weather-mic microplastic weathering changes its transport ... · site-specific risk assessment of...
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WEATHER-MIC - How MICroplastic
WEATHERing changes its transport, fate and
toxicity in the marine environment Riga, September 21, 2016
Annika Jahnke Dpt. Cell Toxicology
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OUTLINE
o Objectives and overall goal of WEATHER-MIC
o The consortium: 5 partners
o The material: granules, fibres,
sheets, field plastics
o The science: Work packages 1-7,
current work, first results
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Overall goal
To assess how weathering processes influence the
transport, fate and toxicity of MPs and their leachates
in the marine environment
WEATHER-MIC will:
o Use artificial weathering combined with non-target
chemical analysis and particle imaging to “fingerprint”
weathered plastic particles (WP1)
o Investigate how weathering of MPs influences their
vertical distribution, trophic transfer and toxicity (e.g., via
size distribution, surface morphology, density, and
microbial biofilm communities) (WP3)
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AIMS AND APPROACHES I.
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WEATHER-MIC will:
o Investigate if the spatial distribution from column tests
can be extrapolated to field data from
the Stockholm Archipelago and Oslo
Harbor (with sediment transport models
parameterized for MPs) (WPs 2,4,5)
o Assess toxic effects of weathered
MPs and their leachates (WP 6)
o Develop new tools to incorporate MP
weathering into risk assessment of
marine MP pollution to assess
Good Environmental Status (Marine
Strategy Framework Directive) (WP 7)
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AIMS AND APPROACHES II.
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THE CONSORTIUM
Coordinator
Lead WP6,
WP7, WP8
Lead
WP1, WP3
Co-coordinator
Lead WP2, WP5
Leading WP4
Lead: Particle
imaging
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Order from Goodfellow
o granules (3-5 mm):
LDPE, PP, PS, PET
o fibers: LDPE, PET
o sheets: PS, PET
Grinding to generate particles of <355 µm
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THE MATERIAL
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Artificial aging and fingerprinting of weathered MPs Matthew MacLeod, Merle Plassmann, Berit Gewert (SU)
Annegret Potthoff, Kathrin Oelschlägel (IKTS)
Hans Peter Arp (NGI)
Christoph Rummel (UFZ)
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THE SCIENCE: WP1
Abiotic weathering experiments
UV-light initiation:
photooxidation
In water: Hydrolysis
Oxidating agents (H2O2)
o Differences in shape, surface charge,... (IKTS)
Gewert et al. Environ. Sci: Processes Impacts 2015, 17, 1513.
PETPE PP PS
Heteroatom backboneC-C backbone
Biodegradation
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Artificial aging and fingerprinting of weathered MPs
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THE SCIENCE: WP1
FTIR analysis of leachate profiles
Changes in the intensities of certain bands?
Chemical fingerprinting
Leachate pattern characteristics
o Goal: Source identification (combined with WP4)
Non-target screening of leachates
Enrichment of leachates using SPE
o Exact mass
o Fragmentation
o Retention behavior
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How weathering impacts MP aggregation and settling Hans Peter Arp, Naiara Berrojalbiz, Dorothea Gilbert (NGI)
Annegret Potthoff, Kathrin Oelschlägel (IKTS)
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THE SCIENCE: WP2
Simulate weathering in column experiments
o Salinity (Baltic Sea vs. Oslo Harbor)
o Isolated factors such as UV exposure,
biofilm colonization, turbulence
o Experiments at NGI and IKTS
o Challenge: Link to modeling
o How to closely simulate environmental
conditions?
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THE SCIENCE: WP2
Particle imaging of field-aged plastics
o Changes in polymer structure and structural changes
o Advanced imaging techniques (Dynamic image analysis,
Scanning electron and Confocal laser scanning microscopy),
Computed tomography 2D/3D imaging
CT image Visualization
of algae
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Effects of biofilm formation on the vertical
distribution of plastics in situ and trophic transfer Elena Gorokhova, Martin Ogonowski, Zandra Gerdes (SU)
Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen, Christoph Rummel (UFZ)
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THE SCIENCE: WP3
Gorokhova Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 99, 271.
Biofilms can affect plastic degradation, vertical distribution,
fate, trophic transfer and toxicity
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Effects of biofilm formation on the vertical
distribution of plastics in situ and trophic transfer
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THE SCIENCE: WP3
Bacterial communities on MPs
Biofilm development, algal vs. bacterial component
o Field sampling of MPs > 90 µm
o Coast-offshore and vertical gradients
Effects on trophic transfer in lower
food webs: Assessment of biofilm-
mediated effects of MP on
zooplankton foraging behavior
Particular focus on the differences
between benthic and pelagic systems
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Modeling extension to real world environments Erik Toorman, Qilong Bi (KUL)
Hans Peter Arp, Dieter Issler (NGI)
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THE SCIENCE: WP4
Set-up of 1DV column model
o Based on column experiments
Set-up of 3D hydrodynamic model
o Tides, currents, waves
Set-up of 3D particulate transport model
o Incorporate 1DV column model
o Multiple populations: sand, cohesive sediments, MPs,
organic matter and their aggregates
o Particles are subject to changes over time
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Modeling extension to real world environments
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THE SCIENCE: WP4
OpenTELEMAC software
Oslo Fjord model
o Bathymetry, mesh, velocity
Extended Baltic Sea model
o Driving forces: wind, waves,
tides, turbulence, bottom
friction, Coriolis force,…
Flocculation modeling
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The influence of weathering on MP aggregation & settling Hans Peter Arp, Dorothea Gilbert, Naiara Berrojalbiz (NGI),
Elena Gorokhova (SU), Erik Toorman (KUL), Annegret Potthoff,
Kathrin Oelschlägel (IKTS)
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THE SCIENCE: WP5
Sampling: Collect sediment cores and water column
samples in Oslo Harbor and
the Baltic Sea
Analysis: MP content,
compare with column tests
Model validation: Match the
size distribution and profiles of
MP with WP4 predictions
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Toxicological assessment of MP particles and leachates Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen, Dana Kühnel, Christoph Rummel,
Beate Escher, Annika Jahnke (UFZ)
Berit Gewert (SU), Annegret Potthoff (IKTS)
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THE SCIENCE: WP6
Screen toxicological effects of MPs and their leachates in
environmental organisms according to OECD guidelines
o Adapt guidelines for
chemicals to particles
o Test virgin and weathered
particles plus leachates
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Toxicological assessment of MP particles and leachates
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THE SCIENCE: WP6
Evaluate toxicological effects on biofilm communities
based on pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT)
o Longterm exposure induces changes in
the species composition in a community
Provide mechanistic information on modes-of-action
using reporter-gene bioassays for leachates
o Adaptable battery of bioassays for testing mixture toxicity
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Environmental risk posed by MPs and their leachates Dana Kühnel, Beate Escher (UFZ)
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THE SCIENCE: WP7
Conceptual framework for assessing risks related to
virgin and weathered MPs
o Combine the generated
exposure and effect data
plus data from literature
o Probability
o Precautionary principle
o Cost vs. benefit
Hazard assessment
Effect Fate &
exposure
Risk assessment
Pro
ba
bili
ty
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Environmental risk posed by MPs and their leachates
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THE SCIENCE: WP7
Site-specific risk assessment of weathered MP
Challenge: Particles and their leachates
Goals:
o Identify critical areas on a
horizontal and vertical scale
o Define the most critical properties
of MPs after weathering (e.g.
shape, roughness, size fraction)
o Assess Good Environmental Status according
to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
www.sayakaganz.com
PAGE 19
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http://jpi-oceans.eu/weather-mic/about
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JPI-Oceans & Federal Ministry
of Education and Research (03F0733A)
YOU for your kind attention
Monterey Bay Aquarium
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS