water soluble vitamins - nptel · food sources of pantothenic acid • meat milk • mushroom liver...
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Water Soluble Vitamins
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Pantothenic Acid
• Part of Coenzyme-A
• Essential for metabolism of CHO, fat, protein
• Deficiency rare
• Usually in combination with other deficiencies
• No known toxicity
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Food Sources of Pantothenic acid• Meat Milk
• Mushroom Liver
• Peanut Eggs
• Adequate Intake = 5 mg/day
• Daily Value 10 mg
• Average intake meets AI
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Biotin
• Free and bound form
• Metabolism of CHO and fat
• Assists the addition of CO2 to other compounds
• Synthesis of glucose, fatty acids, DNA
• Help break down certain amino acids
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Biotin deficiency
• Raw egg whites avidin bind biotin and deficiency
• Scaly inflamed skin, tongue, and lip changes
• Poor appetite, nausea, vomiting
• Anemia
• Muscle pain and weakness
• Poor growth
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Food sources of biotin
• Cauliflower, yolk, liver, peanuts, cheese
• Intestinal synthesis of biotin
• Biotin content only available for a small number of
foods
• Unsure as to bioavailablity of synthesized biotin
• We excrete more than we consume
• Adequate Intake is 30 ug/day for adults
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Pyridoxine (B6)
• 3 compounds – pyridoxal, pyridoxine and pyridoxamine
• Acts as coenzyme
• Activate enzymes needed for metabolism of CHO, fat ,
protein
• Synthesize nonessential amino acid via transamination
• Synthesize neurotransmitters
• Synthesize hemoglobin and WBC
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Other roles of Vitamin B6
Homocysteine
• Produces toxic effect on arterial walls (atherosclerosis)
• Metabolized by vitamins B6, B12 and folate
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Food Sources of Vitamin B6
Well absorbed
• Meat, fish, poultry Enriched cereals
• Potatoes Milk
Less well absorbed
• Fruits and vegetables: Banana, spinach, avocado
Heat and alkaline sensitive
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Vitamin B6 deficiency
Widespread symptoms
• Depression Vomiting
• Skin disorders Nerve irritation
• Impaired immune system
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Vitamin B6 toxicity
• Nerve damage
• Difficulty in walking
• Numbness in hands/feet
Requirement : 2mg/day for adults
• Athletes may need more
• Alcohol destroys vitamin B6
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Folate Coenzyme
DNA synthesis Anticancer drug methotrexate
Homocysteine metabolism
Neurotransmitter formation
Folate to create DNA.
Because of this, folate plays an extremely important role in preventing birth defects during early pregnancy.
Folate also helps maintain the health of your red blood cells.
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Deficiency of Folate
• Similar signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency
• Megaloblastic Anemia
• Pregnant women – neural tube defects in new born
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Neural Tube Defects
Spina bifida
• Neural tube closes first 28 days of pregnancy
• Forms brain and spinal cord
• By the time pregnancy is confirmed, damage is
done
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Folate and Homocysteine
• High homocysteine levels in blood associated with increased risk
of CVD
• Folate deficiency → homocysteinemia
RDA
• 200 ug/day for adults
• (500 ug/day for pregnant women)
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Food Sources of Folate
• Liver Fortified breakfast
cereals
• Grains, legumes Foliage vegetables
• Susceptible to heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light
• Synthetic form better absorbed
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• Food Sources of Folate