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Unit 1 – The Renaissance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hands_of_God_and_Adam.jpg

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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:-Define Middle Ages-Define Crusades-Locate Jerusalem on a map and explain why the city was important to Christians, Jews, & Muslims-Summarize how the Crusades brought Europe out of the Middle Ages by explaining the social, political, and economic effects they had on Europe.

I. The Renaissancea. Means rebirthb. Was a rebirth of science and the arts from the Middle Agesc. Middle Ages = long time period (500 – 1400) of very little change.

i. Remembered for castles/churches, emphasis on power & authority (kings & church)ii. B/C of the Crusades, shift towards importance of protection

d. The Crusades brought Europe out of the Middle Agesi. Definition = holy wars started by the Catholics in the Middle East

ii. Muslims controlled Jerusalem (holy city to Jews, Christians, AND Muslims) and would not permit Christians to travel there.

iii. Began in 1096, lasted around 200 years (multiple Crusades to the Holy Lands)iv. Remembered in vivid artworkv. Dome of the Rock on the Temple – Jerusalem

1. Christians – site of one of first Christian churches2. Jews – site of the Second Jewish Temple3. Muslims – believe Mohammad ascended into heaven from here

vi. How they changed Europe and brought it out of the Middle Ages1. Socially – Middle class developed and towns emerged; increased trade created a

middle class who could afford to live in towns2. Politically – Decline of smaller, local governments and the emergence of stronger,

more centralized governments because of the need for protection3. Economically – trade developed, Money economy (used to be a barter system

where people traded what they could do for what they needed, so if I was a teacher who needed food, I would trade tutoring sessions with a farmer’s children in return for some of his food)

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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:-Define Middle Ages-Define Crusades-Locate Jerusalem on a map and explain why the city was important to all three major world religions-Summarize how the Crusades brought Europe out of the Middle Ages by explaining the social, political, and economic effects they had on Europe.

Middle Ages &

Crusades

Define Middle Ages

Define Crusades

Jerusalem important to Christians

Jerusalem important to Jews

Jersalem important to Muslims

How Europe changed socially

How Europe changed politically

How Europe changed economically

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Jerusalem: Why Three Major Religions Claim Itby David Register

Judaism, Christianity and Islam all claim Jerusalem as holy to their faith. Why do they hold it in high regard? What are the differences that separate them?The city of Jerusalem has a long and extensive history of being the center of religious conflict. More than 50 wars have been fought in and around Jerusalem in the past 4,000-plus years, and most have been religiously motivated.

To understand why three major religions claim Jerusalem today, we have to look at the history of these religions.

A brief history of Judaism

Judaism is the oldest surviving monotheistic religion, arising in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C. Abraham is traditionally considered to be the first “Jew” and to have made a covenant with God (Genesis 17). He was actually a “Hebrew” (a descendant of Eber, Genesis 11:15-27; Genesis 14:13). Abraham worshipped and sacrificed to God in Salem (Jerusalem, Genesis 14:18;22:2; 2 Chronicles 3:1).

Because Judaism, Christianity and Islam all recognize Abraham as a prophet, they are called the “Abrahamic religions”; and all of them claim Jerusalem as a center of worship. After Jerusalem became the capital of ancient Israel and Judah, King David moved the tabernacle to this location (2 Samuel 6). King Solomon built the first temple here (2 Chronicles 6). After the division of Israel, the nation of Judah (the Jews) continued to worship in this temple.

In 586 B.C. the nation of Judah fell, and the temple was destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Jews during the time of Ezra and Nehemiah (Nehemiah 12:27; Ezra 9:9). Later, because of extensive renovations by Herod (John 2:20), this second temple became known as Herod’s temple.

Herod’s temple was destroyed by the Romans in A.D. 70, just as Christ had prophesied (Matthew 24:2). A small portion of the foundation wall on the west side of the Temple Mount survives to this day. This wall was not part of the temple itself. It was simply part of the outer wall surrounding the Temple Mount. As the closest remaining remnant of the temple, it became and remains the holiest location for Jews. Because of the passionate prayers offered by Jews at this Western Wall, some gentiles (non-Jews) began calling it the Wailing Wall.

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While the Roman Empire dispersed the majority of the Jews after the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, some Jews remained in Palestine for over a millennium. After the exile of most of the Jews from Jerusalem, these people lived in various countries in what is called the “Diaspora” (dispersion) until the founding of the State of Israel in 1948.

After 1948, Jews from all over the world came to settle in modern Israel. Having returned to their homeland, they found that various subcultures with distinctive histories, languages, religious practices and customs had developed among themselves while they were in the areas to which they had been dispersed.

Several variations in belief exist within Judaism today. Orthodox Jews believe that Jewish law is unchanging and mandatory. Conservative Jews argue that God’s laws change and evolve over time. Reform and Reconstructionist Jews believe that these laws are merely guidelines that individuals can choose to follow or not follow. There are also many Jews in Israel who are secular or atheist. For them, Judaism is their culture rather than a religion.

In general, Jews believe in one God and His prophets, with special respect for Moses as the prophet to whom God gave the law. Jewish law is embodied in the Torah (the first five books of the Bible, also known as the Pentateuch) and the Talmud (a commentary on the Torah completed in the fifth century after Christ).

A brief history of Christianity

Jesus Christ founded Christianity in the first century in Jerusalem (Acts 2). The early Christian Church fled Jerusalem prior to the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. The Church was scattered (Acts 8:1) and eventually settled in cities throughout the Roman Empire, especially in Asia Minor (Turkey), Jordan and Syria. It was considered a sect of the Jews during the first and second centuries. Because of its Jewish roots and observances, it was heavily persecuted.

Persecution of the early Christian communities continued until Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity in 324. The form of Christianity practiced by Constantine and the Roman Empire had already begun changing the original practices of the first-century Church. Yet the city of Jerusalem remained important to Constantine and the Roman church because of all the holy sites in and around the city. Constantine and the Roman emperors who followed him built several Christian churches and shrines in Jerusalem.

Numerous branches of Christianity developed from major and minor splits. The Orthodox Church and its patriarch split away from the Roman Catholic Church and the pope in 1054 because of political and doctrinal differences. In the 16th century, Martin Luther, upset at the corruption of the Catholic papacy, spearheaded a reformation movement that led to the development of Protestantism.

However, Jerusalem remained a focal point as the birthplace of Christianity in all its forms. Today it is considered one of the most important Christian cities in the world because of the many Christian shrines, churches and historical sites. Each year millions of Christians make pilgrimages to Jerusalem.

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A brief history of Islam

Muslims (adherents of Islam) believe that Allah (the Arabic word for God) sent His revelation by the angel Gabriel to the prophet Muhammad over a period of 23 years in the seventh century and that Muhammad shared these revelations with his companions, who later wrote them down. These writings were compiled in a book called the Koran—meaning “recitation.”

Islam today is a religion centered upon the Koran and the life of Muhammad, who is revered as God’s final prophet. It developed from both the Judeo-Christian tradition and the cultural values of the nomadic Bedouin tribes of Arabia.

Islam expanded into areas controlled by the Byzantine Empire. By the mid-eighth century, Islam had spread west into North Africa and Europe and east into Central Asia. Over the centuries, Islam continued to grow in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia.

As Islam expanded, the new Islamic societies adapted many of the customs they encountered. As a result, Muslims in different areas of the world created a wide variety of cultural traditions.

The three most holy shrines in Islam are found in Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. Mecca is the traditional place where the Koran was revealed. Medina is the burial place of Muhammad. And, according to Muslim tradition, Jerusalem (site of the Dome of the Rock) is the place from which Muhammad ascended to heaven.

Today the Muslims have control of the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. They consider Jerusalem one of their most holy places of worship.

The struggle between Christianity, Judaism and Islam

Although Christianity developed out of Judaic roots and texts, the Christian perspective on how one must live is different from the Jewish perspective. Christian beliefs evolved over time in the Roman Church, with the largest group of Christians coming to believe that the “Jewish” law was abrogated in favor of a universal gospel. Those Christian beliefs evolved further with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent splits and divisions.

Christians believe that Christ is God, while Jews do not. They also disagree on many other doctrines and teachings. There have always been differences between Jews and Christians going back to the first century. Relationships between Jewish and Christian communities have often been strained and difficult, particularly in Christian Europe. There, Jewish communities were often subject to discrimination and violence at the hands of Christians.

Today, there are many European Jews living in and around Jerusalem who strive to keep the memory of their persecuted past alive with memorials in Jerusalem (Yad Vashem), in

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Europe (Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum) and in the United States (Holocaust Memorial Museum and Simon Wiesenthal Center).

Christianity has also had a problematic relationship with Islam. Christians do not accept Muhammad as a prophet. While many Christians in the Middle East converted to Islam during and after the seventh century, the church hierarchy in Rome and Constantinople considered Islam to be both a political and theological threat. The Crusades were an unsuccessful attempt to reverse the Islamic conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean. Jerusalem was often in the middle of this tug-of-war between all three religions and their followers.

Islam views Judaism and Christianity as earlier versions of Islam, with revelations given by Allah but misunderstood over time by Jews and Christians. Muslims see Islam as the final, complete and correct revelation in the monotheistic tradition of the three faiths. Islam recognizes many of the Jewish and Christian prophets, including Abraham, Moses and Jesus (although they consider Him to be a prophet and not the Son of God).

Many non-Muslims mistakenly believe that Muhammad is the equivalent of Jesus in the Islamic faith, but it is the Koran that stands in the same central position in Islam as Jesus does in Christianity. According to Muslim beliefs, Muhammad himself is not divine, but a prophet chosen by God to deliver His message and an example of piety. The relationship Muslims have with Jews and Christians is rocky. While some Muslims state that Jews and Christians are specifically protected in the Koran as “Peoples of the Book,” others—especially those of militant factions—consider Jews and Christians to be infidels who must be destroyed so Islam will prevail over all religions.

Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:-Define Renaissance-Locate the Italian Peninsula-Explain the three reasons why the Renaissance began on the Italian Peninsula-Define and explain the two new ways of thinking that emerged during the Renaissance

I. Renaissance and the Italian Peninsulaa. Definition = Renaissance means rebirth and this was a rebirth of science, art, and literature in

Europeb. Began on the Italian peninsula between 1350-1600c. Why did it begin in Italy?

i. Heritage of the Roman Empire – tradition of greatness there…why do sports “rebirths” happen in Pittsburgh?

ii. Wealthy part of Europeiii. Geography - peninsula, helped with trade with the Middle East

d. Changes came gradually over 250 yearse. New ways of thinking

i. During Middle Ages, big castles and churches showed importance of power and authority, change during Middle Ages towards importance of people and their individual qualities

ii. Humanism – focusing on human accomplishments and potential

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1. Major intellectual movement2. Clashed with the Church’s demand that everyone agree with it3. Helped break people away from the Catholic Church4. Led to study of “humanities” – grammar, history, poetry

iii. Secularism – concern with what is worldly and not what is spiritual1. People still religious, but also focused on what was happening in this world;

enjoyed life on earth!2. Patrons – those who donated their own money towards the arts and literature

because of these new beliefs


Renaissance

Three Reasons the Renaissance Began on the Italian Peninsula

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Two New Ways of Thinking that Emerged w/ Definition

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Learning Goal 3: I will be able to explain the differences between Medieval & Renaissance art and identify the contributions of Italian artists Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

I. Medieval Art vs. Renaissance Arta. Medieval Art – religious themes and darker colorsb. Renaissance Art – human themes, brighter colors, more perspective

II. Italian Artistsa. Leonardo da Vinci

i. Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 – Mona Lisa, Last Supper, “Renaissance Man”a. Someone who excels at many different tasks

i. Art, engineering, science, art, helicopter?ii. Donatello 1386-1466 – “David” = first nude, bronze statue of Renaissance

a. Art based on human beings, not religious themesiii. Raphael Santi 1483-1566 – “School of Athens”

a. Painting of great writers and philosophers, not Biblical peopleiv. Michelangelo 1475-1564 – Sistine Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica (US Capitol Building),

“David” a 17 foot statue

Renaissance Art

Medieval Art

Leonardo da Vinci

Donatello

Raphael Santi

Michelangelo

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Medieval vs. Renaissance Art – a more in-depth look: In Learning Goal 3, we looked at the similarities and differences between Renaissance and Medieval art. Looking at the Medieval painting and the Mona Lisa, fill in the following table. Please underline each point you make and provide a brief explanation of it. These do NOT need to be done in sentence form!

Medieval Mona Lisa

Facial ExpressionsVague and generic; each looks the same and not much attention paid to detail, scale, or realism

Realistic and drawn to scale; the painting looks like a photograph of a human being with detailed facial features that resemble a real person

Background

Use of Color

Use of Light & Shadow

Amount of Detail

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Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:-Identify Dante and his most famous work-Explain how and why language is spread-Explain why Dante was so important-Identify Niccolo Machiavelli and his most famous work-Explain the adjective “Machiavellian”-Summarize why Machiavelli was so important to European history and why he is important in this class moving forward

I. Italian Writersa. Dante

i. 1265-1321 – Divine Comedy, Inferno most famous, story of journey through hellii. Most important Renaissance poet, called the “Father of the Italian language”

iii. What makes someone the “father of the language? 1. He is most responsible for spreading it and making it consistent

iv. Before, writings published in Latin, many people didn’t read or understand it. Publishing in Italian meant more people read it, and spread the language.

v. Sign on the Gate of Hell in Inferno1. through me you enter into the city of woes

through me you enter into eternal pain, through me you enter the population of loss. . . .abandon all hope, you who enter here.

b. Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527 – The Princei. Machiavelli’s writings

1. Better to be feared than loved2. The end justifies the means3. A prince never lacks legitimate reasons to break his promise4. Before all else, be armed5. If an injury has to be done to a man it should be so severe that his vengeance need

not be feared. 6. Politics have no relation to morals.

ii. Machiavellian – adjective that describes someone who cares more about power than morals

1. Will do anything to get poweriii. Important because…

1. He continued to promote the importance of power2. His book was read by European princes and kings, many of whom we’ll study in

this course

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Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:-Identify Dante and his most famous work-Explain how and why language is spread-Explain why Dante was so important-Identify Niccolo Machiavelli and his most famous work-Explain the adjective “Machiavellian”-Summarize why Machiavelli was so important to European history and why he is important in this class moving forward

Dante

Machiavelli

Italian Writers of the Renaissance

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Learning Goal 5 – I will be able to:-Summarize how the ideals of the Renaissance moved into northern Europe-Define/Explain Christian humanism-Identify William Shakespeare and Johan Gutenberg and explain the contribution(s) of each-Compare and contrast the Northern Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance

I. Northern Renaissancea. The Northern Renaissance

i. Renaissance ideas moved north 1. Hundred Years War ended

a. Societies now more stable, cities and populations grew rapidly2. Printing Press invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1440

a. Easier to get ideas to universities which were plentiful in northern Europe.i. Christian Humanists

1. Northern humanists critical of failure of the Church to inspire people to live the Christian life.

2. Christian humanism born out of this criticism3. Christian humanism focused on reforms to society, especially in education4. Thomas More of England

a. Wrote Utopia – which means “ideal place”i. Book about an imaginary land with no greed, corruption, war, or

need for money, but is it human nature?ii. William Shakespeare 1564-1616

1. Almost 2,000 new words, led to standardization of English language2. Invented new sayings

I’ve “seen better days.” Stuck “in a pickle.” “The Devil incarnate.” “high time”Things have come “full circle.”

It hurts “like the Dickens.” “Vanish into thin air.” “lie low”

It’s “a foregone conclusion.”

That’s “much ado about nothing.”

“Wild goose chase.” “mum’s the word”

What “a sorry sight.” “wherefore art thou Romeo?”

“at one fell swoop.” “neither here nor there.”

“As dead as a doornail.” “Send him packing.” “foul play” “the game is up.”3. Conspiracy Theory – Was it him that wrote all those plays and sonnets?

a. Never in southern Europe, yet wrote about the themes debated there.b. How many words did he use?

i. According to an article on the University of Denver website1. Shakespeare’s works = 31,534 different words.2. His vocabulary was estimated at 66,5343. Average person knows 10,000-20,000 words4. Not formally educated – how did he learn all these words?5. Was it several different people writing these?

iii. Gutenberg & Shakespeare – Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1440) made it easier to reproduce Shakespeare’s works.

iv. Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance1. Common – New ways of thinking, focus on literature and the arts2. Different – Northern Renaissance held on to religious ideals more & art more

focused on realistic lives of the people and less on classical ideas

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How Renaissance ideals moved into N. Europe

Define & Explain Christian Humanism

William Shakespeare

Johan Gutenberg

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Northern Renaissance Italian Renaissance

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Printing Press Assignment

1. Turn to page 39 in your textbook. 2. Copy every word by hand in your notebook – from “arts” to “release” AND the MAIN IDEA. Ignore

the Analyzing Primary Sources chart.3. Time how long it took you. (It took me _____ m, _____s.) Now convert it to just seconds _________s4. Multiply that by 2 (since what you copied is approximately ½ of a page). _________s.5. Then multiply that by the number of pages in the textbook (804) to see how long it would take you to

copy the text of the book by hand. __________s.6. Now, convert that number of seconds into minutes and seconds by dividing by 60. ____m _____s7. The Orphis x9050 brags that it is the fastest color printer/copier in the world (150 sheets/minute). It

would take less than 6 minutes to print your entire textbook.8. On a scale of 1-10 (10 being the most important invention in the history of the world, EVER) where

would you rate the printing press? List and explain three reasons why. Each explanation should be at least 2 SENTENCES.

9. I would rate it a _____________________ because…

a. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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Shakespearian saying Heard it? Meaning (in your own words)All that glitters is not gold

As good luck would have it

Bated breath

Be-all and the end-all

best foot forward"

Break the ice

Refuse to budge an inch

Come what may

Dead as a doornail

Dog will have his day

Devil incarnate

Elbow room

Faint hearted

Fancy-free

Fight till the last gasp

Forever and a day

For goodness' sake

Foregone conclusion

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Full circle

The game is up

Give the devil his due

Good riddance

It was Greek to me

Heart of gold

Household words

In a pickle

In my heart of hearts

Kill with kindness

Laughing stock

Lie low

Live long day

Love is blind

Melted into thin air

Method to my madness

Much Ado About Nothing

Not slept one wink

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Out of the jaws of death

Parting is such sweet sorrow

A plague on both your houses

Play fast and loose

Pound of flesh

Seen better days

Send packing

A sorry sight

Sound and fury

Spotless reputation

What's done is done

Wild-goose chase

The world's my oyster

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Unit 1 – Need to Know

Middle Ages (definition/description, years)Crusades (definition, 3 effects on life in Middle Ages)Italian peninsulaRenaissance 1. Means “rebirth”

2. Renaissance was a rebirth of science, art, and literature in EuropeWhy began on Italian peninsulaHumanismSecularismRenaissance ManRenaissance Art vs. Medieval ArtLeonardo da VinciDonatelloMichelangeloRaphael SantiDanteNiccolo MachiavelliNorthern RenaissanceChristian HumanistsUtopiaWilliam ShakespeareJohan GutenbergItalian vs. Northern RenaissanceWhy this time period was so important.

Review Pages – All Learning Goals & Bullet Points

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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:-Define Middle Ages-Define Crusades-Locate Jerusalem on a map and explain why the city was important to all three major world religions-Summarize how the Crusades brought Europe out of the Middle Ages by explaining the social, political, and economic effects they had on Europe.


Learning Goal 3: I will be able to explain the differences between Medieval & Renaissance art and identify the contributions of Italian artists Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:-Identify Dante and his

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most famous work-Explain how and why language is spread-Explain why Dante was so important-Identify Niccolo Machiavelli and his most famous work-Explain the adjective “Machiavellian”-Summarize why Machiavelli was so important to European history and why he is important in this class moving forward


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