water quality issues in india
TRANSCRIPT
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WATER QUALITY ISSUESIN INDIA
Satish Verma
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Water is Precious and scarce Resource
Only a small fraction (about 3%) isfresh water
India is wettest country in the world,but rainfall is highly uneven with time
and space (with extremely low inRajasthan and high in North-East)
On an avergae there are only 40 rainydays
Out of 4000 BCM rainfall received,about 600 BCM is put to use so farWater resources are over-exploited
resulting in major WQ problems
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Water use in India (Year 2000)
Sector Water use in
BCM
percent
Irrigation 541 85.33
Domestic 42 6.62
Industry 8 1.26
Energy 2 0.32Other 41 6.47
Total 634 100.00
3
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Water (Prevention and Controlof Pollution) Act, 1974
Preamble: Maintaining and restoring ofwholesomeness of water level of WQ
Provision for consent
Every polluter (industry ormunicipality) has to obtain consentfrom SPCBs/PCCs
Consent is conditional
Standards prescribed for effluents
Monitoring the compliance
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Major Water Quality Issues
5
Common issues of Surface and Ground water Pathogenic (Bacteriological) Pollution
Salinity
Toxicity (micro-pollutants and other industrial pollutants)
Surface Water
Eutrophication Oxygen depletion
Ecological health
Ground Water
Fluoride
Nitrate Arsenic
Iron
Sea water intrusion
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a or ac ors espons e orDegradationDomestic: 423 class I cities and 499 class II townsharboring population of 20 Crore generate about 26254 mldof wastewater of which only 6955 mld is treated.
Industrial: About 57,000 polluting industries in Indiagenerate about 13,468 mld of wastewater out of whichnearly 60% (generated from large & medium industries) istreated.
Non-point sources also contribute significant pollutionloads mainly in rainy season. Pesticides consumption is
about 1,00,000 tonnes/year of which AP, Haryana, Punjab,TN, WB, Gujarat, UP and Maharashtra are principalconsumers.
Domestic sewage is the major source of pollution in Indiain surface water which contribute pathogens, the mainsource of water borne diseases along with depletion ofoxygen in water bodies.
Sewage alongwith agricultural run-off and industrialeffluents also contributes large amount of nutrients insurface water causing eutrophication
A large part of the domestic sewage is not even collected.This results in stagnation of sewage within city, a goodbreeding ground for mosquitoes and contaminate the
groundwater, the only source of drinking water in manycities.
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Increase in Urban Population
2.6 2.6 2.8 3.34.4
6.27.8
10.7
15.6
21.8
28.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
POPULATION,Crores
1901 1921 1941 1961 1981 2001
Y E A R
7
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Water supply and sewage disposal status in class I cities
142 603
8638
7007
2756
2121023
15191
12145
2485
2991281
20607
16662
4037
423
1850
29782
23826
6955
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment
1978
1988
1995
2003
8
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Water supply and wastewater generation and treatment in class
II towns of India
190128
1533
1226
67
241 207
1622
1280
27
345236
1936
1650
62
498 370
3035
2428
89
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment
1978
1988
1995
2003
9
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Comparision of pollution load generation from
domestic and industrial sources
13468
9478
1776
22900
45803510
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Wastewater gen (mld) BOD Generation (t/d) BOD Discharge (t/d)
Industrial
Domestic
10
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NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING
PROGRAMME
Network Comprising of 784 stations.
Extended to 26 states & 5 Union Territories
Monitoring done or Quarterly/Monthly/Half Yearly.
Covers 168 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 5 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3Creeks, 3 Canals, 12 Drains and 181 wells.
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pH
TemperatureConductivity
Dissolved Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Faecal Coliform
Total Coliform
COD Chloride
TKN Sulphate
Ammonia Total Alkalinity
Total Dissolved Solids P-Alkalinity
Total Fixed Solids Phosphate
Total Suspended Solids Sodium
Turbidity Potassium
Hardness Calcium
Fluoride Magnesium
Boron
Weather
Approximate depth of main stream/depth of water tableColour and instensity
Odor
Visible efluent discharge
Human activities around station
Station detail
Saprobity Index
Diversity Index
P/R Ratio
Arsenic Nickel Copper Mercury Chromium Total
Cadmium Zinc Lead Iron Total
BHC(Total) Dieldrin Carbamate 2.4 D
DDT(Total) Aldrin Endosulphan
Parameters for National Water Quality Monitoring
Core Parameters (9)
General Parameters (19)
Field Observations (7)
Bio-Monitoring Parameters (3)
Trace Metals (9)
Pesticide (7)
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YEAR-WISE GROWTH OF MONITORING NETWORK
18 2
9 43 6
773
74 8
9 120
136
168
200
310
400 4
50
480
480
480
480
480
480
507
507
507
7
84
7
84
7
84
7
84
0
100
200
300400
500
600
700
800
77-78
78-79
79-80
80-81
81-82
82-83
83-84
84-85
85-86
86-87
87-88
88-89
89-90
90-91
91-92
92-93
93-94
94-95
95-96
96-97
97-98
98-99
99-00
00-01
01-02
02-03
03-04
-------------> Y E A R
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Waterbody-wise & Frequency-wise Distribution of
Water Quality Monitoring Stations
STATE RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL MONTHLYHALF
YEARLYQUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL
ANDHRA PRADESH 28 24 4 3 59 14 24 21 - 59
ASSAM 17 10 - 2 29 6 10 13 - 29
BIHAR 7 - - - 7 7 - - - 7
CHHATISSGARH 11 4 - - 15 7 4 4 - 15
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1
DAMAN (ZOV) 3 1 - - 4 3 1 - - 4DELHI 4 - - 8 12 11 - 1 - 12
GOA 10 - 1 - 11 10 - 1 - 11
GUJARAT 34 3 4 - 41 23 3 15 - 41
HARYANA 5 - 2 11 18 5 - 13 - 18
HIMACHAL PRADESH 26 8 3 - 37 - 8 29 - 37
JAMMU & KASHMIR 7 - 2 - 9 - - 9 - 9JHARKHAND 8 - - - 8 - - 8 - 8
KARNATAKA 34 - 2 - 36 20 - 16 - 36
KERALA 30 15 10 - 55 10 15 30 - 55
LAKSHDWEEP - 15 - 1 16 - 15 1 - 16
Continued on Next Page ..
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.. Continued from Previous Page
STATE RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL MONTHLYHALF
YEARLYQUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL
MADHYA PRADESH 40 5 3 - 48 22 4 22 - 48
MAHARASHTRA 35 - - 3 38 24 - 14 - 38
MANIPUR 8 - 4 - 12 - - 12 - 12
MEGHALAYA 5 5 3 - 13 - 5 8 - 13
NAGALAND 5 - - - 5 - - 5 - 5
ORISSA 39 15 - - 54 15 15 24 - 54
PONDICHERRY 1 7 2 - 10 - 7 3 - 10
PUNJAB 35 - 2 - 37 - - 37 - 37
RAJASTHAN 7 18 7 - 32 4 18 10 - 32
SIKKIM 9 - - - 9 - - 9 - 9
TAMIL NADU 27 2 3 - 32 20 2 10 - 32
TRIPURA 3 7 2 1 13 - 6 7 - 13
UTTAR PRADESH 45 25 1 3 74 42 25 7 - 74
UTTRANCHAL 13 1 1 - 15 2 1 9 3 15
WEST BENGAL 18 15 1 - 34 9 15 10 - 34
TOTAL : - 514 181 57 32 784 254 178 349 3 784
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River (main stream), Tributaries and Sub-Tributaries, Lake, Ponds, Tanks, Canals, Creeks and
Groundwater Stations
Total
Stations
Baitarni (5) 5
Brahmani(11)
Tributaries-Karo (1), Koel (2), Sankh (1)Brahmaputra (6)
Tributaries-Burhidihing (1), Dhansiri (6), Disang (1), Jhanji (1), Subansiri (1), Bhogdoi (1), Bharalu (1), Borak
(1), Deepar Bill (1), Digboi (1), Mora Bharali (1), Teesta (4), Dickhu (1), Maney (2), Ranchu (2)
Cauvery (20)
Tributaries-Arkavati (1), Amravati (1), Bhawani (5), Kabini (4), Laxmantirtha (1), Shimsa (2),
Hemavati (1)
Ganga (28)
Tributaries-Barakar (1), Betwa (3), Chambal (8), Damodar (5), Gandak (1), Saryu-Ghaghra (3), Gomti(5), Hindon (3), Kali (West) (2), Kali Nadi (2), Khan (1), Kshipra (3), Mandakini (Madhya Pradesh) (1),
Parvati (2), Ramganga (1), Rapti (1), Rihand (2),
Godavari (11)
Tributaries-Manjira (2), Maner (2), Nira (I),), Wainganga (3), Wardha (1)
Indus
Tributaries-Beas (19), Chenab (1), Jhelum (3), Larji (1), Parvati (1), Ravi (3), Sutlej (20), Tawi (1),
Gawkadal (1), Chuntkol (1), Sirsa (2)Krishna (17)
Tributaries- Bhadra (3), Bhima (9), (Ghataprabha (2), Malprabha (3), Muneru (1), Musi (2), Nira (1),
Paleru (1), Tunga (1), Tungabhadra (5), Panchganga (1)
Mahi (7)
Tributaries-Anas (1), Panam (1)
Mahanadi (16)
Tributaries-Ib (4), Hasdeo (2), Kathajodi (1), Kharoon (1), Kuakhai (2), Sheonath (2), Birupa (1)29
20
53
46
9
15
31
35
118
RIVER BASIN WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
Contd. On Next Page
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Narmada (14)
Tributaries-Chhota Tawa (1)
Pennar (4) 4
Sabarmati (8)Tributaries-Meswa (1), Shedhi (1), Khari (1)
Subarnerekha (6) 6
Tapi (10)
Tributaries-Girna (2)
Medium rivers
Ambika (1), Ulhas (2), Ulhas-Bhatsa (1), Ulhas-Kalu (1), Imphal (4), Mandovi (2), Palar (1), Pamba (3), Pariyar
(3), Rushikulya (2), Tambiraparani (7), Achankoil (2), Chalakudy (1), Damanganga (6), Ghaggar (16), Kallada
(1) , Kali-Karnataka (1), Manimal
Lakes
Hussainsagar (1), Saroornagar (1), Himayatsagar (1), Pulicate (1), Salaulim (1), Kankoria (1), Chandola (1),
Ajwah (1), Sursagar (1), Brahamsarovar (1), Sukhna (1), Govindsagar (1), Pongdam (1), Renuka (1), Wuller (1),
Dal (1), Ulsoor (1), Hebbala Valley
Tanks
Dharamsagar (1), Bibinagar (1), Kistrapetrareddy (1), Gandigudem (1), Goysagar(1)
Ponds
Elangabeel System (1), Lakshadweep (1)
Creeks, Canals, Tanks, Ponds, Drains,
Creeks (3M), Agartala Canal (1M), Gurgaon Canal (1M), Western Yamuna Canal (9M), Drains (12M)
Groundwater 180
Total 784
105
64
26
15
11
12
Contd. From Pre-Page
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18
58
27
15
57
27
16
59
25
16
60
23
17
57
28
15
57
27
16
59
25
16
60
21
19
64
17
19
67
18
15
0
10
20
3040
50
60
70
80
90
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
BOD >6
BOD 3-6
BOD5000
TC 500-5000
TC5000
FC 500-5000
FC
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S.No
Level ofPollution
PollutionCriteria
Riverinelength,Km.
Riverinelengthpercentage
01. Severely
polluted
BOD more
than 6 mg/l
6086 14
02. Moderatelypolluted
BOD 3-6mg/l
8691 19
03. Relatively
clean
BOD less
than 3 mg/l
30242 67
WATER QUALITY STATUSAnalysis of 10 years data with respect to BOD values asindicator of organic pollution
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State >6 3-6
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Karnataka 258 143 2467 2868
Kerala 0 15 1395 1410
Tamil Nadu 269 470 1290 2029
Assam 0 0 2043 2043
Meghalaya 0 0 557 557
Manipur 0 0 759 759
Arunachal Pradesh 0 0 707 707
Sikkim 0 0 754 754
Nagaland 0 0 503 503
Mizoram 0 0 235 235
Goa 0 13 53 66
Delhi 28 0 20 48
T O T A L :- 6086 8691 30266 45043
State-wise riverine length (in Km) underdifferent level of pollution (contd.)
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S ta te > 6 3 -6 < 3 T o ta lIndus 70 132 3917 4119
Ganga 1760 3612 7318 12690
Bramaputra 0 0 5013 5013
Sabarmati 65 95 165 325
Mahi 70 160 292 522
Narmada 120 360 902 1382
Tapi 160 280 537 977
Subernrekha 90 120 79 289
Brahmini 45 160 380 585
Mahanadi 210 370 1393 1973
Godavari 960 856 2676 4492
B i o C h e m i c a l O x y g e n D e m a n d , m g / L
River basin-wise riverine length(in Km.)under different level of pollution
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Subernrekha 90 120 79 289
Brahmini 45 160 380 585
Mahanadi 210 370 1393 1973
Godavari 960 856 2676 4492
Krishna 840 956 1988 3784
Pennar 0 80 440 520
Cauvery 70 320 928 1318
Ghaggar 140 148 70 358
Medium 1090 734 3210 5034
Minor 396 308 958 1662
T O T A L : - 6086 8691 30266 45043
River basin-wise riverine length(in Km.)under different level of pollution (contd..)
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Total riverine length under different water quality status
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
JK HP PB HR UP RJ MP BH WB OR AP MH GU KA KE TN AS MG MN AR SK NG MZ GO DL
States
Riverinelength,
Km
BOD < 3 mg/L
BOD 3-6 mg/L
BOD >6 mg/L
24
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River basin-wise riverine length under
different level of pollution
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Indus
Ganga
Bram
aputr
a
Saba
rmati
Mahi
Narm
ada
Tapi
Sube
rnrekh
a
Brahmini
Mahanadi
Godavari
Krish
na
Pennar
Cauvery
Ghagga
r
Medium M
inor
River basin
Riverineleng
th,
Km
BOD 6 mg/L
25
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Polluted
Water Bodies
CPCB identified 10 polluted stretches for prioritising pollution controlefforts in 1988-89.
The Number of Stretches increased to 37 during 1992-93.
The list is now revised to include 86 stretches.
The concerned State Pollution Control Boards were asked to takeadequate measures to restore the desired level.
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RIVER ACTION PLAN CPCB identified polluted water bodies, which leads to
formulation of action plan for restoration of the waterbody.
Based on CPCBs Recommendations, Ganga ActionPlan was launched in 1986 to restore the WQ of theGanga by interception, diversion and treatment ofwastewater from 27 cities/towns located along theriver.
Based on the experience gained duringimplementation of the Ganga Action Plan, Govt of Indiaextends river cleaning programme to other rivers andlakes.
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NATIONAL RIVER ACTION PLANRiver No. of Towns River No. of TownsGanga 74 Brahmini 3
Yamuna 21 Chambal 3
Damodar 12 Gomti 3
Godavari 6 Krishna 2Cauvery 9 Sabarmati 1
Tungabhadra 4 Khan 1
Satluj 4 Kshipra 1
Subarnrekha 3 Tapi 1Betwa 3 Narmada 1`
Wainganga 3 Mahanadi 1
Grand Total 156
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY Urban sources National River Action Plan Industrial Sources through consent ( SPCB) Special Drives: 17 categories of industries Industries discharging into rivers and lakes 24 Problem areas action plan Environmental auditing Common effluent treatment plants for cluster of SSI
units (124) Promotion of low-waste and no-waste technology29
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Experience from Ganga ActionPlan
Sewage collection system partial or non-existence
Interception and diversion of drains - monsoon runoff Operation and maintenance of STPs
Power supply
Skilled manpower
30
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Experience from industries
High organic load - distilleries
High TDS - pharmaceuticals, pesticides, rayon, dye and dyeintermediates
Small scale industries - location (residential areas),
inadequate resources, skill etc.
Problem with CETPs
31
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ASSESSMENT OFGROUND WATER QUALITY IN METRO CITIES
The groundwater is the main source of drinking in our country. The groundwater quality is being degraded gradually in large urban
centers/critically polluted areas. Although Ministry of Water Resources is monitoring groundwater
quality all over the country. The monitoring does not include mainwater quality issues ( heavy metals, pesticides, coliform, BOD, CODetc.
Thus, it is important to monitor the groundwater quality in the country. In the current financial year CPCB included in its monitoring network a
large number of groundwater stations (200 stations). Apart from this CPCB is taking help of some research institutes to
study the groundwater quality.
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CONCLUSION In order to meet water quality criteria in
rivers, dilution water is required besides
stringent pollution control.
Interlinking of rivers is one of the
solution to meet water quality criteria inrivers as more dilution of water would be
available in rivers.
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