weapons in the tenth-century carpathian

8/19/2019 Weapons in the Tenth-century Carpathian

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Dissertationes Archaeologicaex Iu A

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Ser. 3. No. 2.

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Contents

@electe1 OaOers oP the QIG R2ngarian HonPerenceon Hlassical @t21ies

9 &arna S

Te coin hoard of Abasár

DT :a;ler +

A belső vámok szerepe a rajnai és a dunai provinciák imporál kerámiaspekrumában

4V ?athW1es5 XY

!"mai bél#e$es é$lák a komáromi %una &eni &'zeum ()jemén#ében

8 _ Ax! An1ers _ b3 9arag6 _ :L3 ?/r>2s ^X^

Shor repor on he 2 ecavaions a /ol$ár5?sőszhalom


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D be2[ann _ u\ @i>l6si _ "% @chol5 _ ?L @5il/g8i ^YY

/reliminar# !epor on he rs season of eld0ork in 4ere-#"'jfalu5Szilhalom

?L @5il/g8i _ A!L 9]5esi _ AE Bir/g _ ?LM :asOari> +)

A /alaeolihic mammoh bone deposi and a ae ?opper A$e 4aden se-lemen and enclosure /reliminar# repor on he rescue ecavaion a Szurdokp@spki 7 ,ossz'5d)lő BB7BBB. C&2= sie No. D7EF

_ A!L &C1cs _ @L! =2s5ta +(^

6eoph#sical prospecion on he /Hure du ?ouven C4ibrace; 1ranceF. Te campai$n of 2

DL! &art2s _ 4L\ &orh8 _ :3 Del;6 _ #% @5/[a16 +^*

Shor repor on he ecavaions in he civil o0n of 4ri$eio CSzőn#5:ásárérF in 2

DL! &art2s _ 4L\ &orh8 _ #% @5/[a16 +^Y

A ne0 !oman bah in he canabae of 4ri$eio Shor repor on he ecavaions a he sie Szőn#5%unapar in 2

DL! &art2s _ 4L\ &orh8 _ L H5ali> _ &L\ Roll _@L! =2s5ta _ 4L\ "2Oni> +*

8opo$raphical research in he canabae of 4ri$eio in 2

L H5ali> _ @L! &erec>i _ 4L\ "2Oni> +S

Aerial 6eoarchaeolo$ical Surve# in he :alle#s of he &ureI and ArieI !ivers C2


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IL "inger X*

&anorial and urban manufacories in he =Eh cenur# in Sárospaak

&i;liograOh8

4L\ &orh8 X4iblio$raph# of he ecavaions in 4ri$eio C=JJ272F


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Weapons in the 10–11th century Carpathian Basin

Studies in weapon technology and methodology – rigid bow applica-

tions and southern import swords in the archaeological material

Ádám Bíró

Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities

Hungarian Academy of Sciences

[email protected]

Abstract of PhD thesis submied in 2014 to the Archaeology Doctoral Programme, Doctoral

School of History, Et!s "or#nd $ni!ersity, %uda&est under the su&er!ision of 'i!adar (ida)

I. Introduction

10–11th centuy AD weapony has always been a pefee topc of !un"aan hstoy# asealy as the en of the 1$th centuy% a "eat eal of a&enton was pa to the ssue by 'l(tay hstoans an a'ateu achaeolo"sts) *t see's pe&y clea thou"h that ths a+ectonoote n the Zeitgeist of the ea% whch n tun ete'ne the co''on ,ew an o,eallhstocal ntepetaton of the topc% as the celebatons% e,ote to the 'llennu' of the!un"aan con-uest of the .apathan Basn at the ,ey en of the $ th centuy% a&actenatonalst pe an secue the uln" eolo"y)

A/e ol a ** fo'e scentc tatons wee abuptly abote as a'atc chan"es nthe poltcal an eolo"cal stuctue of 'oen !un"ay too2 shape un" the late 1$30san 1$40s) 5n the othe han% an unenable thou"h pecula e,elop'ent of the so(calle6achaeolo"y of the con-uest peo7 n the secon half of the 80th centuy po,e that'oe an 'oe specc -uestons an topcs wee n,est"ate – 'ostly on the bass of ob( 9ect,e acheolo"cal 'ethoolo"y wthout any eolo"cal a(ons) :us – p'aly ue tothe wo2s of ;) ?,?s@ an A) >u&2ay 1 – a conseable poton of the Typen- spektrum of the weapony n -ueston ha aleay been scusse) A'on" othes% aes%

sabes an -u,es wee the sub9ect of etale eseach)


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Á) Bíró# eapons n the 10–11th centuy .apathan Basn

natonal pe an co''t'ent Ut s thus fa to aw a co'pelln" paallel between the late1$th an ealy 81th centuy socal pheno'enaV) !owe,e% the acae'c wol% )e) n oucase% achaeolo"y% fale both to eco"n@e the stuaton an to eal@e ts own potental).onse-uently% a so'ewhat "otes-ue% 'ostly "non" elatonshp has e,ol,e between the

two ses) Wntepeneus on the othe han espone -uc2ly an ecs,ely# a th,n"'a2et of eplca weapony an e-up'ent too2 shape to 'atch the nees of custo'es)Xnfotunately these eplcas ae "eneally not authentc o eact copes of the achaeolo"(cal 'ateal) :e a"ya bow% of whch countless ,aants ae sol as a nche pouct of the'a2et% se,es as an ecellent ea'ple) !owe,e% no po"ess has been 'ae n the eseachof the bow snce the poneen" stuy of


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:e apple 'etho of wo2 was necessaly ob9ect,e an este on all obse,able at(tbutes of the atfacts) Accon" to the contane nfo'aton% be t functonal% stuctualo anythn" else Ul2e chonolo"cal% choolo"cal o cultual% etc)V% a heachy of a&butescoul be ascetane) :us the -ualty of a&butes enable a classcaton that poucetypes – thou"h atcal% but – ntepetable on achaeolo"cal% weapon hstocal% cultual"ouns) :e thess focuses only on these types% subtypes% ,aants an the 'utual coela(ton) :e aspects an poble's of the bual contet% l2e coesponence of the weapons toothe atfacts an pheno'ena Uboachaeolo"y% physcal anthopolo"y% funeay pactce%etc)V ae not scusse hee as these -uestons ae beyon the scope of ths stuy) !owe,e%futue eseach nto these topcs s also ne,table)

II. Rigid bow applications and bows in the material culture o the 10th–11th century

in the Carpathian Basin

II.1. Introduction to the archaeology of pre-Mongol rigid bows of Eurasia: terminological and methodological considerations

At the be"nnn" of the chapte% an a&e'pt s 'ae to n a sutable% una'b"uous te' fothe bows su,eye hee% thou"h an epste'olo"cal analyss of the te'nolo"y of bows n"eneal)K As the stuctue of the a's Uco'ple o s'pleV an the ee o ee of the bowcannot be une-u,ocally ascetane on the bass of the achaeolo"cal ata alone% the nta(ton of the " te' see'e appopate% as t popely escbes the 'an chaactestcof the achaeolo"cal eco) .oncenn" the te'nolo"y of " bow applcatons% +e(ent >ussan% Wn"lsh% Ye'an an !un"aan te's wee une nto a coheent syste'%e'phas@n" cetan elate theoetcal poble's of functon Usten"thenn" ,esus ecoa(

ton o stuctueV an 'ateal Ubone ,esus antleV) :us an ob9ect,e te'nolo"y was po(pose% whch% beses the 'an fo'al chaactestc of the applcaton Uplate o oV% alsoncates ts locaton U"p o tpV an poston Ufontal% osal o latealV)

:e subsecton concenn" souce ctcs' an eseach 'ethos stats wth the usa"e of atstc souces) *n oe to e'onstate the "eneal uneals'% abstacton an thus nappl(cablty of the atstc epctons% the ns fo'


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,ig ' ;ateal tp plate types# 1) ype *# B?2?s(o,=@u"% bual o) 34) 8) ype **# !a9qs@obos@l(Á2oshalo'%bual o) 83Q Uawn"s by the authoV)

II.2. External source critical aspects of 10th11th century rigid bow applications in the

!arpathian "asin

:e un-ueness an "eat -uantty of 10th–11th centuy bow applcatons n the .apathanBasn e-ue a sepaate% full chapte to eal wth the so(calle ussere .e//enkritik of theachaeolo"cal 'ateal) nce achaeolo"cal theoy has yet fale to ",e a coheent'ethoolo"cal 'oel that woul ae-uately escbe souce ctcal poble's% an a&e'pt

was 'ae hee to ene an +eentate etenal an ntenal souce ctcs' accon" tothe fo'aton an contnuous nfo'aton(e"aaton of the achaeolo"cal eco% patlyon the bass of fo'e notons of !) ) W""es% )


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:e analyss of 10th–11th centuy " bow applcatons po,e an elaboate pctue onthe -ualty an shotco'n"s of publcatons% an on the contet an te'poal stbutonof the nn"s) :e "eneal tenency of 'enn" ocu'entaton techn-ues on eca,atons'ust be e'phas@e as the "a,e an ts bual pheno'ena Ue)") the poston an coelatonof " bow applcatonsV ae lteally estoye un" the eca,aton) :e scusson of stubance s also of funa'ental 'potance% snce the fa"'entay state% locaton% pos(ton an 'utual elaton of bow applcatons n a bual po,e nfo'aton on the elatefuneal pactce% an n cetan cases% on the stuctue o 'ensons of the bow) * also ewa&enton to the fact that 10th–11th centuy bow applcatons ae fe-uently foun n une(pecte locaton an poston n the "a,es% e,en when the bual s assuely unstube)!owe,e% the elat,ely h"h nu'be of unstube buals o+es "eat possbltes fo fu(tue stues of coelatn" atfacts% bual pheno'ena an thus fo elat,e chonolo"y) *noe to ete'ne% whch "a,eyas ae el"ble fo ho@ontal statcaton o seaton%

the co'plete populaton of ce'etees wth bow applcatons an the pecenta"e of bualswth bow applcatons n each ce'etey wee stue) As a concluson% t 'ust be e'pha(s@e that thou"h the "eneal chaactestcs of bow applcatons Uthn% fa"le an o/eno,eloo2e ob9ectsV ha,e a ne"at,e e+ect on the -ualty of the achaeolo"cal eco% theo,eall pctue loo2s faly fa,oable)

II.#. $ateral tip plates in the 10th11th century !arpathian "asin

As lateal tp plates ae the 'ost typcal an chan"e(senst,e atfacts of all bow applca(tons une scusson% the fo'al "oups an ,aatons wee analy@e n patculalyh"h etal) esonal obse,aton ascetane that a whole lot of fo'al a&butes can be e(ne on each plate) nce the abunance of a&butes% a pecusoy ecson was 'ae thatthe classcaton shoul be base only on 'a9o a&butes% whch ae aleay st2n" at sts"ht) :e 'ost s"ncant fo'al ,aaton po,e to be the pesence o absence of a cetanpotuson U)e) heaV on the fontal e"e of the plates) :us the two 'an types of latealtp plates ae easly +eentate %,ig ') ) Albet the shape an s@e of the hea can befaly scepant% all plates wth hea Uhencefoth type **V a"ee that the fontal e"es aecut outwa% whle the cut plane s scape o scoe Uthe shapn" of the fontal e"e at thepotuson s usually uncut an unscoeV) *n accoance wth fo'e assu'ptons of


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:e popoton of types * an ** showe an nteestn" pc(

tue# the nu'be of buals wth lateal tp plates of type *

s"ncantly o,ewhel' the a'ount of "a,es wth type **

tp plates) Zuthe'oe% thee ae only ,e buals% wheeboth types wee uneathe) !owe,e% n thee cases t coul

be establshe that plates o"natn" fo' at least two f(

feent bows wee place n the pt un" the funeal %,ig $) %

whle the e'ann" two buals wee pooly ocu'ente

ue to the ealy eca,aton at the be"nnn" of the 80th

centuy) Despte ths shap ,son thee s unfotunately

no way to ene any +eence between the two types n

te's of chonolo"y o choolo"y as a&este by a sees of

ce'etees% whee both types wee etant an concuent)

ost nteestn"ly% type ** lateal tp plates only appea n

ce'etees whee type * plates ae also foun) 5n the othe

han% thee s a fa nu'be of ce'etees% whee only type

* plates wee pesent) Anothe subsecton of the chapte

eals wth the poble' of asy''ety an sy''ety of bow

tps on the bass of 'etc analyss of lateal tp plates) :e

esults pont out that essental +eences n the s@e of op(

poste tps of the sa'e bow ae encountee n only n e(

te'e an few cases n the 10th–11th centuy .apathan

Basn) A specal "oup fo'e of lateal tp Uan "pV plateswth an an"ula etenal suface shoul be 'entone as well% snce these 'a2ely cluste

aoun the pesent town of @e"e n outh !un"ay% whch '"ht enote a local wo2shop

o bowye taton %,ig !) )

*n oe to popely ene an ene the typolo"cal aspects of 10th–11th centuy lateal

tp plates of the .apathan Basn% a shot outlne an analyss of easten typolo"cal ela(

tons was 'oe than necessay) Zst of all t coul be ascetane that the fo'e noton11 of

an alaton between the so(calle


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,ig ! ;ateal tp an "p plates wth se"'ente etenal suface# 1)


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,ig * *ntact lateal tp plate wthout ca,e noc2 fo the bowstn"# Bha2ees@tes(Bethlen Y=bo utca 84%bual o) 8 Uphoto by the authoV)

48K


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,ig 2 aces of seconay 'ocaton% epa of lateal tp plates# B?2?s(o,=@u"% bual o) 4Q Uphoto bythe authoV)

48J


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A sepaate subsecton eals wth ,aous pe(epostonal a'a"es an a'a"e types% thou"hthe ntepetaton of the pheno'ena lea to the o'an of funeal Usy'bolcV act,tes an n(tentonal 'anpulaton) *ntact lateal tp plates wthout a ca,e noc2 fo the bowstn" weealso 'etculously analy@e% whch ase the -ueston of sy'bolc% afunctonal bows %,ig *) )econay tn2en" Uwth a functonal a'V was ente only n two cases n the 'ateal –a st2n" ss'laty wth tp plates of the A,a peo% whch po,es an nteestn" n(s"ht nto the "eneal a&tue towas bows an bow plates of the peo %,ig 2) )

II.%. &orsal tip plates in the 10th11th century !arpathian "asin

Accon" to the typolo"cal status an '(potance e"an" tp stuctues% a sepaatechapte was e,ote to osal tp plates% e(spte the astcally low nu'be n the10th–11th centuy .apathan Basn) :eseplates of sosceles tan"ula o tape@ofo' ae ca,e fo' antle an wee'ounte on the osal se of the bow tp%,ig 3) ) As lateal tp plates ae so'et'esa'a"e an bo2en to a tan"ula fo'%the poble' of una'b"uous entcaton of osal tp plates was also aesse n etal)>eco"n@n" the "eneal Utypolo"cal anstuctualV s"ncance of the type% the ap(peaance an +uson of osal tp plates n

Wuasa wee also stue% e'phas@n" thetotal absence n *nne Asa) Accon" to theesults% the n,enton of osal tp plates too2place n esten u2estan% whle the nno(,aton spea westwas to Wasten Wuope)!owe,e% osal tp plates ne,e beca'ewespea# the 'ost fe-uent usa"e was nthe A,a peo .apathan Basn)

II.'. (rontal tip rods in the 10th11th century !arpathian "asin

As the poston an functon of fontal tp os wee aleay ente n 1$QK by SNSPT 1$QK) 14 HI – >SNSPT 1$QK% 1R1)

48Q

,ig 3 Dosal tp plate# =?tu,a(!„@f‚l% bualo) Q0 Uawn"s by the authoV)


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,ig 4 ) Zontal tp os# 1) !'e@[,=s=hely(a"ys@"et% bual o) KR% 8) @aty'a@(=nos@=ll=s% Yf Áp=f‚l9e% bual o) 8) Uphoto by the authoV

48$


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!owe,e% as thee s a fa nu'be of fontal tp os n the Altay e"on ate ,aably fo'the secon half of the 4th centuy A)D) to the Jth–Qth centues UX@untal typeV% an sncealto, type fontal tp applcatons ae 2nown as ealy as the Qth centuy% the fontal pos(ton cannot be unestoo as the n,enton of the $th–10th centues) :e bu'pe type s2nown 'ostly fo' the 18th–13th centues an occus both n *nne Asa an Wasten Wu(ope) Beses chonolo"cal ss'laty% all abo,e 'entone fontal tp applcaton typesshow essental typolo"cal +eences to the a"ya type tp os) alto, an bu'pe typefontal tp applcatons ,ay fo ea'ple not only n len"th but also n othe essental at(tbutes elate to tp stuctue% l2e the snew ban 'ounte on the lowe secton of the ap(plcatons) *t s fa to conclue that a"ya type tp os ha,e typolo"cal elatons netheto alto,% no to bu'pe type applcatons% apat fo' the s'la poston on bow tps)X@untal type applcatons on the othe han% ae 'uch 'oe co'paable to the a"yatype% both n te's of fo' an tp stuctue) Due to the "eat chonolo"cal an "eo"aph(cal "ap between the two types% t woul be 'slean" to assu'e any typolo"cal elaton)

:e ste of ƒolotaya ,a n the '(…ol"a e"on yele howe,e two tp os% whch ac(con" to *) ;) *@'a9lo, ae ect paallels of the a"ya type) 1K Althou"h t 'ust be 'en(tone that the etenal suface of ƒolotaya ,a tp os ae scoe – whch assu'es a'ounte snew ban on the tp – the fo'al s'laty s st2n") :e Qth–$th centuy at(n" of the ns futhe'oe enables the supposton of a ect ln2 to the a"ya 'atealn the .apathan Basn)

,ig + ) Bow tp econstucton by


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– as fo'e eseach assu'e) Wuasan fontal tp applcatons shoul be unestoo as'a"nal pheno'ena% whee cucal chonolo"cal an choolo"cal "aps between +eenttypes a pri5ri eclue the possblty of a "eneal typolo"cal% typochonolo"cal chan"e oe,oluton) a"ya type fontal tp os shoul also be e,aluate accon" to the o,eallWuasan pctue% as a local an ns"ncant pheno'enon)

II.). *ip construction types in the 10th11th century !arpathian "asin

:e chapte eals wth the entcaton an enton of ,aous tp constuctons on thebass of etale analyses of " tp applcatons) Zst of all% * e'onstate that the tp e(constucton by


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,ig '' >econstucton of a bow tp stuctue#


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,ig '$ .on'e bow tp constucton types n the .apathan Basn% $–11th centuy AD Uawn" by ) ‹beV)

4RR


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*n the absence of cut an scoe fontal e"e% only the tally of cut planes on the osal e"esof the plate pa can lea to a UpecaousV soluton) Znally% lateal tp plates of *\a(0 type aethe least nfo'at,e fo' ths pont of ,ew% as they ae 'ountable to a whole an"e of ,a(

ous tp stuctues).o'pae to type *% type ** lateal tp plates n the.apathan Basn pesent 'oe poble's% as 'ostof these plates ae unnfo'at,e o ns"ncantfo' a stuctual pont of ,ew) nce the fontale"es up to the potuson ne,e o,elap% thespace between the two e"es an the an"le canbe est'ate ou"hly) 5nly the shapn" of the o(sal e"es an the top secton of fontal e"escoul efe to any 2n of specc tp stuctue):ee ae only two sets of lateal tp plates n the.apathan Basn% whee ctea fo tp econ(stucton ae eal# )e) both the osal an the topsecton of the fontal e"e ae cut an scoe U**\b(f typeV) Both sets po,e to belon" to hyb tpcoes of tan"ula\tape@o coss sectons) **\b(0type tp plates% whch +es fo' the fo'e onlyn the uncetanty of the osal co,en"% ae alsofew n nu'be) ;ateal tp plates wthout any cut

an scoe e"es U**\a(0 typeV ae the least nfo('at,e% 9ust l2e *\a(0 types) !owe,e n two cases * coul une-u,ocally entfy the tpstuctue ue to ntact% in situ ,etn" – both sets wee 'ounte on coes of ectan"ulacoss(secton) Beses scussn" the possblty of the "eneal@aton of ths eco"n@e tpstuctue an a econstucton bult of plates wth an an"ula etenal suface% t was alsopossble to po,e the lac2 of ebesty?ns tp stuctue n 10th–11th centuy a"ya 'ateal%,ig '$) ) A nal% shot subsecton of the chapte eals wth the -uestons of osal co,en"of a"ya tp stuctues n "eneal% whch esulte n the entcaton of thee +eentco,en" types Utypes Z\A% Z\B an Z\.V %,ig '!)

II. +. !omparati,e analysis of th11th century well-preser,ed bows in Eurasia


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publshe photos% awn"s an ,aous ata)1Q * scusse n etal the sy''ety(asy''etyof the bows% the nne% wooen constucton% the elaton an coelaton of " applca(tons an the " pats of the bow% etc) *nne Asan ns e,en enable the e,ew an c(t-ue of fo'e notons on cetan aspects of the "eneal e,oluton of bows) :e co'pehen(

s,e e,aluaton of Qth–11th centuy well(pese,e bows wll hopefully contbuteconseably to the ntenatonal bow eseach as well)

II. . !omments on bow reconstruction: prospects challenges and limits of the recon-

struction of the Magyar bow

nce the chaptes so fa consee 'ostly the co"nt,e bass of the 10th–11th centuy a"(ya bow by ntoucn" a,alable souces an scussn" the nfo'aton ,alue% an actual e(constucton s pesente hee n oe to outlne the pospects an l'ts of the "eneal e(constucton an enton of the a"ya bow) *t was aleay 'entone that whle a wellatculate statu' of 'oen !un"aan socety s o,ely nteeste n the ancent a"ya

bow% eplca poucts ae fa fo' ben" authentc) Zo'e econstuctons wth 'oe o lessscentc a' ae also pone to cucal eos% as they wee not base on etale analyss of achaeolo"cal ata) :eefoe ths chapte also po,es a su''ay of the 'ost 'potantconclusons on the a"ya bow 2nown fo' the achaeolo"cal eco) Znally% bese thepesentaton of the achaeolo"cal bass of ou econstucton Ua tp plate pa fo' the ce'e(tey a"yaho'oo"(


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,ig '( By@antne spatha#


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,ig '* By@antne spatha# .eny Bo% bual o) 8 Uphoto by the authoV)

4RJ


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Reerences

BHGHI%


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>SNSPT% ;) 1$$K# A kar5si 15n85g/a/9s k5ri temet

weapons in the tenth-century carpathian

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