weather factors energy in earth’s atmosphere heat transfer winds water in the atmosphere...

Weather Factors

Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere

Heat Transfer

Winds

Water in the Atmosphere

Precipitation

Table of Contents

Weather Factors

SequencingAs you read, make a flowchart that shows how the sun’s energy reaches Earth’s surface.

How Earth’s Atmosphere Gets Energy

Sun gives off energy.

Energy travels to Earth as electromagnetic radiation.

Some of the sun’s energy is reflected back into space or absorbed by gases or particles in the air.

The remaining energy is absorbed or reflected by the surface.

Much of the energy absorbed by the surface is radiated back into the atmosphere.

- Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere

Weather Factors

Energy in Earth’s AtmosphereEnergy From the Sun Pg. 560-561

1. Nearly half of the energy in Earth’s atmosphere comes from the sun.

False- all of the energy

2. Energy from the sun travels to Earth as ____.

electromagnetic waves

3. Electromagnetic waves are classified according to wavelength, or the distance between waves.

True

Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere

Energy From the Sun

Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of visible light and infrared radiation. A small amount arrives as ultraviolet radiation.

Weather Factors


4. The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called _____.

radiation

5. Visible light

A. It is a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow.

6. Infrared radiation

C. It has wavelengths that are longer than those of red light.

Weather Factors


7. Ultraviolet radiation

B. It has wavelengths that are shorter than those of violet light.

8. What causes the different colors of visible light?

The different colors of visible light are the result of different wavelengths.

9. Red light has a shorter wavelength than blue light.

False- longer wavelength

Weather Factors


10. Sentences that are true about infrared radiation • It is invisible.• It can be felt as heat.• It has longer wavelengths than red light.

11. Sentences true about ultraviolet radiation. • It can cause skin cancer and eye damage.

• It can cause sunburns.


Energy in the Atmosphere

Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. The rest passes through to the surface.

Weather Factors


Energy in the Atmosphere Pg. 562

12. What happens to energy from the sun that is neither reflected nor absorbed by the atmosphere?

It can pass through the atmosphere to the surface.

13. What absorbs energy from the sun in the atmosphere?

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, clouds, dust, and other gases absorb energy from the sun in the atmosphere.

Weather Factors


14. What reflects energy from the sun in the atmosphere?

Clouds, dust particles, and gases reflect energy from the sun.

15. Reflection of light in all directions is called___.

scattering

16. Sentences that are true about scattering.• Scattered light is bluer than ordinary sunlight.• Scattering explains why the daytime sky

looks blue.

Weather Factors

Energy in Earth’s AtmosphereEnergy at Earth’s Surface Pg. 563

17. Energy that is absorbed by the land and water is changed into ___.

heat

18. When Earth’s surface is heated, it radiates most of the energy back into the atmosphere as ultraviolet radiation.

False- infrared radiation

Weather Factors


19.What absorbs most of the energy that is radiated from Earth’s surface?

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, clouds, dust, and other gases in the air absorb most of the energy that is radiated from Earth’s surface.


Greenhouse Effect

When Earth’s surface is heated, it radiates most of the energy back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation. Much of this energy is held by the atmosphere, warming it.

Weather Factors


20. The process by which gases hold heat in the air is called the ____.

greenhouse effect

21.The greenhouse effect is a natural process.

True

Weather Factors

Links on Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere

Click the SciLinks button for links on energy in Earth’s atmosphere.

- Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere

Weather Factors

End of Section:Energy in Earth’s

Atmosphere

Weather Factors

OutliningAs you read, make an outline about how heat is transferred. Use the red headings for the main topics and the blue headings for the subtopics.

Heat Transfer

I. Thermal Energy and Temperature

A. Measuring TemperatureB. Temperature Scales

II. How Heat Is TransferredA. RadiationB. ConductionC. ConvectionD. Heating the Troposphere

- Heat Transfer

Weather Factors - Heat Transfer

Temperature and theMovement of Molecules

The iced tea is cold, so its molecules move slowly. The herbal tea is hot, so its molecules move faster than the molecules in the iced tea.

Weather Factors

Heat TransferThermal Energy and Temperature Pg.567

1. The faster the particles of a substance are moving, the more energy they have.

True

2. The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance is called ____.

thermal energy

3. The average amount of energy of motion of each particle of a substance is called ___

temperature

Weather Factors

Heat Transfer

4. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is.

True

5. Air temperature is usually measured with a ___.

thermometer

Weather Factors

Heat Transfer

6. How does a thermometer work?

When the temperature increases the liquid in the bulb expands and rises in the column. When the temperature decreases the liquid contracts and moves down the column.

7. Compare/Contrast table

On the Celsius scale the freezing point of water is a. 0 degrees and the boiling point of water is b. 100 degrees. On the Fahrenheit scale the freezing point of water is c. 32 degrees and the boiling point of water is d. 212 degrees.

Weather Factors

Heat Transfer

7. e. Is 50 degrees hotter on a Celsius or on a Fahrenheit scale? Explain your answer by comparing the numbers in the table.

50 degrees is hotter on a Celsius scale. 50 degrees is midway between 0 degrees and 100 degrees. On a Fahrenheit scale, 50 degrees is much closer to 32 degrees than 212 degrees.

Weather Factors

Converting Units Temperatures in weather reports are usually given in Fahrenheit scale, but scientists use the Celsius scale. Temperature readings can be converted from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale using the following equation:

If the temperature is 68ºF, what is the temperature in degrees Celsius?

ºC = 20ºC

- Heat Transfer

Weather Factors

Converting Units Practice Problem

Use the equation to convert the following temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.

35.0ºF

1.67ºC

- Heat Transfer

Weather Factors



60.0ºF

15.6ºC

- Heat Transfer

Weather Factors



72.0ºF

22.2ºC

- Heat Transfer

Weather Factors

Heat TransferHow Heat Is Transferred Pg. 568-569

8. The energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one is referred to as ___.

heat

9. Radiation is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

True

10. The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching is called___.

conduction

Weather Factors

Heat Transfer

11. Sentences that are true about conduction. • It works well in some solids.• It works well in metals.

12. The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid is called ____.

convection

13. Radiation

C- feeling the sun’s warmth on your face.

Weather Factors

Heat Transfer

14. Conduction

B- burning your bare feet on hot sand.

15. Convection

A- Warm water rising in a pot on a stove.

Weather Factors - Heat Transfer

How Heat Is TransferredHeat is transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.

16.

Weather Factors

Heat Transfer

17. The troposphere is heated mainly by _____.

convection

18. The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air form _____.

convection currents

Weather Factors

Links on Heat Transfer

Click the SciLinks button for links on heat transfer.

- Heat Transfer

Weather Factors

Heat Transfer

Click the Video button to watch a movie about heat transfer.

- Heat Transfer

Weather Factors

End of Section:Heat Transfer

Weather Factors

Relating Cause and EffectAs you read, identify how the unequal heating of the atmosphere causes the air to move. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below.

Unequal heating of the atmosphere

Cause

EffectsWarm air expands, becomes less dense, and rises.

Cold, more dense air sinks.

Dense cold air has a higher pressure than less dense warm air. Wind blows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

- Winds

Weather Factors

WindsWhat is Wind? Pg. 571

1.The horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure is referred to as ____.

wind

2. Winds are caused by differences in air pressure.

True

3. wind vane

B- measure wind direction.

4. anemometer

A- measure wind speed.

Weather Factors

Winds5. A south wind blows toward the south.

False- north

6. The increased cooling that a wind can cause is called the____.

wind-chill factor

7. Why does the wind blowing over your skin make you feel colder?

The wind makes you feel cooler because it is removing body heat.

Weather Factors

WindsLocal Winds Pg. 572

8. Winds that blow over short distances are called ____.

local winds

9.What causes local winds?

Local winds are caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area.

10. Sentences that are true about the unequal heating of land and water.•Land warms up faster than water.

Weather Factors

Winds

11. Label the drawings:

A. A sea breeze is wind blowing from the sea that is caused by cooler air moving from the sea to take the place of warmer air on the land.

B. A land breeze is wind blowing from the land that is caused by cooler air moving from the land to take the place of warmer air on the sea.

Weather Factors

Winds

Global Winds Pg. 573

12. Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances are called ____.

global winds

13. Sentences that are true about global winds.•They are created by unequal heating of Earth’s surface.•They are produced by the movement of air between the equator and the poles. •They curve because of Earth’s rotation.

Weather Factors - Winds

Angle of the Sun’s Rays

Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly near the equator. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger area.


Coriolis Effect

As Earth rotates, the Coriolis effect turns winds in the Northern Hemisphere toward the right.

Weather Factors

Winds

14.As Earth rotates, the Coriolis Effect causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn toward the ____.

right


Global Wind Belts

A series of wind belts circles Earth. Between the wind belts are calm areas where air is rising or falling.

Weather Factors

WindsGlobal Wind Belts Pg. 574-576

15. The calm areas around the Earth include the _____ and the _____.

doldrums and horse latitudes.

16. Compare/Contrast Table

Trade winds- blow from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and the southeast in the southern hemisphere.

Prevailing westerlies- blow from the southwest in the northern hemisphere and from the northwest in the southern hemisphere.

Weather Factors

Winds16. cont. Polar easterlies- blow away from the poles.

d. Suppose you were sailing across the Pacific Ocean from central America to Asia just above the equator. Which winds would help speed you on your way?

Trade winds

17. Sentences that are true about jet streams.• They are hundreds of kilometers wide.• They blow at speeds of 200 to 400 kilometers

per hour.

Weather Factors

Global Winds Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about global winds.

- Winds


Jet Streams

The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds occurring at the top of the troposphere.

Weather Factors

Convection Currents

Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutconvection currents.

- Winds

Weather Factors

End of Section:Winds

Weather Factors

Water Cycle Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the water cycle.

- Water in the Atmosphere

Weather Factors

Question Answer

Asking QuestionsBefore you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.

How does the water cycle work? Water evaporates from the surface, condenses to form clouds, and falls to Earth as rain or snow.

What is relative humidity? The percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount air can hold at that temperature

How do clouds form? Water in the air condenses on tiny particles in the air to form liquid water or crystals.

Can you determine weather conditions by looking at clouds?

Yes; each type of cloud is associated with a particular type of weather.


Weather Factors

Water in the AtmosphereIntroduction Pg. 578

1.The process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as water vapor is called _____.

evaporation

2. What is the water cycle?

The water cycle is the movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.

3. A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air is ____.

humidity

Weather Factors


4. What is relative humidity?

It is the percentage of water vapor that is actually in the air compared to the amount of water vapor that air can hold at a particular temperature.

5. Sentences that are true about relative humidity.• It is a percentage.• It depends on air temperature.

Weather Factors


6. Relative humidity can be measured with a ____.

psychrometer

7. Sentences that are true about how a psychrometer works.

• When relative humidity is high, there is not much difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometer readings.

Weather Factors

Determining Relative Humidity

Relative humidity is affected by temperature. Use the data table to answer the following questions. First, find the dry-bulb temperature in the left column of the table. Then find the difference between the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures across the top of the table. The number in the table where these two readings intersect indicates the relative humidity in percent.


Weather Factors


64%

Interpreting Data:

At noon, the reading on a sling psychrometer are 18ºC for the dry-bulb thermometer and 14ºC for the wet-bulb thermometer. What is the relative humidity?


Weather Factors


88%

Interpreting Data:

At 5 p.m., the psychrometer is used again. The reading on the dry-bulb thermometer is 12ºC and the reading on the wet-bulb thermometer is 11ºC. Determine the new relative humidity.


Weather Factors


It decreased from 18 degrees to 12 degrees.

Interpreting Data:

How did the temperature change between noon and5 P.M.?


Weather Factors


It increased.

Interpreting Data:

How did the relative humidity change during the course of the day?


Weather Factors


For the same amount of water in the air, as the temperature decreases, the relative humidity increases. Warm air can hold more moisture than cool air can.

Drawing Conclusions:

How was the relative humidity affected by air temperature? Explain your answer.


Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere

How Clouds Form

Clouds form when warm, moist air rises and cools. Water vapor condenses on tiny particles to form liquid water or ice crystals.

Weather Factors

Water in the AtmosphereHow Clouds Form Pg. 581

8.Clouds form when water vapor in the air condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals.

True

9. Condensation

D- process by which molecules of water vapor become liquid water.

10. Dew point

C- temperature at which condensation begins.

Weather Factors


11. Dew

B- water that condenses from the air onto a cooler surface.

12. Frost

A- ice that has been deposited on a surface with a temperature that is below freezing.

Weather Factors


13. Sentences that are true about condensation of water vapor.

• It can occur on cold surfaces. • It explains why clouds form.• It can form on dust particles.

Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere

Types of Clouds

Scientists classify clouds into three main types based on their shape: cirrus, cumulus, and stratus. Clouds are further classified by their altitude.

Weather Factors

Water in the AtmosphereTypes of Clouds Pg. 582-584

14.Cumulus clouds

A- fair weather

15. Nimbostratus clouds

D- drizzle, rain, or snow

16. Cirrocumulus clouds

B- storm on the way

17. Cumulonimbus clouds

C- thunderstorms

Weather Factors


18. Sentences that are true about cloud types.

•Cumulonimbus and nimbostratus clouds produce rain or snow.•Cirrus clouds are made up of ice crystals.

Weather Factors

End of Section:Water in the Atmosphere

Weather Factors

PrecipitationIntroduction Pg. 585

1.What is precipitation?

Precipitation is any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface.

2. All clouds produce precipitation.

False

Weather Factors

Precipitation

3. Compare/Contrast Table

Rain –

drops of water at least 0.5mm in diameter.

Sleet-

ice particles smaller than 5mm in diameter.

Hail-

ice pellets larger than 5mm in diameter.

Weather Factors

Precipitation

3. d. How are rain, sleet, and hail similar and how are they different?

Rain, sleet, and hail are similar in that they are all composed of water. They are different in that they are different sizes; rain is water in liquid form, but sleet and hail are in solid form as ice.

e. Order the sizes of rain, sleet, and hail from smallest to largest.

rain, sleet , and hail

f. Which type of precipitation typically causes the most damage when it hits the ground?

Hail would cause the most damage

Weather Factors - Precipitation

Water Droplets

Droplets come in many sizes. A raindrop has about one million times as much water in it as a cloud droplet.


How Hail Forms

Hailstones start as small pellets of ice in cumulonimbus clouds. They grow larger as they are repeatedly tossed up and down until they become so heavy they fall to the ground.

Weather Factors

Precipitation

4. The most common kind of precipitation is snow.

False - rain

5. How do mist and drizzle differ from rain?

Mist and drizzle are made up of smaller drops of water than is rain.

6. How can freezing rain cause power failures?

Freezing rain freezes and builds up as ice on tree branches, which can then break onto power lines, causing power failure.

Weather Factors

Precipitation7. Sleet

D- raindrops that freeze into tiny particles of ice as they fall through the air

8. Freezing rain

C- raindrops that freeze after they hit the ground or other cold surfaces

9. Hail

B- ice pellets that add layers of ice as they are carried up and down in a cumulonimbus cloud

Weather Factors

Precipitation

10. Snow

A- Water vapor in a cloud is converted directly into ice crystals.

11. What damage can large hailstones do?

They can cause tremendous damage to crops, building, and vehicles.

12. Long periods of unusually low precipitation are called ____.

droughts

Weather Factors

Precipitation

13. Sentences that are true about cloud seeding. •It has been used since the 1940’s to try to produce rain during droughts.•It adds tiny particles to clouds so water vapor can condense.•It has not been very successful to date in producing precipitation.

Weather Factors

PrecipitationMeasuring Precipitation Pg. 588-589

14.Meteorologists often collect rainfall with a(n)____.

rain gauge

15. On average, 10 centimeters of snow contains about the same amount of water as 5 centimeters of rain.

False- it has 1 centimeter of rain


Measuring Precipitation

Scientists measure precipitation with various instruments, including rain gauges.

Weather Factors

PrecipitationKey Terms

Down

1.Heat

2.Scattering

4.Convection

7.Stratus

Across

3. Sea

5.Temperature6.Droughts

8.Anemometer

9.Humidity

10.Cirrus

Weather Factors

What You Know

What You Learned

Using Prior KnowledgeBefore you read, look at the section headings and visuals to see what this section is about. Then write what you know about precipitation in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn.

1. Precipitation can be rain or snow.2. Precipitation comes from clouds.

1. Sleet, freezing rain, and hail are forms of precipitation.2. Droplets or ice crystals in clouds must grow heavy enough to

fall through the air before precipitation occurs.

- Precipitation

Weather Factors

Links on Precipitation

Click the SciLinks button for links on precipitation.

- Precipitation

Weather Factors

End of Section:Precipitation

Weather Factors

include include

two types three types

Earth’s winds

Local winds

Trade winds

Graphic Organizer

Global winds

Sea breeze Land breezePrevailing westerlies

Polar easterlies

Weather Factors

End of Section:Graphic Organizer

weather factors energy in earth’s atmosphere heat transfer winds water in the atmosphere...

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