole

H.B.2D.2

A. ProphaseB. MetaphaseC. AnaphaseD. Telophase

H.B.2D.2*

H.B.2D.3 Construct explanations for how the cell cycle is monitored by check point systems and communicate possible consequences of the continued cycling of abnormal cells

The graphic represents the different stages of the cell cycle. Specific genes within the DNA, called inhibitors, stop the cell cycle in G1 phase. This process helps to keep the DNA unaltered and the cells dividing at the correct rate. Certain chemicals in our environment may result in mutations of cells' DNA that in turn prevent the inhibitors from halting the cell


cycle.

If this happens, _______ may result.

A. cancer B. cell death C. deformities D. birth defectsH.B.2D.3 The timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is believed to be controlled by a group of closely related proteins known as

A. chromatids B. cyclins C. centromeres D. centriolesH.B.2D.3 A cell with damaged DNA can lead to cancer if it is allowed to divide. In the normally functioning cell cycle such cells are prevented from division by:

A. the selectivity of kinetochores B. the product of mutated p53 genes C. the M checkpoint D. cdc mutations

H.B.2D.3 An example of an internal growth signal is a ________, while a __________ is an example of an external growth signal.

A. Enzyme / checkpointB. Enzyme / growth factorC. Checkpoint / growth factorD. Growth factor / specific stimuli

H.B.2D.3*Ca Cancer cells may separate from the original tumor and use the ____________ system to

invade other parts of the body.A. digestiveB. circulatoryC. respiratoryD. reproductive

H.B.2D.3*_______ tumors remain at one location in the body while ________ tumors are transported to other body parts.

A. Malignant / benignB. Benign / malignant


C. Benign / stationaryD. Malignant / stationary

H.B.2D.3*

Under normal conditions, when cells are not in contact with other cells it will cause them to divide and when cells are too closely packed it will cause them to stop dividing. These are examples of ______________ signals.

A. InternalB. ChemicalC. PhysicalD. Abnormal

H.B.2D.3*A critical control point in which stop and go signals regulate the cell cycle is called a

A. CheckpointB. Critical pointC. Chemical pointD. None of the above

H.B.2D.3*Normal cells become cancer cells when

A. Regulation of cell growth and division occurs.B. Cells respond to control mechanisms.C. Cells pass though G1D. Cells do not respond to checkpoints.

H.B.2D.3*H.B.2D.4 Construct scientific arguments to support the pros and cons of biotechnological applications of stem cells using examples from both plants and animals.Stem cells may be similar to the cells of a developing embryo because both cell types can

A. produce only one type of cell. B. help the brain to learn and remember things. C. divide and differentiate. D. cause Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.H.B.2D.4 Embryonic stem cells differentiate into various tissues. Research suggests that it may be possible to replicate stem cells from the skin of adult mice, rather than having to use stem cells from mouse embryos. In the future, human stem cells may be used to replace human tissue damaged by diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis.

Why might the use of stem cells taken from a patient to replace damaged tissues decrease


the potential risk to a patient?

A. Retrieving donor stem cells from human embryos is difficult and controversial. B. Stem cells taken from a donor and implanted into a patient can be rejected by the patient's immune system. C. Stem cells may not be able to differentiate into the correct cells and tissues needed for the patient. D. Stem cells from a patient will not be destroyed by the patient's own immune system.H.B.2D.4All cells contain the same genetic information. Why can't cells other than stem cells differentiate into various tissues?

A. As cells develop their genetic makeup changes. B. Stem cells are the only cells that do not have an X or Y chromosome and can therefore go into either a male or female. C. Stem cells are the only cells that can be implanted. D. As cells develop some genes are turned off permanently.H.B.2D.4H.B.3 The student will demonstrate the understanding that all essential processes within organisms require energy which in most ecosystems is ultimately derived from the Sun and transferred into chemical energy by the photosynthetic organisms of that ecosystem.H.B.3A Conceptual Understanding: Cells transform energy that organisms need to perform essential life functions through a complex sequence of reactions in which chemical energy is transferred from one system of interacting molecules to another.H.B.3A.1 Develop and use models to explain how chemical reactions among ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate act to transfer chemical energy within cells.

The energy to accomplish active transport comes from where? A. energy from ions B. energy stored in ATP within the cell C. energy produced by the cell’s flagella or cilia moving D. energy stored in ADP within the cellH.B.3A.1

All of the following cellular activities require ATP except A. sodium-potassium pump B. diffusion of oxygen across the membrane C. endocytosis D. movement of an amoeba H.B.3A.1The formation of ATP from ADP and a phosphate requires energy. A. True

B. False


H.B.3A.1

During the ATP-ADP cycle, energy is ____ to create ATP from ADP.A. usedB. releasedC. recycledD. not necessary

H.B.3A.1*

Figure 8.3


Refer to Figure 8-3. Which diagram accurately labels and depicts the ATP-ADP cycle?A. Figure AB. Figure BC. Figure CD. Figure D

H.B.3A.1*Which of the following is true of ATP

A. Contains five phosphate groupsB. Is essential for a cell to perform all the tasks necessary for lifeC. Is found only in bacteriaD. All of the above

H.B.3A.1*

Look at Figure 8-1. All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPTA. Structure A.c.B. Structure B.d.C. Structure CD. Structure D

H.B.3A.1*H.B.3A.2 Develop and revise models to describe how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.Carbon dioxide is required for which of the following processes in photosynthesis

A. the splitting of water B. the production of ATPC. the Calvin CycleD. the absorption of water

H.B.3A.2What products of photosynthesis and reactants for respiration belong in the box


to complete the cycle?

A.

Hormones

B.

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

C.

ATP and ADP

D.

Glucose and oxygen

H.B.3A.2 A plant is provided adequate carbon dioxide and water, but no light. In this plant A. photosynthesis will occur more slowly than in the light B. the light independent reactions will continue to produce glucose C. ATP and NADPH will be stored until sunlight becomes available D. photosynthesis will not occurH.B.3A.2

Which type of energy transformation occurs in photosynthesis? A. heat to electrical B. light to chemical C. light to mechanical D. chemical to mechanicalH.B.3A.2Which of the following diagrams accurately represents the use of gases in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A. C.


B. D.

H.B.3A.2The major atmospheric by-product of photosynthesis is

A. nitrogenB. carbon dioxideC. waterD. oxygen

H.B.3A.2*The first step in photosynthesis is the

A. synthesis of waterB. absorption of light energyC. formation of ATPD. production of oxygen

H.B.3A.2*Which of the following equations best represents the process of photosynthesis?

A. C + O2 + H2O → CO2 + HOHB. CO2 + H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + O2C. C + H2O + light energy → C6H12O6D. C6H12O6 + light energy → CO2 + H2O

H.B.3A.2*The energy in the Calvin cycle (dark reactions) for the production of sugar molecules during the process of photosynthesis comes from,

A. ATP onlyB. The Kerbs cycleC. ATP and NADPHD. Carbon dioxide

H.B.3A.2*


Refer to the illustration above. Graph A demonstrates that the rate of photosynthesisA. increases in response to increasing light intensity, but only to a certain point.B. is unaffected by changes in light intensity.C. increases indefinitely in response to increasing light intensity.D. decreases in response to increasing light intensity.

H.B.3A.2*H.B.3A.3 Construct scientific arguments to support claims that chemical elements in the sugar molecules produced by photosynthesis may interact with other elements to form amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids or other large organic molecules.

H.B.3A.4 Develop models of the major inputs and outputs of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) to exemplify the chemical process in which the bonds of food molecules are broken, the bonds of new compounds are formed and a net transfer of energy results. Use the models to explain common exercise phenomena (such as lactic acid buildup, changes in breathing during and after exercise, cool down aft The high concentration of protons in the inner mitochondrial space relative to the mitochondrial matrix represents: A. magnetic energy


B. kinetic energy C. potential energy D. photonic energy

H.B.3A.4As protons (H+) flow through the ______ , energy is released and used to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP. A. electron transport chain B. outer mitochondrial membrane C. cytochrome oxidase D. ATP synthase

H.B.3A.4

What is the correct equation for aerobic respiration in humans? A. glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide and water B. glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide C. glucose carbon dioxide and water D. D. H2O H+ + OH-

H.B.3A.4

The process of cellular respiration A. is necessary for organisms that are incapable of photosynthesis B. breaks down food molecules to release stored energy C. occurs before plants are able to carry out photosynthesis D. occurs only in animals.

H.B.3A.4 When oxygen is available to a cell the process of cellular respiration takes place in two stages. A. glycolysis and anaerobic respiration B. stage 1 and stage 2 of photosynthesis C. glycolysis and the aerobic respiration D. oxidative respiration, then reductive respiration

H.B.3A.4*C6 H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATPThe process showing in the equation above begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and ends

A. cytoplasm B. mitochondria C. endoplasmic reticulum D. lysosome

H.B.3A.4*


The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is

A. anaerobic respiration B. aerobic respiration C. cellular respiration D. all of the above

H.B.3A.4*Which of the following processes releases the most ATP per molecule of glucose for immediate cell use?

A. aerobic respiration B. anaerobic respiration C. chemosynthesis D. photosynthesis

H.B.3A.4*H.B.3A.5 Plan and conduct scientific investigations or computer simulations to determine the relationship between variables that affect the processes of fermentation and/or cellular respiration in living organisms and interpret the data in terms of real-world phenomena.

In a laboratory setting the same amount of yeast, sugar (sucrose), and water are mixed together by scientists. The scientist changes the temperature during the experiment and the height of the foam produced was measured. The results of the experiment are depicted below.

What would the dependent variable in this experiment? A. Amount of yeast B. Amount of water C. Temperature D. Height of the foamH.B.3A.5


H.B.4 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the specific mechanisms by which characteristics or traits are transferred from one generation to the next via genes.H.B.4A Conceptual Understanding: Each chromosome consists of a single DNA molecule. Each gene on the chromosome is a particular segment of DNA. The chemical structure of DNA provides a mechanism that ensures that information is preserved and transferred to subsequent generations.H.B.4A.1 Develop and use models at different scales to explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits transferred from parent to offspring.A scientist puts nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of polypeptide chains composed of only the amino acid phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate?

A. The amino acid phenylalanine is composed of uracil.B. UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine.C. Protein synthesis malfunctions in test tubes.D. Most proteins contain only one type of amino acid.H.B.4A.1

5' ATCAGCGCTGGC 3'

The above sequence of DNA is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment?

A. 4B. 8C. 12D. 20H.B.4A.1

H.B.4A.2 Develop and use models to explain how genetic information (DNA) is copied for transmission to subsequent generations of cells (mitosis). Which of the strands below is the complement to the segment GCATCCGA of a DNA molecule?

A. CCTAGGCTB. GCATCCGAC. CGUAGGCUD. CGTAGGCT

H.B.4A.2 Semi-conservative replication of DNA refers to the idea that


A. DNA molecules need to unwind before duplication begins.B. each new DNA molecule contains two new single RNA strands.C. the two strands of DNA molecules run in opposite directions.D. each half of the original DNA molecule is joined with a new complementary DNA strand.

H.B.4A.2

H.B.4B Conceptual Understanding: In order for information stored in DNA to direct cellular processes, a gene needs to be transcribed from DNA to RNA and then must be translated by the cellular machinery into a protein or an RNA molecule. The protein and RNA products from these processes determine cellular activities and the unique characteristics of an individual. Modern techniques in biotechnology can manipulate DNA to solve human problems.H.B.4B.1 Develop and use models to describe how the structure of DNA determines the structure of resulting proteins or RNA molecules that carry out the essential functions of life.A DNA base sequence is shown below.

ACAGTGC

How would this base sequence be coded on mRNA?A. TGTCACGB. GUGACAUC. UGUCACGD. CACUGUA A strand of mRNA containing the sequence AUG AAG CAC UGA could code for which of the following amino acid sequences?

A. met-lys-his-stop B. met-asn-gln-stopC. ile-lys-his-stopD. ile-asn-gln-stop


H.B.4B.1During transcription the DNA base sequence is transcribed into a complimentary mRNA sequence. A codon table like the one shown below lists the amino acids coded for by particular triads of mRNA bases. A segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which one nucleotide has been changed. The original sequence was ACG and the new sequence is ACA. Use the codon table to determine whether or not this mutation will cause a change in the phenotype of the organism.

A. Yes, the phenotype of the organism would change because a new amino acid will be coded for. B. Yes, the phenotype of the organism would change because any change in the DNA sequence will cause a change in phenotype.


C. Even though the DNA sequence changed, the sequence still codes for the same amino acid, so no change in phenotype will occur. D. It is impossible to determine if a change in phenotype will occur using only the DNA sequence.H.B.4B.1

Transcription, which is a stage of gene expression, is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a (an)

A. mRNA moleculeB. DNA moleculeC. uracil moleculeD. rRNA molecule H.B.4B.1*

During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made from each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is GGATCGA, then the new strand will be:

A. TTGCATGB. GGATCGAC. CCTAGCTD. AAGTATC H.B.4B.1*

H.B.4B.2 Obtain, evaluate and communicate information on how biotechnology (including gel electrophoresis, plasmid-based transformation and DNA fingerprinting) may be used in the fields of medicine, agriculture, and forensic science.Genetic engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This effect was produced by

A. mixing foreign genes into the milk.B. injecting foreign genes into the goats' udders.C. inserting foreign genes into fertilized goat eggs.D. genetically modifying the nutritional needs of the goats' offspring.

H.B.4B.2 Genes for medically important proteins can be cloned and inserted into bacteria, as shown in the diagram below.


Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein?

A. DNA replication in bacteria and humans is the same. B. Bacterial cells contain the same organelles as human cells. C. The basic components of DNA are the same in humans and bacteria. D. Bacterial cells and human cells contain the same kind of chromosomesH.B.4B.2In some people, the lack of a particular enzyme causes a disease. Scientists are attempting to use bacteria to produce this enzyme for the treatment of people with the disease. Which row in the chart below best describes the sequence of steps the scientists would most likely follow?

A. Row 1B. Row 2C. Row 3D. Row 4

H.B.4B.2 DNA samples were collected from four children. The diagram below represents the results of a procedure that separated the DNA in each sample.


The children that are most likely related to one another are:

A. A and BB. A and CC. C and DD. B and D

H.B.4B.2 H.B.4C Conceptual Understanding: Sex cells are formed by a process of cell division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is halved after replication. With the exception of sex chromosomes, for each chromosome in the body cells of a multicellular organism, there is a second similar, but not identical, chromosome. Although these pairs of similar chromosomes can carry the same genes, they may have slightly different alleles. During meiosis the pairs of similar chromosomes may cross and trade pieces. One chromosome from each pai r is randomly passed on to form sex cells resulting in a multitude of possible genetic combinations. The cell produced during fertilization has one set of chromosomes from each parent.H.B.4C.1 Develop and use models of sex cell formation (meiosis) to explain why the DNA of the daughter cells is different from the DNA of the parent cell.

Which of the following statements correctly describes meiosis?

A. Cells divide only once during meiosis.B. Meiosis does not occur in reproductive cells.C. The cells produced at the end of meiosis are genetically identical to the parent cell.D. The cells produced at the end of meiosis contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.


H.B.4C.1Which statement concerning the reproductive cells in the diagram below is correct?

A. The cells are produced by mitosis and contain all the genetic information of the father.B. If one of these cells fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be identical to the father.C. Each of these cells contains only half the genetic information necessary for the formation of an offspring.D. An egg fertilized by one of these cells will develop into a female with the same characteristics as the mother.H.B.4C.1During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up next to one another along the equator?

A. Anaphase IB. Metaphase IC. Metaphase IID. Prophase II

H.B.4C.1*Crossing-over occurs

A. during Prophase IB. during Prophase IIC. during fertilizationD. at the centromere

H.B.4C.1*Which is the best description of the events that take place during anaphase II?

A. Homologous chromosomes separateB. Homologous chromosomes line up along equatorC. Replicated chromosomes become visibleD. Sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles

H.B.4C.1*Gametes are produced by the process of

A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. Replication


D. Crossing-overH.B.4C.1*The first three phases of the cell cycle are collectively known as

A. interphaseB. telophaseC. mitosisD. cellular respiration

H.B.4C.1*

Refer to the illustration above. The cell in diagram 3 is inA. prophaseB. telophase C. metaphaseD. anaphase

H.B.4C.1*

Refer to the illustration above. The cell in diagram 4 is inA. prophaseB. telophase C. metaphaseD. anaphase

H.B.4C.1*

Refer to the illustration above. The correct order of the process of mitosis would beA. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5B. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5C. 5, 3, 4, 2, 1D. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1


H.B.4C.1*Gametes have

A. homologous chromosomes B. twice the number of chromosomes found in body cellsC. two sets of chromosomesD. one allele for each gene

H.B.4C.1*Gametes are produced by the process of

A. mitosisB. meiosisC. crossing-overD. replication

H.B.4C.1*

Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of

A. Two genetically identical cellsB. Four genetically different cellsC. Four genetically identical cellsD. Two genetically different cells

H.B.4C.1*

Using the information you have learned about cell reproduction, answer to the question below about a cell with a diploid number of 4 chromosomes. Select from the diagrams above, labeled A, B, C, D, and E, to answer the question.

Which of the diagrams above depicts a cell at the end of meiosis II?


A. AB. BC. CD. D

H.B.4C.1*The difference between anaphase of mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis is that

A. The chromosomes line up at the equator in anaphase IB. Centromeres do not exist in anaphase IC. Chromatids do not separate at the centromere in anaphase ID. Crossing- over occurs only in anaphase of mitosis

H.B.4C.1*Which of the following does not provide new genetic combinations?

A. random fertilizationB. cytokinesisC. independent assortmentD. crossing-over

H.B.4C.1*The exchange of segments of DNA between the members of a pair of chromosomes

A. ensures that variations within a species never occurB. acts as a source of variations within a speciesC. always produces genetic disordersD. is called genetic crossing

H.B.4C.1*H.B.4C.2 Analyze data on the variation of traits among individual organisms within a population to explain patterns in the data in the context of transmission of genetic information.In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two red-eyed heterozygous flies (Rr)?

A. RR onlyB. rr onlyC. Rr and rr onlyD. RR, Rr, and rr onlyH.B.4C.2 Assume that brown eyes (B) are dominant over tan eyes (b) in guinea pigs. When a brown-eyed male is mated with a tan-eyed female, 50% of the litter has brown eyes and 50% has tan eyes. What is the genotype of the female guinea pig?


A. BB B. BbC. BtD. bbH.B.4C.2 If a __________ allele is present, the trait will appear in the organism.

A. DominantB. RecessiveC. DoubleD. Single

H.B.4C.2*Huntington's disease causes a slow degeneration of the nervous system, beginning at about age fifty. Patients with Huntington's disease lose control of their limbs and become forgetful. As the disease grows more severe, it paralyzes and kills them. The disorder is dominant. Suppose that Bill's genotype is (Hh) and his wife Sharon is (hh). What are the chances that his daughter, Grace, will also have Huntington's?

A. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D. 100%

H.B.4C.2*Suppose that Bill's genotype is (Hh) and his wife Sharon is (hh). What are the chances that his daughter, Grace, will also have Huntington's?

A. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D. 100%

H.B.4C.2*


Refer to Figure 5. If individual III-2 marries a person with the same genotype as individual I-1, what is the chance that one of their children will be afflicted with hemophilia?

A. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D. 100%

H.B.4C.2*

Which of the following traits is controlled by multiple alleles in humans?A. Blood typeB. HemophiliaC. Sickle cell anemiaD. Male pattern baldness

H.B.4C.2*Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait and is more common in ____________ compared to ___________.

A. Adults / childrenB. Children / adultsC. Females / malesD. Males / females

H.B.4C.2*

H.B.4C.3 Construct explanations for how meiosis followed by fertilization ensures genetic variation among offspring within the same family and genetic diversity within populations of sexually reproducing organisms.


A scientist wants to change the DNA of a sexually reproducing organism and have the new DNA present in every cell of the organism. In order to do this after fertilization, she would change the DNA in which of the following?

A. zygote B. placenta C. testes of the father D. ovaries of the mother

H.B.4C.3 The reduction of the chromosome number during meiosis is most important for —

A. allowing the growth of the cell without increasing the DNA contentB. keeping the amount of DNA in the cell at a minimum levelC. preventing the nucleus from becoming larger with each cell divisionD. maintaining the chromosome number during sexual reproductionH.B.4C.3

H.B.4D Conceptual Understanding: Imperfect transmission of genetic information may have positive, negative, or no consequences to the organism. DNA replication is tightly regulated and remarkably accurate, but errors do occur and result in mutations which (rarely) are a source of genetic variation.H.B.4D.1 Develop and use models to explain how mutations in DNA that occur during replication (1) can affect the proteins that are produced or the traits that result and (2) may or may not be inherited.

H.B.6 The student will demonstrate an understanding that ecosystems are complex, interactive systems that include both biological communities and physical components of the environment.H.B.6A Conceptual Understanding: Ecosystems have carrying capacities, which are limits to the numbers of organisms and populations they can support. Limiting factors include the availability of biotic and abiotic resources and challenges such as predation, competition, and disease.H.B.6A.1 Analyze and interpret data that depict changes in the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem over time or space (such as percent change, average change, correlation and proportionality) and propose hypotheses about possible relationships between the


changes in the abiotic components and the biotic components of the environment.In a forest ecosystem, the abiotic factors include

A. Light, temperature, and plantsB. Animals, water, and plantsC. Water, soil, and temperatureD. Minerals, oxygen, and protists

H.B.6A.1White-tailed deer live in a field near the school. In the summer grasses contribute to their diet. A careless camper did not extinguish a campfire causing the field to be destroyed by the fire. Due to the destruction of the grassy field what do you predict will happen to the population of deer?

A. A decrease in population.B. An increase in population.C. No change to the population.The deer switch to consuming rabbits.H.B.6A.1

The graph represents

A. a competitive relationshipB. a mutualistic relationshipC. a predator-prey relationshipD. a parasitic relationship

H.B.6A.1


The hare population increased in 1890 because

A. the lynx population increased from 1885-1889B. the lynx population declined from 1885-1889C. the lynx population stayed the same from 1885-1889D. the hare population increased from 1885-1889

H.B.6A.1Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?

A. The average temperature of the ecosystemB. The number and kinds of soil minerals in the ecosystemC. The number and kinds of predators in the ecosystemD. The concentration of oxygen in the ecosystemH.B.6A.1If greenhouse gas emissions and human overuse of land continue to increase, what would be a likely long-term effect on ecosystems?

A. An increase in human population and increase in species diversity.B. A decrease in human population and a decrease in species diversity.C. No long term effects on human population or species diversity.D. Temporary effects on human population and species diversity.

H.B.6A.1The graph below shows the effect of a factor on the photosynthetic rate of the green marine alga Enterorpha linza. Which is most likely represented by factor X?


Factor XPh

otos

ynth

etic R

ate

A. Light intensityB. Water concentrationC. Competition levelD. Substratum type

H.B.6A.1H.B.6A.2 Use mathematical and computational thinking to support claims that limiting factors affect the number of individuals that an ecosystem can support.Mullet are local estuarine fish that move in schools and feed on plankton and plant matter. Natural predators of the mullet include spotted sea trout, sharks, pelicans and dolphins. The graph below shows how the number of mullet in an area has changed over time.

Based on the data, one student concludes that a new predator was introduced into the area during this time period. Which of the following is a likely alternate explanation for the change in the mullet population?

A. mullet prey increased in the areaB. mullet parasites decreased in the areaC. the temperature of the area increasedD. the amount of aquatic plants in the area decreasedH.B.6A.2


Yeast Population Over Twenty four Hours

|12

Yeast was added to a flask containing a water/nutrient mixture, and the yeast population was monitored over a twenty four hour period. The results are shown on the graph above.The graph shows that after 16 hours, the yeast population —

A. could continue reproducing at an increasing rateB. is about to increase dramatically in populationC. is close to the food source sustainability of its habitatD. is beginning to feed on itselfH.B.6A.2 H.B.6B Conceptual Understanding: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important components of the carbon cycle, in which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and geosphere through chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes.H.B.6B.1 Develop and use models of the carbon cycle, which include the interactions between photosynthesis, cellular respiration and other processes that release carbon dioxide, to evaluate the effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide on natural and agricultural ecosystems.Complete burning of plant material returns carbon primarily to the

A. herbivoresB. atmosphere.C. vegetation.D. water.

H.B.6B.1The process of cellular respiration is essential to the carbon cycle. Respiration takes ___________ out of the atmosphere and adds ___________ into the atmosphere.

A. water, oxygenB. oxygen, carbon dioxideC. carbon dioxide, oxygen


Population

Time in Hours

D. water, carbon dioxideH.B.6B.1Which of these statements is best illustrated by this diagram?

A. Animals under water eat plants. B. Land animals exhale oxygen into water. C. Water-dwelling animals breathe carbon dioxide. D. Plants take in carbon dioxide from air or water.

H.B.6B.1H.B.6B.2 Analyze and interpret quantitative data to construct an explanation for the effects of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane) on the carbon cycle and global climate. The graph below shows atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the year 1880. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this graph?


A. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are responsible for global temperature change. B. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been rising at about the same rate for the past century. C. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have remained the same over the past century. D. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been rising at an increasingly higher rate as the past century has progressed.H.B.6B.2 The burning of fossil fuels will change the carbon cycle and global climate by

A. Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphereB. Decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphereC. Decreasing the amount of methane in the atmosphereD. Increasing the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere

H.B.6B.2Using the experimental setup below answer the following question.The following is the procedure for a science experiment involving greenhouse gases.

Procedure:1. Fill two beakers with 100 mL of soil.2. Carefully light the candle with the matches.3. Cautiously drop the candle into one of the beakers with soil.


4. Allow the candle burn for two – three minutes to be sure gases get released in the beaker.5. Blow out the candle.6. Remove the candle.7. Quickly place the thermometers in the beakers8. Cover the beakers with Ziploc Baggies as quickly as possible to be sure the gases from the candle don’t escape. 9. Place both beakers under a light source.10. Measure the temperature of each beaker every five minutes.

Results

Time (minutes) Beaker 1 Temperature (Experimental)

Beaker 2 Temperature (Control)

0 23 ˚C 23 ˚C5 32 ˚C 24 ˚C10 36 ˚C 25 ˚C15 38 ˚C 27 ˚C20 40 ˚C 27 ˚C25 41 ˚C 27 ˚C

What do these results show?

A. The presence of greenhouse gases cause a decrease in temperature B. The presence of greenhouse gases cause an increase in temperatureC. The presence of candle gas had no effect on temperature D. Not information to draw conclusions from this data

H.B.6B.2Using the experimental setup below answer the following question.The following is the procedure for a science experiment involving greenhouse gases.

Procedure:1. Fill two beakers with 100 mL of soil.2. Carefully light the candle with the matches.3. Cautiously drop the candle into one of the beakers with soil.4. Allow the candle burn for two – three minutes to be sure gases get released in the beaker.


5. Blow out the candle.6. Remove the candle.7. Quickly place the thermometers in the beakers8. Cover the beakers with Ziploc Baggies as quickly as possible to be sure the gases from the candle don’t escape. 9. Place both beakers under a light source.10. Measure the temperature of each beaker every five minutes.

Results

Time (minutes) Beaker 1 Temperature (Experimental)

Beaker 2 Temperature (Control)

0 23 ˚C 23 ˚C5 32 ˚C 24 ˚C10 36 ˚C 25 ˚C15 38 ˚C 27 ˚C20 40 ˚C 27 ˚C25 41 ˚C 27 ˚C

What is the name of the greenhouse gas emitted by burning the candle?

A. Methane (CH4)B. Nitrogen gas (N2)C. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)D. Oxygen gas (O2)

H.B.6B.2 H.B.6C Conceptual Understanding: A complex set of interactions within an ecosystem can keep its numbers and types of organisms relatively stable over long periods of time. Fluctuations in conditions can challenge the functioning of ecosystems in terms of resource and habitat availability.H.B.6C.1 Construct scientific arguments to support claims that the changes in the biotic and abiotic components of various ecosystems over time affect the ability of an ecosystem to maintain homeostasis.Which is an example of a biotic factor that would limit the size of a deer herd?

A. Populations of predatorsB. Server summer droughtC. Lack of oxygen at high altitudesD. Heavy winter snowfallsH.B.6C.1A study was done on three different fish species living in a pond in New York State. The influence of temperature on the growth rates of the fish populations is shown in the graph


below.

In this pond where these fish live, temperature is a

A. limiting factorB. hereditary factorC. source of ATPD. source of solar energy

H.B.6C.1 I. Kudzu is a vine important from Japan to the US in the 1800s. By the 1930s, farmers were encouraged by the government to plant kudzu for erosion control. Now common throughout the southeastern states, the vine grows at a staggering rate of 1 foot a day and kills native species by blanketing vegetation with leaves and choking trees and shrubs by encircling them with vines.

II. The brown marmorated stink bug is an agricultural pest, native of mainland China and first observed in Pennsylvania in 1998. It is thought to have entered the US by stowing away on packing crates of cargo ships. Piercing mouth parts cause serious damage to apples, persimmons, peaches, cucumbers, grapes, and other crops. The bugs leave the fruits with small, unsightly dark spots on their surfaces, resulting in unmarketable produce.

III. Around 1987, zebra mussels were discovered in the Great Lakes region where they became a serious nuisance. Native to the Black and Caspian Seas of Eurasia, these mollusks coat the undersides of docks and boats and clog pipes and plumbing. Because a female zebra mussel can produce 20,000 to 1,000,000 eggs a year, this species is a serious


threat to native species.

What do kudzu, zebra mussels, and brown marmorated stink bugs have in common?

A. Their presence results in increased biodiversity.B. They were all unintentionally introduced into the US.C. They are invasive species which have thrived in foreign ecosystems.D. They promote competition among native species, resulting in balanced ecosystems.

H.B.6C.1H.B.6D Conceptual Understanding: Sustaining biodiversity maintains ecosystem functioning and productivity which are essential to supporting and enhancing life on Earth. Humans depend on the living world for the resources and other benefits provided by biodiversity. Human activity can impact biodiversity.Which type of organisms helps to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide?

A. CarnivoresB. ProducersC. DecomposersD. Herbivores

H.B.6DH.B.6D.1 Design solutions to reduce the impact of human activity on the biodiversity of an ecosystem.Human expansion often has a negative impact on the environment. However, these effects can be minimized to achieve sustainability. Which these solutions does not describe an action that will help meet this goal?

A. Allowing new construction only in areas that are not near fresh water supplies.B. Fining companies that use nonrenewable resources to operate.C. Monitoring environmental systems to learn how human activities affect them.D. Growing large quantities of the same crop in a given field each year.H.B.6D.1 Which of the following would most likely have a negative effect on the biodiversity of an ecosystem?

A. Combustion of fossil fuels releasing nitrogen gasses and sulfur compounds in the atmosphere.B. Proper disposal of human and industrial waste.C. Stricter control over transportation of plants or animals between state and national borders.


D. Increase in the number of wind turbines.H.B.6D.1 B-5: Biological evolution and the diversity of life.B-5.1 Summarize the process of natural selectionThe diagram below shows the effect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insects over three generations. Which concept is represented in the diagram?

A. survival of the fittestB. dynamic equilibriumC. successionD. extinction

B-5.1

Average beak sizes of the seed-eating medium ground finch on one of the Galapagos Islands are shown in the diagram below. During wet years, all types of seeds are abundant. The medium ground finch prefers to eat small seeds that are easy to crush. However, during droughts (dry years), when small seeds are not as abundant, they eat the larger seeds on the island.

The most likely explanation for this variation in the beak size of the medium ground finch is that

A. the birds acquired larger beaks so they could take advantage of the supply of small seeds


B. the birds with smaller beaks mutated due to the drought so they produced more offspring

C. different adaptations gave some birds a better chance for survivalD. the environment caused the birds to exercise their beaks

B-5.1

What is the survival value of a fish or frog species that lays hundreds of eggs each time it reproduces compared to a species which lays only a single egg?

A. More eggs laid increases the likelihood that more males will be attracted to the eggs for fertilization.

B. Single-egged laying species are generally more reproductively efficient and do not need to lay multiple eggs.

C. More eggs laid increases the likelihood that more offspring will survive predation or failed fertilization.

D. There is no survival value for the species, only for the individual

B-5.1

According to the idea of natural selection, why are some individuals more likely than others to survive and reproduce?

A. They acquire characteristics during their lifetime and pass them on to their offspring. B. They do not pass on characteristics to their offspring that they acquired during their

lifetime.C. They are better adapted to survive and reproduce more in their environment than

others.D. They tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the same environment.

B-5.1


Study the picture of the birds. These birds are all types of birds found in the islands of Hawaii and they all evolved from a common ancestor. How did these birds come to look different?A. Some offspring were born with slight genetic differences from parents that proved to be an advantage in their current environment.B. Adult birds faced with a challenge grew different beaks and other traits to fit their environment.C. Scientists most likely altered their DNA to help them survive.D. Birds passed on acquired traits to offspring.B-5.1*

Human activities can alter an ecosystem and bring about the extinction of a species. Such activities include any of these exceptA.

hunting a species to extinction

B.

assuring a habitat remains unaltered.

C.

introducing toxic compounds into food webs.

D.

introducing a new species into an environment.

B-5.1*Many species of organisms are found only on islands. Lemurs are found only on Madagascar and koalas only on Australia. Which factor contributes MOST to this situation?A.

small land area

B.

fewer predators

C.

genetic isolation

D.

limited food variety

B-5.1*In a dense forest, some trees are very tall. The type of plant MOST LIKELY to survive underneath these trees is one thatA.

can store water.

B.

produces many seeds.

C.

needs little sunlight.

D.

can withstand the cold.

B-5.1*


B-5.2 Explain how genetic processes result in the continuity of life-forms over time.Which observation could best be used as evidence that there is an evolutionary relationship between two species?

A. They have similar DNA base sequences.B. They have similar fur color.C. They inhabit the same geographic regions.D. They occupy the same niche.

B-5.2How does sexual reproduction increase the chance of survival of a species?

A. Crossing over produces a variety of traits in offspring.B. Protein synthesis results in a change in the genotypes of offspring.C. Allele combinations produce identical traits in offspring. D. Fertilization results in the offspring receiving traits from one parent.

B-5.2In an environment that undergoes frequent change, species that reproduce sexually may have an advantage over species that reproduce asexually because the sexually reproducing species produce

A. more offspring in each generation.B. identical offspring.C. offspring with more genetic variation.D. new species of offspring in each generation.

B-5.2Select the disadvantage of sexual reproduction described below.

A. Organisms that reproduce sexually do not produce much genetic variationB. Sexual reproduction, unlike asexual reproduction, can rapidly produce too many

new offspring.C. Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are equally vulnerable to the same

diseases, predators, and other environmental pressures.D. Sexual reproduction requires two individuals, which may be difficult for

endangered speciesB-5.2

The inheritance of genetic traits from parents to children follows predictable rules. Knowing that each parent contributes genes equally to each child, what determines an inherited trait such as eye color?A. Only the dominant genes.


B. Only the recessive genes.C. The interaction between dominant and recessive genes.D. The interaction between dominant and recessive genes does not determine inherited

traits.B-5.2*Yeast cells reproduce quickly by budding. This is a form of ___________ reproduction so all of the yeast cells ____________.A.

sexual; vary

B.

asexual; vary

C.

asexual; are identical

D.

sexual; differ from the parents

B-5.2*Which of these statements MUST be true if two different plants are members of the same species? A.

They have the same number of chromosomes as one another.

B.

They both produce flowers and seeds at the same time of year.

C.

Their leaf shapes and patterns appear to be exactly the same.

D.

They can produce offspring plants that also produce fertile seed.

B-5.2*B-5.3 Explain how diversity within a species increases the chances of its survival.

_____________________ within a species increases the likelihood that some members of a species will survive when environmental conditions change.

A. VariationB. DisjunctionC. Genetic driftD. Asexual reproduction

B-5.3All of the genes of all members of a particular population make up the population’s

A. genotypeB. phenotypeC. gene poolD. frequency

B-5.3If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the frequency (number of lizards) of the new skin color will increase?


A. How many other skin colors are presentB. How many phenotypes the population hasC. Whether the mutation was caused by nature or human interventionD. Whether the mutation makes some lizards more fit for their environment

B-5.3The diagram below represents four different species of bacteria.

Which statement is correct concerning the chances of survival for these species if there is a change in the environment?

A. Species A has the best chance of survival because it has the most genetic diversity.

B. Species C has the best chance of survival because it has no gene mutations.C. Neither species B nor species D will survive because they compete for the same

resources.D. None of the species will survive because bacteria reproduce asexually.

B-5.3

Farmer Brown grows corn for a living. One day, Farmer Green suggests to Farmer Brown that he should clone his best corn plant in order to produce more ears of corn per plant. Farmer Brown is not sure about Farmer Green's idea. Why might Farmer Brown be hesitant to clone his corn?A.

Cloning the corn plants is difficult and expensive to accomplish.

B.

The cloned corn would not have the same taste as the original plants.

C.

Cloning eliminates the ability to sexually reproduce and provide genetic variability.

D.

Cloned plants would have increased genetic variability as well as a shortened life expectancy.

B-5.3*____________, harmful or helpful, is considered to be the source for new alleles and a main contributor to the diversity of life on Earth.A.

Mitosis

B.

Mutation

C.

Transcription

D Translation


.

B-5.3*B-5.4 Explain how genetic variability and environmental factors lead to biological evolution.Which factor may have played a role in the development of the polar bear in Alaska and the brown bear in Russia into separate species?

A. geographic isolationB. mitotic cell divisionC. temporal isolationD. artificial selection

B-5.4Long periods of stability in the fossil record, followed by short periods of significant evolutionary change, are explained by which model of evolution?

A. gradualismB. evolution by genetic driftC. punctuated equilibrium

B-5.4

How does genetic diversity help the process of natural selection and aid the survival of a population?

A. There are fewer mutations within the gene pool.B. There is a reduced predation of the population members.C. There is an increased chance for beneficial traits within the gene pool.D. There is less competition between the population members.

B-5.4Use the following information to answer the questionAverage beak sizes of the seed-eating medium ground finch on one of the Galapagos Islands are shown in the diagram below. During wet years, all types of seeds are abundant. The medium ground finch prefers to eat small seeds that are easy to crush. However, during droughts (dry years), when small seeds are not as abundant, they eat the larger seeds on the island.


How might an extended period of drought influence the ground finch population? A. The birds with smaller beaks would be more numerous.B. The birds with larger beaks would be more numerous.C. Drought decreases seed availability, but has no influence on the ground finch.D. Drought increases seed availability, and all ground finches would be more numerous.B-5.4The dots represent a bacterial infection. Harry was very sick with this bacterial infection. The infection was treated with antibiotics. Harry seemed to get well, but in a few weeks, he was sick again. How can this be explained using natural selection?

A. The antibiotics were ineffective to this strain of bacteria.B. The stronger, more resistant bacteria survived the antibiotics and reproduced. C. The antibiotics did not kill the bacteria; it only forced them to be dormant.D. Antibiotics will only kill a portion of the bacteria, no matter how much medicine Harry takes.

B-5.4*What process accounts for species diversity?A.

mitosis

B.

meiosis

C.

predation

D symbiosis


.B-5.4*B-5.5 Exemplify scientific evidence in the fields of anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and paleontology that underlies the theory of biological evolution.Which type of scientific evidence supports evolution by comparing genes and proteins?

A. fossil recordB. embryologyC. biochemistryD. anatomy

B-5.5The illustration below shows the structures of two unrelated species. Each have a similar function but are different in structure. This is an example of

A. vestigial structuresB. cyclic structuresC. analogous structuresD. homologous structures

B-5.5In the diagram below is a whale, the bones labeled “pelvis” and “femur” appear to be useless in modern whales.


Based on this evidence, it can be concluded that these structures A. were present in a recent ancestorB. have never served a purposeC. prove that whales will soon walk on landD. none of the above

B-5.5The cactus, which grows in the American desert, and the euphorbia, which grows in the African deserts, are not related, but have similar characteristics/structures because they adapted to the same conditions in different places. This is an example of ____________

A. convergent evolution.B. divergent evolution.C. coevolution.D. gradualism.

B-5.5


The structures in the diagram above are referred to as ____________

A. analogous structures.B. homologous structures.C. vestigial structures.D. convergent structures.

B-5.5How might a vestigial organ provide clues to an animal’s evolutionary history?A.

It suggests that an organism’s ancestor once used that organ.

B.

It suggests that the organism is in the process of evolving a new body structure.

C.

It suggests that the organism is a result of the crossing of different species with different body structures.

D.

It suggests that the structure is the result of an unsuccessful mutation.

B-5.5*Scientists want to determine how closely related chimpanzees are to humans. Which data would give the MOST accurate comparison?A.

their niches

B.

their DNA sequences

C.

their physical characteristics

D.

their behavioral characteristics

B-5.5*The diagram shows the leg bones of a (L -> R): Orangutan, dog, pig, cow, tapir, and horse. Most of the animals have the same bones, although some are shaped differently and placed


in different positions. What does this suggest about mammals?

A. That they shared a common ancestor.B. That mammals are evolving to become more and more like one another.C. That they developed their bone structure independently of one another.D. That the shape of the bones has less to do with the environment pressures on the animal, and more to do with what their relatives are.B-5.5*B-5.6 Summarize ways that scientists use data from a variety of sources to investigate and critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.The following shows actual data comparing a mitochondrial DNA sequence from several species. What can we conclude from the data below?

Chimp ACACCATA Bonobo ACACCATA Gorilla CCACCACA Orangutan CCACCACA Gibbon CCACCATA A. bonobos, gorillas, and gibbons form the most closely related grouping B. there seems to be no relationship between these speciesC. gorillas are most closely related to bonobos D. chimps are more closely related to bonobos than they are to gorillas

B-5.6Which of the following is an example of divergent evolution?

A. Two different species of birds that are both related to a common ancestor, have different beaks and have adapted to eating different types of food.


B. Large horses of today, evolved from smaller ancestors.C. Dolphins and Sail Fish are very similar even though they have very different ancestral lines.D. As flowers develop longer tubes, insects develop longer mouthparts. B-5.6The similarity of the structures in questions 9 & 10 combined with data provided showing similarities in nucleotide sequences between the

organisms would suggest that these organisms _____________

A. have a common ancestor.B. all grow at different rates.C. live for a long time.D. evolved in response to one another.

B-5.6The diagram below represents stages in embryonic development of eight organisms.

The similarities in embryonic development shown in the diagrams suggest that these organisms _____

A. all undergo external development.B. may have evolved from a common ancestor.C. are all members of the same species.D. have adaptation for the same environment as adults

B-5.6

The fossil evidence found in these sedimentary layers BEST implies that


A. land plants evolved from algae.B. land plants evolved after marine animals.C. vertebrates and invertebrates evolved together.D. land plants and land animals evolved at the same time.B-5.6*Biochemical analysis uses similarities in __________ as evidence for evolutionary relationships.A.

DNA sequences

B.

bone structure

C.

cellular architecture

D.

homologous structures

B-5.6*B-5.7 Use a phylogenetic tree to identify the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms.Based on the diagram, which of these is an appropriate conclusion? The diagram below shows the evolutionary relationship among different organisms.

A. Lions evolved into housecats.B. Sea lions and housecats are unrelated.C. House cats and lions have a common ancestor.D. Sea lions are as closely related to housecats as are lions.

B-5.7


Flowering plants are vascular plants. Based on the phylogenetic tree below, what other members of the kingdom Plantae also have vascular tissue?

A. fernsB. quillworthsC. spikemossesD. clubmosses

B-5.7

The evolutionary pathways of ten different species are represented in the diagram above. Which two species are the most closely related?

A. C and DB. E and IC. G and JD. A and F

B-5.7


Which phylogenetic tree below shows the green algae diverging first from the common ancestor?

A. AB. BC. CD. D

B-5.7

The human genome comprises about 3 x 109 base pairs of DNA, and no two humans, other than identical twins, ever have been or will be genetically identical. Between any two humans, the amount of genetic variation is about 0.1 percent. What conclusion would be MOST appropriate about the genetic variation between humans and the three apes as illustrated by the phylogenetic tree?A.

Genetic variation between all four organisms is non-existent.

B.

The genetic variation between all four organisms is about the same.

C.

The genetic variation between humans and orangutans is the greatest

D.

Humans branched off from the other three animals due to great genetic variations.

B-5.7*According to the cladogram below, which of these were the direct ancestors of the Kingdom Fungi?

A. AnimaliaB. ArchaebacteriaC. PlantaeD. Protista


B-5.7*The cladogram of the kingdom Animalia shows the relationship of selected animals based on their shared anatomical features. The black numbered squares represent features that are critical for forming each branch in the animal kingdom. Square one represents a dorsal nerve cord, which means the animals in all the branches have a dorsal nerve cord.

Which statement BEST explains the genetics represented by the cladogram?A.

The DNA sequences vary for each type of vertebrate.

B.

The DNA becomes more complex as we move from lamprey to human.

C.

Both DNA sequences and amino acid sequences vary among the vertebrates.

D.

There are no genetic similarities among the vertebrates in the cladogram.

B-5.7*

What statement COULD we make about the four species based on the phylogenetic tree?A. Humans are in no way similar to the other three organisms.B. There is no evidence of any connection between the four organisms. C. The orangutan has nothing in common with the other three organisms.D. The four have molecular similarities, but have their own unique traits. B-5.7*


· web viewembryonic stem cells differentiate into various tissues. research suggests that it may...

Documents