WATERPROOF WATERPROOF CONCRETECONCRETE

““ MYTH, MYSTERY and OPPORTUNITYMYTH, MYSTERY and OPPORTUNITY””

2005 BETTER CONCRETE CONFERENCE2005 BETTER CONCRETE CONFERENCEIOWA STATE UNIVERSITYIOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

NOVEMBER 3NOVEMBER 3AMES, IOWAAMES, IOWA

PERVIOUS CONCRETEPERVIOUS CONCRETE

INSULATED FORMSINSULATED FORMS

RECREATIONAL CONCRETE TRAILS RECREATIONAL CONCRETE TRAILS KGB STATE PARK KGB STATE PARK -- MOSCOWMOSCOW

MYTHMYTH

Why do we have to Why do we have to waterproof concrete, its waterproof concrete, its

solid right?solid right?

WRONGWRONG

Capillary voids are essentially the residue of the Capillary voids are essentially the residue of the originally filled water filled spaces originally filled water filled spaces -- this is the this is the primary path by which water and other aggressive primary path by which water and other aggressive ions can penetrate into the concrete matrix,ions can penetrate into the concrete matrix, and and cause durability problems (i.e. rebar corrosion)cause durability problems (i.e. rebar corrosion)

MacroMacro Cracks are caused by structural, Cracks are caused by structural, thermal, drying and plastic shrinkagethermal, drying and plastic shrinkage

100 µm to 3000 µmCrack

Micro CracksMicro Cracks

Naturally occur from restraint Naturally occur from restraint shrinkage forces around aggregateshrinkage forces around aggregate

Increases with increasing loadIncreases with increasing load

Influence leakage and durabilityInfluence leakage and durability

MYSTERYMYSTERYHow do we waterproof concrete?How do we waterproof concrete?

Barrier SystemsBarrier SystemsMembranesMembranesBentoniteBentonite

Integral Concrete WaterproofingIntegral Concrete WaterproofingHydrophobic Water RepellentHydrophobic Water RepellentCrystallineCrystalline

Conventional WaterproofingConventional Waterproofing

INTEGRAL WATERPROOF INTEGRAL WATERPROOF CONCRETECONCRETE

Minimum cement content Minimum cement content –– 595 lb/cubic yard595 lb/cubic yardMaximum water/cement ratio Maximum water/cement ratio -- .45.45

Hydrophobic component changes surface tension of cement Hydrophobic component changes surface tension of cement hydrates and capillary tracts.hydrates and capillary tracts.Polymer globules collect in bleed water tract and form a plug unPolymer globules collect in bleed water tract and form a plug under der pressurepressure

CrystallizationCrystallizationReactive chemicals diffuse through the concrete using water as the migrating mediumBy-products of cement hydration, water and proprietary chemicals are available to each otherThe crystalline reaction can begin

Crystallization continues to developCrystallization continues to developAs the crystalline structure matures and develops, it will begin to fill the capillary tracts

Waterproof Concrete Waterproof Concrete &&

PermeabilityPermeability

EPOXYANULUS

2x4”BUSHING

1/8” SWAGELOK

TESTSAMPLE

4” API LINECOUPLING

2” PLUG WITH1/8” PORT

1/8” PTFEWATERSUPPLY LINE

WATER PERMEABILITY CELL

Numerous tests have confirmed the Numerous tests have confirmed the ability of waterproof concrete to ability of waterproof concrete to prevent the flow or penetration of water prevent the flow or penetration of water under considerable hydrostatic pressure under considerable hydrostatic pressure

Permeability Coefficient( x 10-8 m/s)

Sample Type SampleI.D.

First Test Second TestControl 237

238Ave

77.574.676.1

56.833.645.2

3% AdmixC1000

235236Ave

1.12.61.9

1.41.21.3

3% AdmixC1000(with sand)

235236Ave

1.12.61.9

1.41.21.3

James Neill & Associates, Vancouver, Canada

Chemical

Waterproof ConcreteWaterproof Concrete& &

Chemical ResistanceChemical Resistance

The typical means of evaluating the ability of The typical means of evaluating the ability of concrete to provide chemical resistance includes, concrete to provide chemical resistance includes, measuring amount of mass loss, length change or measuring amount of mass loss, length change or relative dynamic modulus of elasticityrelative dynamic modulus of elasticity

Chemical Durability, Iwate University, Tokyo, Japan

Before Soaking 10 Weeks5 Weeks

Sulfuric Acid ExposureSulfuric Acid Exposure

7% H7% H22(SO(SO44))

Control, 3%, 5% and 7% Waterproofing AdmixControl, 3%, 5% and 7% Waterproofing Admix

Curing periods were varied to determine effectsCuring periods were varied to determine effects

Aviles Engineering, Texas

Ammonium Sulfate Exposure Ammonium Sulfate Exposure 1 molar 1 molar -- 132 g/l132 g/lSix mixes: control, low slag cement, silica fume, Six mixes: control, low slag cement, silica fume, high slag cement, silica fume cement, Xypex high slag cement, silica fume cement, Xypex AdmixAdmixResistance to Ammonium Sulphate, Taywood Engineering, Sydney, Australia

Waterproof Waterproof ConcreteConcrete

&&Chloride Chloride Diffusion Diffusion

ResistanceResistance

Exposure to Exposure to NaClNaCl solution (1.75% chloride ion solution (1.75% chloride ion content) content) Three mixes: control, pore blocker, crystalline admixThree mixes: control, pore blocker, crystalline admix24 hour wet and dry cycles for 90 days24 hour wet and dry cycles for 90 days

Waterproof Waterproof ConcreteConcrete

& & Compressive Compressive

StrengthStrength

Numerous tests have demonstrated that the Numerous tests have demonstrated that the addition of admixtures for waterproofing concrete addition of admixtures for waterproofing concrete can increases compressive strengthcan increases compressive strength

REF

1%Admix

2%Admix

REF

2%Admix

3%Admix

4%Admix

REF

2.5%Admix

5%Admix

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140C

ompr

essi

ve S

tren

gth

As

%

Construction Company In-House Report, Houston, Texas

Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3

WATERPROOF CONCRETE WATERPROOF CONCRETE ADMIX SYSTEMADMIX SYSTEM

WHERE IS IT USED?WHERE IS IT USED?

new constructionnew constructioncastcast--inin--placeplaceprepre--castcastshotcreteshotcrete

PouredPoured--in placein place

Maybank Foundation Slab, Malaysia

PRE CAST STRUCTURESPRE CAST STRUCTURES

ShotcreteShotcrete ApplicationApplication

Bronx Zoo Tunnel, New York, USA

OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITYValue Added Concrete Value Added Concrete

ContractorContractorLower Cost Per Square FootLower Cost Per Square FootReduced SubReduced Sub--TradeTradeAccelerates Construction ScheduleAccelerates Construction Schedule

Concrete ProducerConcrete ProducerMore ProfitMore ProfitCustomer SatisfactionCustomer SatisfactionProblem SolverProblem Solver

Esplanade Theatres on the Bay, Singapore

Use of waterproof concrete instead of Use of waterproof concrete instead of traditional membrane reduced construction traditional membrane reduced construction by three months and saved $500,000by three months and saved $500,000

Esplanade Arts Center Esplanade Arts Center SingaporeSingapore

Hollywood Casino, Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A.

70,000 square feet

Lower cost than traffic deck coating

Faster scheduling

PrecastPrecast ManholesManholesWaterproof, Acid ResistantWaterproof, Acid Resistant

No Coatings = Lower Cost & ConvenienceNo Coatings = Lower Cost & Convenienceworker compensation issuesworker compensation issues

Waterproof & Acid Resistant PipeWaterproof & Acid Resistant PipeLower Infiltration & Lower Infiltration & ExfiltrationExfiltration RatesRates

JACKSONVILLE ELECTRICJACKSONVILLE ELECTRICCOAL UNLOADING FACILITYCOAL UNLOADING FACILITY

Precast Piles and BeamsPrecast Piles and Beams

JACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC JACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC COAL UNLOADING FACILITYCOAL UNLOADING FACILITY

micro fracture protection micro fracture protection

St. Clair County Administration AnnexSt. Clair County Administration AnnexMichiganMichiganBasement located13 feet below river level, waterproof Basement located13 feet below river level, waterproof concrete used to replace membraneconcrete used to replace membrane

PoochiesPoochies & Mutts Pet Resort& Mutts Pet ResortGreen Bay, WisconsinGreen Bay, Wisconsin

Replaced Epoxy Flooring MaterialReplaced Epoxy Flooring Material

CastCast--inin--Place Parapet WallsPlace Parapet WallsMadison, WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin

Parapet Walls, Madison, WisconsinParapet Walls, Madison, Wisconsin--waterproof concrete used to waterproof concrete used to protect architectural concreteprotect architectural concrete

SOMERSET STATE CORRECTION INSTITUTESOMERSET STATE CORRECTION INSTITUTESOMERSET, PASOMERSET, PA1500 CUBIC YARDS1500 CUBIC YARDSREPLACED COATING MATERIALS ALLOWING FOR WINTER REPLACED COATING MATERIALS ALLOWING FOR WINTER PLACEMENT AND FAST TRACKING THE CONSTRUCTION PLACEMENT AND FAST TRACKING THE CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULESCHEDULE

High End HomesHigh End Homes88”” thick wall thick wall $1.25 sq. ft.$1.25 sq. ft.

New HorizonsNew Horizons

New ApplicationsNew Applications