waterfootprint
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The international character of water governance. Arjen Y. Hoekstra University of Twente. www.waterfootprint.org. Globalization of water. Production. Water consumption and pollution related to production for export; water is not factored into the price of traded commodities. TRADE. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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www.waterfootprint.org
The international character of water governance
Arjen Y. Hoekstra
University of Twente
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Production
Globalization of water
Water consumption andpollution related to productionfor export; water is not factored intothe price of traded commodities
Consumption
Water saving, but alsowater dependency
TRADETrade
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HarvestingCotton plant Seed-cotton
Cotton seed
Cotton lint
Cotton seedcake
Cotton seed oil
Grey fabric
Fabric
Final textile
Cotton linters
Cotton, notcarded or combed
Cotton, carded orcombed (yarn)
Hulling/extraction
Garnetted stock
Carding/Spinning
Yarn waste
Knitting/weaving
Wet processing
Finishing
Cotton seed oil,refined
Ginning
18.0
63.0
82.0
35.0
47.0
16.0
33.0
51.0
20.0
10.0
00.1
07.1
00.1
00.1
99.0
95.0
10.0
05.0
00.1
00.1
00.1
00.1
99.0
95.0
10.0
05.0
82.0
35.0
Legend
Value fraction
Product fraction
Production chaincotton
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[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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Blue water footprint Million m3/yr
2959Mm3/yr
690 Mm3/yr
421 Mm3/yr
2459 Mm3/yr
803 Mm3/yr
581 Mm3/yr
533 Mm3/yr
450 Mm3/yr
EU25's impact on blue water resources
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption (blue water)
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Former Aral Sea, Central Asia
Cotton for export
19892008
► product labeling?
► an international water pricing protocol?
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Water footprint of a 0.5 litre PET-bottle coke
as produced in the Dongen factory, the Netherlands
0.44 litre water content
27.6 litre for sugar
5.3 litre for PET bottle and closure
3.0 litre for other ingredients & overheads
___________________
36 litre total
Water footprint of a Coke
► industry certification?
► water disclosure?
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The total water footprint of a consumer in NL
► about 2% of the water footprint is at home.
26 litre/day (32% blue, 68% grey)
► about 98% of the water footprint is ‘invisible’, it is related to the products consumers buy in the supermarket.
3448 litre/day for agricultural products541 litre/day for industrial products
► about 95% of NL’s water footprint lies abroad.
[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
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Global water footprint of Dutch consumption
95% of the water footprintis outside its own borders
[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
soybean
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Water footprint of national consumption
[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
Global average water footprint
► global water footprint reduction targets?
► a Kyoto protocol for water?
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National virtual water balances
[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
► WTO trade rules?
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Annual average monthly blue water scarcity
Number of months with blue water scarcity > 100%
[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011]
► an international water pricing protocol?
► minimum water rights?
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Water footprint of biofuels from different crops [litre/litre]
[Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer, 2009]
► coherent energy-water strategies?
Car driving on bio-ethanol from
sugar beet:40-210 litre/km
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► product labeling?► certification of industries?► water disclosure?
► global water footprint reduction targets?► a Kyoto protocol on water?
► WTO trade rules?
► an international water pricing protocol?► minimum water rights?
► coherent energy-water strategies?
International water governance
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The water footprint of a product
Green water footprint
► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product.
Blue water footprint
► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated,
incorporated into product or returned to other catchment or the sea.
Grey water footprint
► volume of polluted water.
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Global water footprint by color
[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
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Global water footprint by sector
[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
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Consumption
Export
Pro
duct
ion
Impo
rt
Internalwater
footprint
External water
footprint
WF of national
consumpt.
Water usefor export
Virtual water import for re-
export
Virtualwaterexport
+
+
=
=
WFwithinnation
Virtualwaterimport
++
= =
Virtual water
budget
+
+ =
=
National water use accounting framework
The traditionalstatistics on
water use, butthen limited towithdrawals
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Water footprint (Gm3/year)
from the perspective of production
from the perspective of consumption
Egypt 69 95
Jordan 1.4 8.3
Japan 42 175
Germany 58 117
Netherlands 5.8 23
UK 29 75
China 1207 1368
India 1182 1145
Australia 137 45
Canada 161 72
USA 1053 821
[Mekonnen & Hoekstra, 2011]
WF of nationalconsumption
WF withina nation
Traditional statisticson water use, butthen restricted towater withdrawal
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Virtual water transfers in China
Northwest Northeast
Huang-huai-hai North-central
North China
Yangtze Southeast
Southwest South-central
South China
1410
Import =2
Import =1
Export =2
Import =3
Export =1 Import =8
Export =7
Export =9
Unit: Gm3/yr
52Gm3/yr
[Ma et al., 2006; Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
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9
4
2
9
22
10
+4
-8 +34
-46
1
13
5
North India
South India
East India
West India
Virtual water flows India
[Kampman et al., 2008]
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[Hoekstra & Mekonnen, 2011]
Blue water footprint Blue water availability
Blue water scarcity