weathering and soil
DESCRIPTION
Pearson 6th Earth ScienceTRANSCRIPT
WEATHERING WEATHERING and SOILand SOIL
1. _____________ - the process that breaks rocks down into smaller and smaller fragments.
2. _________- carrying pieces away
3. _______________- the principle that states that processes operate the same as they did in the past
4. -weathering;
breaking into pieces caused by freezing and thawing
Weathering
mechanical
erosionuniformitarianism
A.______________- water freezes in cracks and expands
Ice wedging
B. ____________ - roots grow under and into other materialsC.____________-digging can expose new rock surfaces to weathering
Plants
Animals
Vegetation growing in Joints
D. __________-rubbing or pulling due to __________, ___________, or _______
abrasion
gravity, running water wind
E.________________- peeling action of weather rocks.
exfoliation
This is a picture of the Half
Dome. The rock is peeling away
from the mountain in
layers just like an onion. This is exfoliation.
5. ________ weathering; process that causes chemical changes to occur ;
caused by the action of water, oxygen, CO², living organisms and acid rain
chemical
A.______________- carbonic acid
(carbon dioxide and water) react
with rock to form new substances.
CarbonationCarbonation
B. _________- oxygen combines with metallic materials (such as iron) to form rust.
oxidation
C. ______________- organisms that break down the remains of dead organisms (fungi, bacteria, worms)
decomposers
permeability6. ___________ rocks with a _______ density; many spaces
low
impermeability7.________________rocks with a ____ density; tightly packed high
Look at the 2 examples of WEATHERING
Chemical
Mechanical
Are these mechanical
or chemical?
8. Rates of weatheringA._____________- eventually break down.
All rocks
B. _________- rocks decompose ______ if they crystallize fast. (Ex. Marble will decompose faster than granite).
Igneousfaster
C. Sedimentary rocks decompose faster in _______ climates.humid
D. __________and ____________
speed up chemical weathering.
Heat moisture
E. _____________and __________ speed up mechanical weathering.
Freezing thawing
9. mixture of weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air.
10. Factors that affect soil formation
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
soil-
ClimateSlope of landType of rockTypes of vegetationAmount of time rock has been weathered
11. __________- layer of solid rock beneath the soil layers
bedrock
12._______ - decayed organic matter.humus
13.- ______________
differentlayers of soil.
soilhorizon
14. _____
_______ -
vertical layering of all soil horizons.
soilprofile
topsoil
subsoil
15. ____- soil made up of equal parts of clay, sand, and silt; great for growing plants
loam
16. Causes of erosion
A. ___________
B. ___________________
slopeagricultural cultivation
C. __________________ -the removal of plants, trees, etc. for lumber, farming and grazing.
deforestation
D. ______________Overgrazing
E. _____________________Urban construction
A. ______________ - cultivating sideways rows on a hill.
contour plowing
B. _________ - buildingstep-like levels on a hill.
terracing
C._____________and
____________-planting different crops in different places each year.
strip croppingcrop rotation
D. ______________ -
planting trees to block the wind.
shelter belt
E. _____________ ____________-not allowing animals to eat too much of any one pasture area.F.__________________- leaving plant stalks to be tilled under in the spring when planting.
Proper grazing management
No till-farming
G. Use of _____, ____________, _____, _________ or ____________ to slow erosion.H.____________- planting trees on barren areas
mulch concrete wallsstone wood mats plastic coverings
reforestation
18._____________ - soil is damaged from little or no rainfall causing desert-like conditions.
desertification
19. ___________- area of the Midwest where in the 1930’s the soil was ruined by poor farming techniques
Dust Bowl
20. ________- water soaks into lower soil horizons
leaching