ВОЛОДИМИР-ВОЛИНСЬКИЙ ПЕДАГОГІЧНИЙ КОЛЕДЖім. А.Ю. КРИМСЬКОГО

Кафедра викладачів іноземних мов, методик викладання іноземних мов в початкових класах

КОМПЛЕКС ЛЕКСИЧНИХ ВПРАВ

З АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

ПО ТЕМІ „ПРИРОДА”

Підготувала НЕЧАЙ В.М.,викладач іноземних мов

2007

Plants and Trees.There are many kinds of plants in the world. They are of

different shapes and different sizes. Some plants are so tiny that we need a microscope to see them. Trees are the biggest plants. A tree stands above the ground, but its roots are under the ground. The roots get food for the tree out of the earth; they also hold the tree to the ground when the wind blows.

When a tree is young, it is very small; but it grows year after year. It gets taller and taller, its trunk gets bigger and bigger, its branches get longer and longer, and there are more and more green leaves on its branches.

The leaves of trees are green in summer. They get brown or red in autumn, and then they fall to the ground when the wind blows.

But in spring, new green leaves come out again on the branches, and also pink and white blossoms which will give fruit later, in summer or in autumn.

A fruit tree gives us fruit to eat. Fruit is good to eat when it is ripe; then it is sweet.

People have gardens and kitchen-gardens. In the gardens people grow: apple-trees, pear trees, plum trees, cherry trees.

Word list:branchtrunkrootsleavesleaftwigbarkacornoak-treewillowpalmfur-treepine-tree

гілкa деревастовбуркоріннялистялисточокгілкакоражолудьдубвербапальмаялинкасосна

birchchestnutlimemaplepoplarlogwalnut-treecherry-treeapple-treeplum-treepear-treeneedlesgarden

березакаштанлипаклентополяполіногрецький горіхвишняяблунясливагрушахвоясад

Fill in the missing words:1. _______ is a tall plant that can live a long time.2. The thick main stem of a tree, from which the

branches grow is _______.3. _______ are the parts of a plant that grow nuder the

ground.4. A past of a tree which grows out from the trunk and on

which leaves grow is ______.5. _______ are green and flat parts of a plant, growing

from a stem or branch or directly from the root.6. A _________ gives us fruit to eat.7. _______ is a piece of land in which fruit trees are grown.

Match each word in the left hand column with the best meaning in the right-hand column.

Birch A tree producing smooth brown nuts inside prickly cases

Chestnut A type of tree, common in northern countries, with smooth bark and thin branches

Lime A tree with leaves that have five pointsMaple A tree with smooth leaves shaped like

hearts and sweet smelling yellow flowersPine A tree with soft wood or bush with thin

flexible branches and long narrow leavesFir A type of a tall straight tree with soft woodPoplar A tree that produces cones and has thin

sharp leaves throughout the yearWillow A tree with leaves like needles that stay on

throughout the yearWalnut tree A tree that grows in warm or tropical

climates, with no branches and a mass of large wide leaves at the top

Palm A tree that produces an edible nut in a hard round, light brown shell

Fill in the table:

Tree

BarkFlowers Wood

Color of the leavesFruit Wood

of usedspring Autumn winter

Word powerLearn proverbs from the forest. Fry to translate them. How do you understand them? Do you have similar proverbs in your language? 1. Every oak must be an acorn.2. Great oaks from little acorns grow.3. The gods sent nuts to those who have no teeth.4. He that would eat the kernel must crack the nut.5. Some people cannot see the wood for the trees.

Match with the best meaning:Bark up the wrong tree in a difficult situation and

unable to get outnot able to see the forest for the trees

allowing many details of a problem to obscure the problem as a whole

up a tree to make the wrong choice; to ask the wrong person

grease someone’s palm to be in need of a tiphave an itchy palm to bribe someoneto know someone or something like the palm of one’s hand

to bribe someone

to oil someone’s palm to know someone or something very well

FruitsFruit is the part of a plant that contains seeds and flesh

and can be eaten as food. Most fruits are sweat and good to eat. They grow on plants and have seeds in them.

Some fruits grow on bushes. They are blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, elderberries.

Some fruits grow on trees or treelike plants. They are: apples, apricot, avocado, banana, cherries, fig, grapefruit, lemon, mango, orange, papaya, peach, pear, plum, pomegranate, tangerine.

Some fruits grow on vines or vine like plants. They are: watermelon, cantaloupe, melon, grapes, strawberries.

Word list:Applestalkskincorebananapeelcherrystonecoconutdatepeanutlemonorangesegmentspeach

яблукохвостикшкіркасерцевинабананшкіркавишнякісточкакокосфінікарахіслимонапельсиндолькиперсик

strawberrygrapesvinemangopearplumpineapplewalnutkernelkiwigrapefruitpapayafernfigcactus

полуницявиноградвиноградна лозамангогрушасливаананасгрецький горіхзерняткоківігрейфрутпапаяпапоротьінжиркактус

Match each word in the left hand column with the best meaning in the right-hand column.

Pearch A round friut with firm juicy flesh. Fruit has green, red or yellow skin when ripe

Plum A round yellow or orange fruit with fur on its skin, soft flesh and a large stone inside

Cherry A sweet juicy yellow or green with a round shape, that becomes narrower towards the stem

Pear A small soft round fruit with a stone in the middle. They are red or black when ripe

Apple A soft round fruit with a red or purple skin, sweet flesh and a flat pointed stone

Apricot A round juicy fruit with a red or purple skin, sweet flesh and a flat pointed stone

Pumpkin A very large round fruit with a thick skin and many seeds. Its orange flesh it used as a vegetable

Learn vocabulary by matching each word with the best meaning.

Strawberry A wild shrub with thorns on its stems. A small dark edible fruit

Blackberries Edible dark blue berry which grow on a small bush

Blueberry A small red sour berry, used for making sauce and in cooking

Currants A small black red or white berry that grows in brunches on certain bushes

Gooseberrie A green, sour but edible berry that grow on a prickly bush. They are used for making jam

Cranberry A small edible soft fruit red when ripeRaspberries A soft juicy red fruit with tiny yellow seeds

on the surface

Describe fruits using these tables and the picture.

Word powerLearn proverbs from the garden. Can you translate them? Do you have similar sayings in your language?

1. There is no garden without its weeds.2. The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest.3. Forbidden fruit is the sweetest.4. The rotten-apple injures its neighbours.5. A tree is known by its fruit.6. A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of

weeds.

FlowersFlower – the part of a plant from which the seeds and fruit develops, often brightly colored and lasting only a short time.

Learn vocabulary by matching each word with the best meaning.

Thistle Grow wild in most parts of the world. In our

caountry it is a spring flowerPoppy A toll plant with long leaves and large

bright yellow or purple flowersRose Plant with white or yellow sweet smelling

flowersTulip A garden plant with brightly coloured

flowers. They are late coming into flower.Pansy A small white flower with a yellow centre

usually growing wildGeranium A garden plant with red or pink flowersDaisy A garden plant with a short stem and broad

flat flowers of various bright coloursChrysan- A sweet-smelling flower that grows on a

themum bush and has thorns on it sternsJasmine A garden flower growing from bulb with a

large, brighly copoured flower, shaped like a cup

Iris A wild or cultivated plant with large often bright flowers whitish juice and small black seeds

Violets A wild plant with prickly leaves and purle white or yellow flowers

Learn this table and describe flowers using a picture.

Answer the questions:1. What is flower? Name its parts.2. What flowers grow in the flower garden?3. What flowers are the some colour?4. What flowers are early coming into flowers?5. What flowers are late coming into flowers?6. Name garden and wild growing flowers?7. What is your favourite flower? Why?8. How long is it in flower?9.What way does a flower take it’s food? Do you know, that?

Flowers and other plants take in carbonik acid from the air and give off the oxygen.

We breathe out carbonik acid and so form material for the life of plants.

So, we cannot live without plants and plants cannot live without us.

Learn vocabulary by matching each word with the best meaning.

Onion A long vegetable with a green skin. It is usually eaten raw

Pepper A large dark purple vegetable with a soft white inside. Cooked before eating

Cucumber A round green seed that grows with others in a pod and is eaten cooked at a vegetable

Eggplant A juicy red eaten rawPears A plant with a radk red round root which

is eaten as a vegetable when cookedTomato A plant with a long pointed orange rootBeetroot A small hot-tasting red or white root

vegetable eaten raw in saladsCarrot A round white vegetable with many

layers inside each other. It has strong smell and flavour

Radish A hollow roughly round vegetable (red, green, yellow)

Asparagus A round vegetable with green leaves. These leaves are eaten as food

Corn A plant with small edible parts like tiny cabbages growing on its stem

Broccoli A small plant with curling green leaves that are used for flavouring and decorating

Cauliflower A vegetable with green leaves around a large hard white head of flowers

Parsley A vegetable similar to a cauli flower but with many small green flower heads

Brusselssprout A vegetable (tall) that produces yellow grain

Cabbage A plant whoose young green shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable

Potato A plant of the onion family with a strong taste and smell

Garlic A round white vegetable with a brown or red skin

A puzzle

Write your auswers in the puzzle and find out the vertical word. The vertical word spell what we all like to eat.

Fill in the table

Fruit or vegetable

Size Form Taste Used for

Word power phrases from the gardencool as a cucumber – calm and not agitated;rotten to the core – completely no good, bad;apple of someone’s - someone’s favourite person or thing;cream of the crop – the best of all;easy as apple pie – very easy;beat around the bush – to avoid answering a question;apples and oranges – comparing two different things;fresh as a daisy – very fresh;upset the apple cart – to ruin;bed of roses – way of life, that is always happy;April showers bring – something that you do not enjoy may May flowers lead to something you do enjoy lead someone down the garden path - to deceive someone.

A puzzleFind out the vertical word. The vertical word spells the

plant late coming into flower.

1. flowers of unusual shapes;2. wild plant with prickly leaves;3. a garden flower (red or pink)4. small white flower;5. a tall plant with long leaves;

6. bright flower with short stem;7. wild blue flower;8. long thin part of a flower9. bouquet;10. small wild or garden plant;11. yellow or white sweet smelling;12. growing from a bulb;13. very large round fruit.

A study of animal life. Animals and plants are similar in many ways: they

need food, they breathe; they grow and reproduce.But at the same time, they are different. Green plants

take in carbonic acid from the air and dive off the oxygen. They use inorganic materials to make up organic substances (fats, proteins) in the presence of sunlight. Animals cannot live on such a diet. They need plants and other animal. The two groups of living organisms, animals and plants, form the organic world. They are closely connected.

The Animal Kingdom.Animals are found all over the world: from the frost –

bound Arctic countries to the hot tropical areas, on mountain peak and in the depths of the sea.

Everyone knows the domestic animals and has heard about bears and wolves and some of you have even gone fishing. Insects, worms are also animals. Some animals can be seen only under a microscope.

The animal kingdom is more varied than that of the plants. There are some 500.000 different species of plants and 1.500.000 different species of animals.

Animals live in very different kinds of places. Fish live in water, polar bears prefer the shores of the Arctic Ocean, while brown bears like forests.

The animal on the sea bottom are even more varied.

Mammals. Mammals – class of animals that give birth to live

babies and feed their young on milk.

WILD AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Rabbits belong to the Mammals. The domestic breeds

were derived from wild rabbits, which are still widespread in the south of Europe. They were brought from there by man to the South-Western Ukraine.

The body of rabbit is divided (a feature common to all mammals) into a head, neck, trunk, tail and two pairs of limbs. The trunk and the head (which bears two long ears) are linked by a short neck.

In a sitting position a rabbit looks rather small. In fact, it has quite a long body. The body is covered with hair. The hair protects the animal from cold.

Wild rabbits are surrounded by enemies. They are hunted by foxes and birds of prey. They are also hunted by people. Like other mammals, the rabbit has a keen sense of smell, which plays a very important part in its life, helping it to find food.

The domestic breeds are larger and produce hair of different qualities. They are bud for their fur, for meat, and for wood. The meat of all rabbits is good to eat.

Hares. Hares look very much like rabbits, but their hind legs are larger. The ears are long and the tail is quite short. They eat vegetables and tree bark.

The White Hare lives in the woods. In summer its colour is chestnut grey, gradually changing in the autumn and winter to white. The white fur makes the animal hard to see in the snow.

The Grey Hare prefers warm, open places. It is rather larger than the White Hare and is different in colour. In winter its back remains grey and only the two sides turn white.

Squirrel belongs to a large group of small mammals which includes rabbits, hares, rats and mice. It is useful, slender beautiful animal hunted for its fur. It has a bushy tail and long brush – pointed ears.

In summer the squirrel is chest nut red. In autumn it changes color and is covered with thicker fur of different shades of grey, which makes it almost unnoticeable among the snow covered branches and twigs. Squirrels eat pine seeds, nuts, acorns and mushrooms (which they string on tree branches in summer, to dry).

Nests are built as a shelter from bad weather and also in which to raise the young. They are usually made in hollows in trees or else in higher branches.

Answer the questions:

1. What animals are called mammals?2. What does a rabbit look like?3. What is the main difference between the rabbit and a

hare? (White Hare and Grey Hare).4. Why is it important far the White Hare to change

color in winter?5. What does a squirrel look like?6. Are squirrels adopted to live in trees?

Flesh – eating mammals.

To this order belong mammals which mostly eat animal flesh. They prefer to hunt live prey. Some of these animals are very big. The most characteristic representatives are cats, wolves, dogs, foxes, bears, lions, tigers, etc.

Domestic Cat is originated from the wild cat, whose descendants are still found in Africa. It was domesticated centuries ago, in Ancient Egypt, and is still being used by man to destroy mice and rats.

When hunting mice the Domestic Cat uses the same means as its wild ancestors. It has a remarkably keen sense of hearing and sharp eyesight. Cats see well in darkness. Cats have long whiskers and eyebrows. The animal is very light on foot and able to approach its prey unnoticed.

Cats catch and hold their prey with very sharp curved claws.

The brains of all cats are more highly organized than those of rabbits or squirrels. This is due to the practice of hunting live prey.

Big Cats.Cats are the most popular pets – but you can’t keep

these cats at home. They’re called “Big Cats”.

Read the text and put in these words:Bigger bigger fastestshorter longer smaller

rarest

Lions are large powerful animals of the cat family. Lions eat meat and live in families. The males are ___________ than the female and have ________ hair on their heads. This hair is called a mane. Most lions live in southern Africa, but there are also some in India. Lions sleep about 18 hours a day.

Tigers are large animals of the cat family, having a yellowish coat with black bands. Tigers live in forests in Asia, Sumatra and Java. Some tigers are __________ than lions. Tigers are rare in the wild because people hunt them

for their fur. Tigers live alone and hunt at night. They love water and can swim very well.

Leopards and jaguars are very similar, but leopards live in Afrika and jaguars live in Central and South America. Like tigers, they live alone. Leopards are _______ than jaguars. Jaguars have ________ tails. Jaguars are the only big cats that can’t roar.

Snow leopards are the _______ big cats. Like tigers, people hunt them for their fur. They live alone in high mountains in central Asia.

Facts:Young big cats are called cubs.Another big cat, the chutah, is the land animal. It can

run at loo kph.

Wolves.Wolves hunt in a different way from cats. When they

hear or scent their prey, they run it down in the open.Wolves live and hunt it groups. Their legs which are

longer than a cat’s, are very powerful. Wolves are dangerous animals, which kill a lot of domestic stock (particularly sheep). They are known to attack people.

Dogs.Wolves are the ancestors of the Domestic Dog, the first

animal to have been tamed by man. Dogs, like wolves, have powerful legs. Man has changed the nature of dogs and evolved many different breeds to suit his own requirements. Breeds are distingnished by specific size, body shape, colouring and type of fur, and also behaviour and dispasition.

Dogs are trained for hunting, trausporting, searching for criminals, etc: Laika and Strelka were sent into outer space to find out the effects it has on living beings.

Do you know breeds of dogs ?Match each word with the best meaning.

Foxterrier Has long hair and long nose. It’s used for guarding

Poodle Has small short legs, long hair and a short flat nose. Originally from China

German sheperd

A large dog with smooth hair. It’s often trained to help the police

Pekinese Has thick curling hair which is often cutCollie Has small body, a large head and a short

thick neckBulldog Drives foxes out of their holes

Facts.The smollest dog on record was a Yorkshire terrier. She

weighed 113g and was only 6,3 cm tall.The rarest dog is the Amerecan hairless terrier. There

are 70 in the world. They have no hair.The most dangerous breed is the pit bull terrier.The world’s richest dog was Toby, a New York poodle.

He got 15 million dollars from his owner when she died.

German shaperd dogs are the most intelligent dogs of all. Like dobermans and rottweilers, they are good guard dogs.

Collies help farmers. They are good at chasing sheep and moving them in small groups.

Huskies have thick coats becouse they work in the Arctic.

Ask your group-mate:

1. Does he/she have a pet?2. If not, does he/she want to have a pet at home?3. Who takes care of the pet?4. Is it good to have a pet?5. When was he/she born? Is he/she a “dog”?

6. Does he/she know anybody who was born in the year of the Dog?

7. Is he/she more pessimistic? Toyal, faithful then you are?

8. Do different pets need different care?9. Where do pets have their slleping places?10. Which pet need more care?11. What must you remember if you have a pet?

Kangaroo.When a kangaroo is not moving, it sits on its hind legs

and is supported by its tail.When grazing, it uses both pairs of limbs, and moves

slowly. However, it can also travel at great speed. When propelled by its powerful hind legs it makes enormous flying leaps. When trying to escape from its enemies it easily jumps over bushes and ditches, using its tail as a helm.

The kangaroo is a big animal but when the young is born it is scarcely bigger than a walnut. It is blind, naked and completely helpless. At once the mother takes it in her mouth and places it in a pouch formed by a fold of skin on the underside of her body.

As the “baby” is too weak and helpless to suck, milk is squeezed into it by the contraction of special muscles. This continues until the young is developed enough to suck by itself. After about 8 months it is able to face the world and feed on grass. However, at the approach of danger it will immediately retreat into the mother’s pouch.

Wild Boar.The Wild Boar, which is actually a wild pig, is still found

in thick forests and reedy places.Its body, which is rather long rests on short legs. The

head is pointed towads the snout. These features help the

animals to run with ease through the densest thickets. Wild Boar is hoofed mammal. The skin is thick and covered with bristle-like hair, which never gets entangled in branches, and never gets wet. However, such a “coat” is a poor protection against cold.

There is plenty of food for Wild Boar in the forest. Unlike other hoofed mammals, they eat everything: grass, acorns, roots, insects and mice. They find part of their food on the surface, but also root up the ground with their long snouts which have a small round, coin-shaped tip. The head is heavy and supported by powerful neck muscles.

The teeth are adopted for dealing with all kinds of food. They use their big tusks to get out roots of plants found in the earth.

The domestic pigs of today have descended from Wild Boars.

Horses.Horse – a large animal with four long legs, a mane and

a tail. It is used for riding. The beautiful, graceful body of the domestic horse is covered with rather short hair. It has longer hair on the head and along the neck (mane). It has a long tail. Which is most effective for brushing away flies and gadflies. The tail is also of hair.

In pre-historic times wild horses lived in the open country. They traveled long distances in search of food and water. The horse became a fast runner.

Due to its well-developed sense of hearing and eyesight, the horse becomes aware of the presence of enemies.

The horse eats vegetable food.

Elephants.The Indian and the African Elephants are the largest

land animals with two curved tusks, thick skin and a long trunk.

The Indian Elephant is on the average 3m. High and weighs over 4 tons. The huge (but comparatively short) body of the Indian Elephant is supported on bulky column like legs. The skin, which is very thick and almost hairless, is so strong, that it is never scratched by the sharp broken branches. Hair grows only on the tip of the tail and in a few places on the back.

The unique characteristic of the elephantits trunk, which is actually a greatly elongated nose. This organ has become extremely flexible and can be turned in every direction. It is used to break off branches and convey them to the mouth; to draw up water to drink or give itself a shower bath in hot weather. The trunk is powerful enough to uproot a tall tree; the finger at its tip is so delicate as to be able to pick up the smallest objects. The trunk also serves as a very efficient weapon against possible enemy attack.

Elephants exist on vegetable matter: on leaves, grass and twigs. In the Zoo, for example, each member of the elephants colony is daily provided with about 65 kg. of hay, vegetables, bred, sugar and heaps of twigs. Same elephants in India, which carry heavy loads, require even more.

Among the Indian Elephants only the males have tusks, but among their African relatives the females grow them as well. The tusks are of ivory. This substance is used for making billiard balls, statuettes, brooches, etc. Elephants do not reproduce rapidly. They generally live up to 60-80 years.

The numbers of wild elephants have been greatly reduced and the animals are protected.

Monkeys.Monkey – a member of the group of animals most

similar to humans in appearance, esp., a type with a long tail that climbs trees. Most monkeys live in the tropical

jungles of Africa, Asia and America. They include many species.

Long – tailed African Monkeys.They live in tropical forests, close to rivers and lakes.

They spend most of their lives in the trees moving with great ability on all four limbs from one branch to another.

It is not without reason that monkeys are sometimes said to have four arms. On the ground they walk on all four, on the soles of their feet and the palms of their hands. The fingers and toes have nails, like a mans.

The body is covered with fur. Food consists of fruit, young sprouts bird’s eggs and insects. Long – tailed African Monkeys have the same kind and number of teeth as man.

They live in troops, each with its own leader. Living in troops offers advantages in providing food and repulsing enemy attacks.

Apes. The term “ape” includes the Chimpanzee and Gorilla, which live Africa and the Orangutan.

Chimpanzee is rather tall (a little under 150 cm.) and tail-less. Most of the body is covered with black hair, only the face, ears, palms and soles are bare. The head is round and carries large ears shaped like man’s. The bare face is also quite human in appearance.

The Gorilla is the largest of the man – like Apess, standing 180 cm. high. It stands most of its life on the ground.

Facts:Monkeys usually give birth to a single baby. “Twins”

are rare.They can easily be taught many amusing tricks.Apes communicate with one another throngh gestures,

sounds and facial expressions.In the 1960 scientists tried to make animals speak. But

no chimp ever managed to acquire a vocabulary of more than four words, and these were spoken with great difficulty.

Questions :1. What can you say about the reproduction of

Kangaroos?2. Are squirrels adapted to live in trees?3. Why is it important for the White Hare to change

colour in winter?4. Are the hunting habits of cats and wolves similar?5. What is there in common between the Wild Boar and

the Pig?6. What part does the trunk play in an elephant’s life?7. Describe the appearance of the long-tailed African

Monkey.8. What can you say about its mode of life?9. Why do we say that apes resemble man?

Read a poem aloud to yourself. What animal noises are there?

When did the world begin?By Robert Clairmont

“When did the world begin and how?”I asked a lamb, a goat, a cow.“What it all about and why?”I asked a pig as he went by.“Where will the whole thing end, and when?”I asked a duck ,a goose, a hen.And I copied all their answers too, a quack, a baan oink, a moo.

Learn animal sounds.a duck Quacksa cata doga hena cowa lamba snakeamonkey

Miaowsbarksclucksmoosboashisseschatters

a bee buzzes

Match each word with the best meaning.

Hare A sea animal that looks like a large fish. They jump sometimes above the surface of the water

Fox A large heavy wild animal with thick furHedgehog A wild animal that looks like a dog and that

lives and hunts in groupsElephant Looks like a rabbit but with longer ears and

can run very fastKangaroo A wild animal of the dog family with reddish-

brown fur and thick heavy tail. It is known for its cleverness and cunning

Monkey Has stiff spines covering its back. Can move around and can roll into a ball to defend itself when attacked

Lion The largest land animal with two curved tusks thick skin, and a long trunk

Wolf A large australian animal with strong tail that moves by jumping

Bear The most similar to humans in appearance with long tail that climbs trees

Dolphin A large powerful of the cat family, eats meat. Lives in Africa or Asia

Camel Large Asian animal of the cat family, having a yellowish coat with black bands

Tiger Has long neck and one or two humps on its back. Lives in desertr countries

A puzzle.

Write your answers in the puzzle and find out the vertical word.1. Looks like a dog2. Animal of cat family3. Looks like a pig with black skin4. Can move around and roll into a ball5. A large wild animal6. Has 2 tusks7. A large powerfu cat

8. Climbs trees9. Has strong tail10. Used for carring goods11. Eats nuts

Match each idiom with the best meaning. Smell a rat Untill the lastTill the cows come home To suspect that something

is wrongBull in a china shop To go to an event (whch is

meant for couples) without a number of the opposite sex

To have a stag party A very clumsy person around breakable things; A thoughtless or tactless person

Separate the sheep from the goats

To divide people into two groups

To make an ass of someone Easily; without any apparent effect

Like water off aa duck’s back

Make a fool out of someone

Not say boo a goose To be very or too shy or gentle

To be gentle as sheep Too easily influenced or led by others

Do you know these proverbs. Can you translate them?

Bear: Catch your bear before you sell its skin.Cat: All cats are grey in the dark. Care killed a cat. A cat has nine lives. A cat may look at a king. Don’t make yourself a mouse, or the cat will eat you.Cow: You cannot sell the cow and drink milk.Dog: All are not thieves that dogs bark at. Barking dogs seldom bite. Better be the head of a dog then the tail of a lion. Dog does not eat dog. Every dog has his day. Horse: All day loads on a willing horse. Don’t change horses in mid-stream. Don’t put the cart before the horse. Don’t ride the high horse. Every horse thinks its own pack heaviest.Kernel: He that would eat the kernel must crack the nut.Leopard: The leopard cannot change his spots.

Word list:Wild animalsDomestic animalMammalsRabbitHareSquirrelBearWolfCamelWild boarDeerElephantFoxHedgehogKangarooLionMonkey

Д. твариниДомашні твариниСсавціКроликЗаєцьБілкаВедмідьВовкВерблюдДикий кабанОленьСлонЛисицяЇжакКенгуруЛевМавпа

TigerHorseCowDonkeyRatBatGoatGiraffeZebraAntelopeLeopardPantherTrunkTuskHoofClawsHornMane

ТигрКіньКороваОселПацюкЛутюча мишКозелЖирафаЗебраАтилопаЛеопардПантераХоботКликКопитоКігтіРігГрива

Fishes.Fish – a leaving thing that lives in water and uses fins

and tail for swimming. The fish has no lungs, but only gills. That is why fish dies out of water. But there are animals that have both gills and lungs. They can live both on the land and in the water. Most fish are covered with scales. Some fish live in freshwater lakes and rivers (trout, perch, carp, pike). Some of them live in seas and oceans (herring, shark, sea horse, mackerel, cod). Fish hatch from eggs. Caviar – specially prepared eggs of large fish (sturgeon).

Fresh – water Perch.The Perch is an expert swimmer. Its body – elongated

and narrowed towards the tail. The head is united, without a flexible neck, to the trunk.

From head to tail the body of the Perch is covered with horny scales.

The Perch has an olive-brown back with dark cross-bands on its sides. These cross-bands can be easily identified as shadows cast by water weeds. This coloration helps the Perch to approach its prey without being noticed and also to hide from its enemies. With its mouth opened wide, it swallows smaller fishes and small water life. At the same time it is preyed upon by larger fishes, for instance, the pikes.

Pike.The Pike is found in most of our rivers. It is long and

slender and has a big head narrowed at the tip. Pikes have been known to attack ducklings, water rats, and other animals. As soon as another fish swims along, the Pike darts forwards like an arrow, its mouth open wide.

Life in the Sea.Mammals that are adapted to an aquatic existence are:

Dolphins, Seals and Whales.Seals.Though they live in the water, seals are true mammals.

They are warm-blooded, have lungs and four-chambered heart. They rise to the surface to breathe every 10 minutes. During the breeding season seals come onto the land. Some seals can dive to a depth of 600 metres.

In 1969 hunters found a Grey seal in Scotland. Scientists think it was more than 46 years old. That makes it the word’s oldest seal.

How did they know?From its teeth.

Dolphins.Dolphin – a sea animal that looks like a large fish. There

are over 28 different species of dolphin. The best – known are the Common and the Bottle-nosed. Dolphins are 2 meters long and can swim at fast as 45 kph. A dolphin’s brain (as a % of its weight) is bigger than a human being’s. Dolphins have a complex language. They can understand each other and some can even copy human speech.

Dolphins live in groups or “schools”. If one member of the schools becomes old or ill the others look after it.

It is interesting to know, that in the Vietnam War, America’s navy used dolphins. They tought them to put mines on the sides of enemy ships.

Whales.Whales are mammals, not fish. This means:… they have warm blood.… they have to come to the surface for air.… they feed their young on milk.Whales are very intelligent end enjoy playing. In fact

they spend three times longer playing than looking for food.

Whales “sing” to each other underwater. These songs can last for several hours and are louder than Concorde. Whale songs can travel a long way, too – as much as 850 kilometers.

The name is generally applied to a member of animals of which the giant Blue Whale is the largest. Blue Whale are found in all the word’s oceans. A Blue whale may reach a length of 33 m. Some specimens weigh over 100 tons, i.e., as much as 25 elephants or 100 oxen. The tongue of a whale may weigh up to 1,5-2 tons; the liver about 1 ton, etc. Whales not only are the largest animals alive today, but also of all that have ever lived.

A whale is shaped like a fish. The body is neckless, and the huge head is directly connected to the trunk, which gradually passes into the tail.

Questions :1. What is fish?2. What sea or freshwater fish do you know?3. How does the Perch move?4. Describe the Pike.5. What is the difference between the Shark and the

Dolphin?6. How much is the Blue Whale?7. What sea animal is the most intelligent?

8. What other sea or fresh water animals do you know?

Word list:Freshwater fishTroutPerchCarp

Прісновод. рибаФорельОкуньКарп

Lodster Pike Sheat-fish Ruff

Рак, омарЩукаСомЙорш

Bream Crucian Soodak Sea fish Herring SharkMackerelTunaSalmon

Jelly-fish

ЛящКарасьСудакМорська рибаОселедецьАкулаСкумбріяТунецьЛососьМедуза

ВосьминігСкорпіонКрабУстрицяДельфінОсетрКитМоржТюленьЩупальці

Reptiles.Reptiles – cold blooded animals that have skin

covered with scales and that lay eggs. The Class Reptilia comprises lizards, snakes, turtles and crocodiles.

The skin of the reptiles bears a horny layer, which enables them to withstand the effects of heat and dryness. They can breathe only by means of their lungs.

Reproduction of all the groups (including water-living ones) takes place on land. All lay eggs that are enclosed in solid shells or tough skins.

The sand lizard.On hot summer days the Sand Lizard, a land animal,

may be found on the edges of woods, on dry sunlit clearings. When disturbed, it darts off at lightning speed to hide in the rocks or grass.

The lizard has an elongated body two pairs of short limbs and a fairly long tail. Since the limbs are not strong enough to support the body, the belly and the tail rest on the ground. The lizard uses its long fingers and toes (five on each limb), armed with sharp claws, to climb onto rocks.

The skin is dry and usually covered with horny scales. The outer horny layer of the skin is shed in flakes several times during one summer. This takes place as soon as a new skin has grown underneath.

The color of the scales usually harmonizes with the surroundings.

Lizards eat insects, spiders, worms. In the presence of danger the lizard rapidly hides itself in safety.

Snakes.Snakes are also reptiles. The commonest is the Grass

Snake and the poisonous Adder.The Grass Snake lives near ponds and rivers, where it

finds its main food: frogs, fish. It can be easily distinguished from the Adder by two orange-yellow spots which flank both sides of its head.

The Grass Snake is non-poisonous. When caught, it doesn’t bite, and can therefore be held in your hands, if you are sure it is a Grass Snake and not a poisonous one.

Like other snakes it has no limbs. However, it enjoys great free-done of movement on land.

Unlike the skin of the lizard the Grass Snake’s skin does not flake off, but is shed in one piece. The Grass Snake first tears it about the lips (by rubbing against the stones), and then slips out of it, pulling it off like a stocking inside out.

The Grass Snake is usually of a dark colour, the belly is light yellow.

When searching for food the grass Snake projects its long tongue, forked at the tip, which is really used as a sensory organ. Adder.

Unlike the harmless Grass Snake, the grey brownish, and black Adder is poisonous. It can be distinguished from the absence of yellow spots on its head, but also by dark zigzag stripe up the middle of the back. The stripe continues on the head, forming the letter “x”.

The prey is poisoned by venom injected through the fangs, which lie in the upper jaw.

Small animals bitten by Adders die in a few seconds.If it is disturbed by a bigger mammal, even a human being, the adder may attack. The effect is not always the same.

If you are bitten by an Adder, seek immediate medical help. In the meantime: a) Squeeze out the blood in order to remove some of the poison; b) Cleanse the wound with an anti-poison.

Crocodile.The crocodiles spend the greater part of their lives in

water (in lakes or rivers). Crocodile has a hard skin, a long tail and a very big jaws. This animal grows 6-8 meters long and resenebles a lizard in appearance.

The crocodile eats only flesh. It hunts fish and birds, and is known to attack mammals as they come to the banks of rivers. The mouth is large and supplied with

large, very sharp teeth. Crocodile have a bad reputation for attacking people. Therefore it is dangerous to bathe in rivers in which they live.

The crocodile is a typical represeutative of its class. Its body is covered with bony shields on the back.

Apart from Africa, crocodiles are found in tropical countries of Azia and America.

Turtles.The turtle – is a reptile with a large hard round shell

that moves very slowly. The shell is covered with horny plates. It is impossible to pull the animal out of its shell since the ribs of the back are joined to the upper part of the shell. Only the head, the short limbs and the tail are extended through the openings.

The turtle is a vegetarion, and does some harm to crops. It has no teeth, but the jaws are equipped with horny cutting margins.

Marine Turtles (tortoises) inhabit seas and oceans, and sometimes reach enormous dimensions.

Questions :

1. Why is round shell important for a turtle?2. Why is it imposible to take the turtle’s body from its

shell?3. Why do we say that the ancestors of the crocodile

lived on land?4. How can the Adder be distinguished from the Grass

Snake?5. What measures should be taken against an Adder

bite before the arrival of a doctor?6. How can you explain the fact that the slender Snake

is able to swallow an egg or a large frog?

Match each word with the best meaning.

Lizard A large reptile that lives in lakes and rivers.

Has a hard skin, a long tail and a very big jaws

Snake A large reptile that lives in the sea and has a large hard round shell

Tortoise Has a large hard round shell and moves very slowly

Turtle A long reptile without legs souce of which are poisonous

Crocodile A reptile with a rough skin and short legs and a long tail

Crab A sea animal with a body like jelly and tentacles

Lobster A sea shellfish with 8 legs and long claws. It’s shell is black but turns bright red when it is boiled

Octopus A sea shellfish with 8 legs and 2 long сlaws, It’s shell is black but turns bright red when it is boiled

Jelly-fish A sea creature that has a hard shell and ten legs. It moves sideways on land