water resources management ا درا ا ةرادإ water …...•capacity-building of national...

1

Web: www.cedare.org

E-mail: [email protected] إدارة ا��ارد ا��

Water Resources ManagementWeb: water.cedare.int

E-mail: [email protected]

�� Water Resources Management Programme

Copyright © 2017, Khaled M. AbuZeid, CEDARE

ا��ون �� ان ا�� ا�� ا��Nubian Sandstone Aquifer

CooperationCairo, Egypt, November 29, 2017

Khaled M. AbuZeid, PhD, PE.

Regional Water Director, CEDARE

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Web: www.cedare.org






Source : ArcAtlas, Digital

Chart of the World (DCW) by ESRI

Prepared by CEDARE 1998

The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer

N

EW

S

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Ground Water Age (1000 yers)

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9 - 13

14 - 19

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lakes

canals

intermittent stream

lake

stream

# Wells

1000 0 1000 Kilometers

Web: water.cedare.intE-mail: [email protected]



Source : ArcAtlas, Digital

Chart of the World (DCW) by ESRI

Prepared by CEDARE 1998

The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer

N

EW

S

500 0 500 1000 Kilometers

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Lol

White Nile

Kyom

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Baro

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el

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Albert Nile

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Nile

Precipitation (mm)

0

1 - 100

101 - 200

201 - 400

401 - 600

601 - 1000

1001 - 1400

lakes

canals

intermittent stream

lake

stream

# Wells

Web: www.cedare.org


Water Resources ManagementWeb: water.cedare.intE-mail: [email protected]



Non-Renewable Groundwater

Petrified Trees = Old Water

Web: www.cedare.org






وع ا�� ا��

Web: www.cedare.org






��ا�� ا�� ا��

2

Web: www.cedare.org






Sustaining Tourism & RecreationSwimming in Groundwater Springs in Egypt

Web: www.cedare.org






Sustaining AgricultureSiwa Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt

Web: www.cedare.org





Sustaining Ecosystems

Web: www.cedare.org





Regional Strategy for the Utilization of the Nubian Sandstone Groundwater Aquifer

Web: www.cedare.org






DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL STRATEGY

Environmentally and socially sustainable utilizationand management of a vast common property resource by:

• creating an enabling environment

• capacity-building of national institutions in 4 countries

• formulating a regional groundwater development plan

• integrating socio-economic dimensions

Web: www.cedare.org






RTRC

NSAS Regional

Programme

(CEDARE)

Chad NC

Libya NC

Egypt NC

RPSC

Sudan NC

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

3

Web: www.cedare.org






TECHNICAL FRAMEWORKRegional Information System




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M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Re d

S ea

EL-Kifar

El-Heiz

Sheikh Marzouk T.W.I

Qur El-Malek

South Mut

Malaab E l-Khei l

W. Sand Dune

Nor th A bu-Bayan

ToshkaEast Oweinat No.7

Siwa

Al Atrun

Qaab E l-Bab

West Slima

Um Hi lal

Gouro

Ouvra Geisole

Gaour

Dar b El-Arbai in

Kharga- Armant Road

N. El-Gil f El-Kebir

S. Al Jaghbub

SKD - 24

#

S-01

#

TE-05#

PZ-218

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PZ-618

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P-34

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P-16

PZ 16

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PZ 18

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P-26

Regional Monitoring Network of the NAS

Web: www.cedare.org





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M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e aR

e d S

ea

Kh arga -Arma nt

Wadi El MoweilehS. Qattara sitra

Wadi El FareighSouth Ajdabia

Al MakhiliEl Hawari

El Bayda

PZ-41 DPPZ-39 DPPZ-35 DP

El Diffa

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Darnah

JO 01A

54 d

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64d62d59d

55d

Wadi El-Moweileh

South Qattara Sit

Regional Monitoring Network of the PNAS

Web: www.cedare.org





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TECHNICAL FRAMEWORKRegional GIS Thematic Maps

GeologyAquifer LayersBase of AquiferTransmissivityAquitardsTopographyRainfallGroundwater - levels- salinity- abstractions- drawdowns

Web: www.cedare.org






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Red

Sea

Ni l

e Ri

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A1-NC-43

B1-NC-43

J1-81a

A1-33

E1-65

B1-65

ZZ1-6

A1-81

C1-46

H1-2

B1-65

EE 1-65

CR1-65

CC 1-65

B1-114

J1-a-65

I1-41

G1-126

A1-88

T1-65

E1-31

E1-47

O1-82

B1-2

N1-82

P1-65

G1-31

B1-31

D1-65

F1-65

U1-65Y1-65

T2-65O1-65

FF1-65

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BB 1-65

Bett y 1

Bahariya 1

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Abu GharadiAbu Sennan

Ghoroud 1WD 7-1

Qatt ara r im

Abu S ubeiha

Foram 1

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Kohla 2

Faghur 1

W-Faghur 1

Sharib-1El Gindi

El Desouqi

W Selima

El Bab

Loc vii

B1-71

EE1-71D1-65

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DD 1-71

T1-71

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Kanayis 1

Mamura 1

Dawabis-1

Shushan-1

N Ghazal at-

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Bahrein-1

NB 42-1

ct -1

Burg El A ra

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Nashfa-1

Howar

Um Hil al

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El Atrun

Um barka 1

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NB 42-1

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Gibb Afia-1Gibb Afi a-2

Rabat-1

Wadi-el ray

Ennedi

A-19

bas1

bas2

bas4

bas5

bas6

bas7

bas8

bas9

bas10

bas11

bas12

bas13

bas14

bas15

Ain Hussein

Dakh. Basin

Ex-2

EX-3

E1-81

G1-97

Ghorab-1

H1-65

Kif ar-1

Kohla-1

LLL1-6

Masara-3

N. West

Upper NileP

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B1-18

A1-35

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Umm El-Quso

Garmashine

DW Kurkur

HS1HS4

HS3

DW1

Malaab El K

DW 4

A'

A

B'

B

CC'

Regional Geological Cross Sections

Web: www.cedare.org






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14° 1

4°

16° 1

6°

18° 18

°

20° 2

0°

22° 2

2°

24°

24°

26° 2

6°

28° 2

8°

30°

30°

32° 3

2°

18°

20°

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22°

22°

24°

24°

26°

26°

28°

28°

30°

30°

32°

32°

34°

34°


Red

Sea

Ni l

e Ri

v er

A1-NC-43

B1-NC-43

J1-81a

A1-33

E1-65

B1-65

ZZ1-6

A1-81

C1-46

H1-2

B1-65

EE 1-65

CR1-65

CC 1-65

B1-114

J1-a-65

I1-41

G1-126

A1-88

T1-65

E1-31

E1-47

O1-82

B1-2

N1-82

P1-65

G1-31

B1-31

D1-65

F1-65

U1-65Y1-65

T2-65O1-65

FF1-65

G1-82

BB 1-65

Bett y 1

Bahariya 1

Diyor

Abu GharadiAbu Sennan

Ghoroud 1WD 7-1

Qatt ara r im

Abu S ubeiha

Foram 1

Siw a 1Zeitan 1

Kohla 2

Faghur 1

W-Faghur 1

Sharib-1El Gindi

El Desouqi

W Selima

El Bab

Loc vii

B1-71

EE1-71D1-65

D1-71

A1-71

C1-71

DD 1-71

T1-71

Marsa Mat ru

Kanayis 1

Mamura 1

Dawabis-1

Shushan-1

N Ghazal at-

Ghazalat -1

Bahrein-1

NB 42-1

ct -1

Burg El A ra

Dabaa-1

Nashfa-1

Howar

Um Hil al

Ammonit e-1

El Atrun

Um barka 1

Kattanya 1

NB 42-1

Wadi E l Nat

Abou R oash1El-Basur

Gibb Afia-1Gibb Afi a-2

Rabat-1

Wadi-el ray

Ennedi

A-19

bas1

bas2

bas4

bas5

bas6

bas7

bas8

bas9

bas10

bas11

bas12

bas13

bas14

bas15

Ain Hussein

Dakh. Basin

Ex-2

EX-3

E1-81

G1-97

Ghorab-1

H1-65

Kif ar-1

Kohla-1

LLL1-6

Masara-3

N. West

Upper NileP

Wadi H ow ar

B1-18

A1-35

B1-12

A1-82

Umm El-Quso

Garmashine

DW Kurkur

HS1HS4

HS3

DW1

Malaab El K

DW 4

A'

A

B'

B

CC'

Simplified Regional Cross SectionsNubian / Post-Nubian

4

Web: www.cedare.org






Regional Transmissivity Map of the Nubian

Web: www.cedare.org






TECHNICAL FRAMEWORKRegional Numerical Finite Element Model

Web: www.cedare.org





� assess current regional impacts

� assess impacts of future expansion

� recommend strategies to minimise negative impacts (transboundary conflicts, optimize yields and drawdowns, protect groundwater quality)

� provide boundary conditions for local models

USE OF AQUIFER NUMERICAL MODEL

Web: www.cedare.org





Nubian Focal Points “2002”

Web: www.cedare.org






� regular monitoring of Nubian Aquifer through a regional network including:

� annual abstraction for all production sites

� EC measurements for each abstraction site (with complete chemical analysis after major changes)

� aquifer water-level measurements at specified locations

� international sharing of data generated by the monitoring programme

REGIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENT

Web: www.cedare.org






CEDARE Nubian Agreement 1

5

Web: www.cedare.org






� Storing and documenting the different data, covering all fields relevant to the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System.

� Processing, analysis and display of basic data

� Preparing the input parameters which are needed for the modeling at different scales, and calibration of the groundwater model and comparison of the results of

modeling with other data for planning and decision making.

� Provide an easy link between the participating countries through a system ensuring the exchange and flow of

information.

Web: www.cedare.org






CEDARE Nubian Agreement 2

Web: www.cedare.org





� Yearly extraction in every extraction site, specifying geographical location and number of producing wells and springs in each site.

� Representative Electrical Conductivity measurements (EC), taken once a year in each extraction site, followed by a complete chemical

analysis if drastic changes in salinity is observed.

� Water level measurements taken twice a year in the locations shown

in the attached maps and tables. The proposed monitoring network

is subject to changes upon the feedback of the National Coordinators of the concerned countries.

Web: www.cedare.org





Nubian SAP Agreement

Web: www.cedare.org






The Vision for the NSAS

� To assure rational and equitable management of

the NSAS for sustainable socio-economic

development and the protection of biodiversity

and land resources whilst ensuring no

detrimental effects on the shared aquifer

countries.

Web: www.cedare.org






� Section 2: Description and importance of the NSAS- presents a brief summary of the natural and human resources of the region and

summarises the socio-economic pressures on the NSAS.

� Section 3: Approach adopted to SADA/SAP preparation- the

preparation of the SADA and SAP has followed the GEF best

practices in identifying and prioritising the key transboundary issues and their causes, leading to a common vision for the future use and

protection of the NSAS.

� Section 4: Strategy for protecting the water resources and

ecosystem of the NSAS- presents the agreed management

principles for managing the shared aquifer and defines water resources and ecosystem objectives that though the defined

management actions will ensure that the Joint Authority and national

institutions are better resourced (human capacity and facilities) to address the transboundary issues.

6

Web: www.cedare.org






� Section 5: Legal and institutional framework for SAP implementation- provides an analysis on the Joint Authority's

agreements and assesses the compatibility of these to implement

the SAP

� Section 6: Monitoring and evaluation of SAP implementation-

following best practices identified in GEF projects, process, stress reduction and ecosystem/socio-economic indicators are identified

that could be utilised by the Joint Authority (and National agencies)

to monitor the progress of SAP implementation.

� Section 7: Next steps- this SAP provides an overview of actions that

are needed at the regional level or are shared by the NSAS countries. However there is a future need to develop detailed

National Action Plans to implement national actions. In addition

more details and full cost-benefit assessments are required on the Management Actions (Annex 1) to assess the efficacy of the various

options and to identify sources and level of finances required.

Web: www.cedare.org






Nubian Aquifer State of the Water

(SOW) Reports

Web: www.cedare.org





Whole Aquifer Indicators Units

Water & Availability

Internal Renewable Groundwater (IRG) BCM/Year

Total Exploitable Non-Renewable Ground Water Resources BCM/Year

Country’s Area Inside The Aquifer km2 (Mapped)

Potential Volume for Each Country BCM

Inflow to Each Country BCM/Year

Outflow from Each Country BCM/Year

Pieozometric Water Heads Meters (Mapped)

Depth from water to Basement/ Confining Layer (Unconfined Aquifer) Meters (Mapped)

Depth to Water Table (Unconfined Aquifer) Meters (Mapped)

Depth to Pieozometric Surface (Confined Aquifer) Meters (Mapped)

Depth to the bottom of confined layer (Confined aquifer) Meters (Mapped)

Water & Uses

Withdrawals from Blue Groundwater BCM/Year

Annual Withdrawals from Exploitable Non-Renewable Groundwater BCM/Year

Accumulative Withdrawals from Exploitable Non-Renewable Groundwater BCM/Year

Extraction Zones of The Aquifer Numbers/ Mapped

Annually Observed Drawdown (Average & Mapped) Meters

Water & Land Use Change

Total Irrigated Agricultural Land ha

Total Rainfed Agricultural Land ha

Total Pasture Area ha

Total Forests Area ha

Urban Encroachment on Agricultural Land ha/Year

The Decrease in Groundwater Recharge caused by Urban Encroachment BCM/Year

Aquifer SOW Indicators

Web: www.cedare.org





Whole Aquifer Indicators Units

Water & Population

Total Aquifer bound and dependent population Number

Internal Renewable Water Resources Per Capita CM/Capita

Groundwater Withdrawal Per Capita CM/Capita

Renewable Water Resources per Capita (for the whole country population)

Water & Quality

Concentration of Chloride in The Aquifers Domain PPM/ Mapped

Nitrate Concentration PPM/ Mapped

Electric Conductivity 1/OHM (S/M)

Total Dissolved Solids PPM/ Mapped

Fluoride Concentration PPM/ Mapped

Water & Ecosystems

Number of Groundwater Based Ecosystems Number

Number of RAMSAR Wetlands in The Aquifer Domain Number

Number of Endangered Species Number

Number of Invasive Species Number

Water & Governance

IWRM Plan (Yes/No) Yes/No

Well Permits to date CM/Capita

Volumetric Groundwater Rights BCM/Year

Unlicensed Groundwater Abstractions BCM/Year

Water & Politics

Dependency Ratio of Each Riparian Country %

Bilateral / Multilateral Agreements & Cooperation Protocol or MOUs Between Riparians Number

Presence of Other Transboudray Bodies in Riparian Countries Number

Presence of other Water Resources BCM/Year

Web: www.cedare.org






Geographical Extent of NAS & PNAS

Web: www.cedare.org






1. WATER & AVAILABILITY

7

Web: www.cedare.org






Web: www.cedare.org






Theoretically Possible Annual Non Renewable Water Resources (100 years Utilization, 50 m maximum drawdown

Porosity: 14%, 15,000 BCM

Web: www.cedare.org





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-47.9

-8.4

25. 9

89.0

84.084.0

75. 0

106.0

-53.9

-7. 9

-2. 1

-5.9

48. 0

-41.6-0.9

62.0

-51.3

-12.5

-36.1-5. 2

-23. 6

-29.8

15.0

-49. 1

-48. 8

-7.6

-10. 1

-2.5

-50. 5

-52. 3

0.6

-41.0

-29.9

20.020.3

-47.7

-33.0

-17. 5

7.9

-25.9

-9. 9

-47. 9

-44.6

-32. 5

-20.9

93.4103.0100. 0

48.947.739.640.1

77.6

68.4

91.7

102. 197.8

122. 0

85. 5

106. 6

-6.1

-2.4

-1.5

6.16.111.611. 9 14.9

19.821.623.8

24. 4

27.1

29.0

36.6

38.4 39.940.040.0

41. 1

41.1

41.5 42.1

42.4

43.3

43.9

44.8

48.049.0 52.7

55. 5

56.4

57.3

57.9

59.7

61. 6

64.366.1

67.4

68.0

68.4

70.476.2

76. 8

77. 177.6

77.7

79.3

80.2

80.8

82.3

82.6

85. 5

85. 7

87.5 91.1 91.7

92. 7

93.5

93. 6

95. 496.6

97.8

99. 1

100. 0

101.2101.2

101. 8

102. 1

103.0

104. 6

106. 6

107.0

107. 9

113.7114.9

122. 0

122. 5 160. 9

-1.5-6.1

-2.4

6.111. 9 11.614.96.1

29.019.842.427.121.623.861. 6

99. 1 85. 7

68.0

82.6

80.2

38.4

56.477.7

41. 1

52.743.9

42.141.5

39.941.1

24. 4

36.6107. 9

104. 6101.2

93. 6

101.2107.0

79.3

95. 4

77. 182.3

87.5 91.1

96.6101. 8

59.7

80.8

44.8

57.364.3

66.157.9

70.4

43.3

55. 5

122. 5

114.9113.7 92. 7

160. 9

76. 8

76.267.4

93.5

77.6

103.0100. 0

91.7

106. 6102. 1

97.8

122. 0

85. 5

68.4

49.048.040.040.0

-20.0

10

0

75

5025

-25

0

-25

025

150

125

100

75

5025

0

0

25100200

400

-50

14° 1

4°

16° 1

6°

18° 1

8°

20° 2

0°

22° 2

2°

24° 2

4°

26° 2

6°

28° 2

8°

30° 3

0°

32° 3

2°

18°

20°

20°

22°

22°

24°

24°

26°

26°

28°

28°

30°

30°

32°

32°

34°

34°


Red

Sea

Egypt

Libya

SudanChad

L A K

E

N

Ni le

Riv

e r

50

25

0

0

-25

Initial Water Level

of PNAS (1960)

Initial Water Level

of NAS (1960)

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Egypt

Libya

SudanChad

L A K E

N

A S

E R

Nile

Riv

er

14° 1

4°

16° 1

6°

18

° 18°

20

° 20

°

22

° 22

°

24

° 24

°

26

° 26°

28

° 28

°

30° 3

0°

32° 3

2°

18°

20°

20°

22°

22°

24°

24°

26°

26°

28°

28°

30°

30°

32°

32°

34°

34°


Red

Sea

96. 06

84. 70

80.50

42.76

73.09

67. 76

52. 40

82. 80

96. 50

53.00

337. 00238. 40 253. 77

231. 00

294.00

419. 60

292.20495.00

187. 00

484. 00

410. 00

232. 00

145. 00

275.00

332. 80

476.73563.10

461. 36418.70

415. 40

395.10

411. 80

390. 00

392.00376. 83

440. 27420. 00

142. 26

123.20

128. 80143.90

134. 00

150. 00153.10

148. 20

140.10

130. 29

242. 00

121. 00

146.50

149.20

148. 92

145.90138.60

126.10

132. 99

152. 85

125. 87

162. 55

112. 50

134. 10

247.97

257. 00

242. 00

-72. 20

138. 60

-57.00

145.40

257. 00

141. 80

135.25

107. 00

154.00

137. 40

410. 88

412.16424. 57

400. 44

387.75

376. 00

435. 00

277. 00

500. 00

460.00

529. 00

376. 60

529. 00

277. 10

269. 10

307.02

286. 60

296. 64

251. 21

235.97

615.00

189. 63

751.10

823. 50

276. 00

207.00

220.00

222. 00

233.00

243. 00

688. 40

623.50

756. 00

521. 00504.00

490. 00

324.00

718. 80

509.00

675.40

247. 00

627. 00

510.00

1171. 00

600

500

250

200

400

500

300

350

150

200

550

10

0

-50

110

01

0 00

900

750

0

700

650

500

450

100

40

0

300

200

150

50

100

497. 00

100

50

250

300

350

400

550600

800

500

450

400

350

200

250

150

450

400

Web: www.cedare.org





-800000 -600000 -400000 -200000 0 200000 400000 600000 800000

-1000000

-800000

-600000

-400000

-200000

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

Scenario 0 (Nubian) water Level 90

-100

-60

-20

20

60

100

140

180

220

260

300

340

380

420

460

500

540

580

620

Nubian 1990 Water Levels

Web: www.cedare.org





Copyright © 2017, Khaled M. AbuZeid, CEDARE-800000 -600000 -400000 -200000 0 200000 400000 600000 800000

-1000000

-800000

-600000

-400000

-200000

0

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400000

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800000

Scenario 0 (Post Nubian) water Level 90

-100

-60

-20

20

60

100

140

180

220

260

300

340

380

420

460

500

540

580

620

Post-Nubian 1990 Water Levels

Web: www.cedare.org






-1000000

-800000

-600000

-400000

-200000

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

Nort h Sari r

South Sar ir

W es t Sarir

El Far af ra

Siwa

J alo- Ojla

Aswan

AlexandriaPort Said

SuezCairo

Benghazi

KhartoumOmdurman

Tubruq

Ajdabiya

Tazerbo

Al Jawf

AwjilahJalu

Al Jaghbub

Selima Oasis

Dongola

Siwa

Mut

Farafra

Kharga

Bahareya

Rebyana

Matan Bishara

Matan As Sarra

BarisBzaymah

Uzi

Biltine

Bini Erdei

GouroTekro

Ounianga KebirOunianga Serir

Faya Largeau

Koro Toro

Oum Chalouba

Arada

Fada

Wadi Halfa

Ed Debba

Karima

Asyut

ElAtrun

Owienat W30

Nukheila

Wadi Howar

Laqiya Arbain

Derna

Matrouh

Bir Misaha

Bir Tarfawi

Bir Safsaf

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

Scenario 2 (Nubian) depth to water 2000

Nubian Depth to Water in 2000

8

Web: www.cedare.org






-1000000

-800000

-600000

-400000

-200000

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

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Nort h Sari r

South Sar ir

W es t Sarir

El Far af ra

Siwa

J alo- Ojla

Aswan

AlexandriaPort Said

SuezCairo

Benghazi

KhartoumOmdurman

Tubruq

Ajdabiya

Tazerbo

Al Jawf

AwjilahJalu

Al Jaghbub

Selima Oasis

Dongola

Siwa

Mut

Farafra

Kharga

Bahareya

Rebyana

Matan Bishara

Matan As Sarra

BarisBzaymah

Uzi

Biltine

Bini Erdei

GouroTekro

Ounianga KebirOunianga Serir

Faya Largeau

Koro Toro

Oum Chalouba

Arada

Fada

Wadi Halfa

Ed Debba

Karima

Asyut

ElAtrun

Owienat W30

Nukheila

Wadi Howar

Laqiya Arbain

Derna

Matrouh

Bir Misaha

Bir Tarfawi

Bir Safsaf

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

Scenario 2 (Post Nubian) depth to water 2000

Post-Nubian Depth to Water in 2000

Web: www.cedare.org






WATER & USES

Web: www.cedare.org





GW Depletion in Aljawf, Libya

11-2001 6-2012

Web: www.cedare.org





NSAS Development Patterns - EGYPT

Web: www.cedare.org






PNSAS Development Patterns - EGYPT

Web: www.cedare.org






NSAS Development Patterns - LIBYA

9

Web: www.cedare.org






PNSAS Development Patterns - LIBYA

Web: www.cedare.org






Figure (5.19) - Water Level Hydrographs of Observation Wells

in Kharga Oasis

-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00Year

Wate

r E

levatio

n in

m f

rom

sea le

vel

Umm El-Qusur El Malaa El-Kharga 8

Garmashin 23 West Sanddune Baris 20

Web: www.cedare.org





Figure (5.21) - Water Level Hydrographs of Observation Wells in

Dakhla Oasis

120.00

125.00

130.00

135.00

140.00

145.00

150.00

155.00

160.00

66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00

Year

Wate

r Ele

vatio

n in

m f

rom

sea le

vel

Qur El Malek Mut Airport

Web: www.cedare.org





Cumulative Withdrawals From NSAS and PNSAS in Egypt (MCM)

Web: www.cedare.org






Cumulative Withdrawals From NSAS and PNSAS in Libya (MCM)

Web: www.cedare.org






Total Cumulative Withdrawals From NSAS and PNSAS in Egypt and Libya (MCM)

10

Web: www.cedare.org






WATER & QUALITY

Web: www.cedare.org






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Ni le

Riv

er

24

° 24

°

26

° 26°

28° 2

8°

30° 3

0°

32

° 32

°

18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28° 30° 32° 34°


Red

Sea

45.5

42.042.057.5

50.0

42.531.5

26.0

72.0

51.5 36.054.5

42.525.8

70.0

60.048.5

33.572.7

54.5

0.3

1.690.0

1.586.0

100.075.0

2.1 2.642.522.0

24.09.05.5

15.0

70.040.0

0.7

0.1

1.22.0

0.35.5

1.8

0.1

0.6

1.6

139.0

10.0

10.0

15.0

50.0

60.0

50.0

12.0

130.0

4.0

38.0

5.0

2.8

1.0

6.0

87.0

185.0

7.0

65.0

9.1

19.0

72.0

17.5

225.0

10

50100

150

200

50

100

50

10

50

50

100

Water Quality of NSAS (Chloride Concentration)

Web: www.cedare.org





WATER & ECOSYSTEMS

Web: www.cedare.org





Siwa Lake, Egypt

2-12-2003 12-19-2012

Web: www.cedare.org






SDG 6.5.2 Alternative

� I-15-5- Ratio of Riparian Countries with Agreements to Riparian Countries: The number of riparian

countries, with water Benefit Sharing and/or Water Cooperation bilateral and/or multilateral agreements with

the concerned country, as a percentage of the number of countries that are riparians to existing transboundary aquifers or river basins shared with that

country. (riparian countries may be recounted as many times as the number of different transboundary

aquifer/river basins they may be sharing with the concerned country)




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