water pollution. water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change in water quality...
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Water PollutionWater Pollution
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Water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for desired uses.
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Sources of Pollution
There are two major sources of pollution. Water pollution can come from point sources and non-point sources.
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Point sources: • Sources that discharge pollution at a
specific location• Factories, mines, sewage treatment
plants, oil tankers, landfills or septic tanks.
• Controlling or stopping point sources of polluters is easiest
• There is often a direct pipe into a river or lake
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Non-point sources:
• can NOT be traced to any one site of discharge
• usually large areas like farm fields, urban streets, golf courses, or logged forests
• very difficult to control non-point sources of pollution
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Water Quality Measurements:
1. Coliform Bacteria2. Dissolved Oxygen3. Organic/Inorganic Chemicals4. Bottom-dwelling invertebrates
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1. Coliform Bacteria
• Also called E. Coli• Low levels good• Ontario Safe Water Drinking Act requires 0
coliform colonies• Legal limit for safe swimming and boating
is <1000 coliform colonies/100 ml
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2. OxygenDissolved oxygen• High levels good• Aquatic plants and animals require oxygen• More oxygen dissolves in cooler water• Oxygen levels increase when stream water
flows over rocks or if water leaves a pipe and drops into a stream
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Biological Oxygen Demand• Low levels are good• Dead plants and animals require oxygen
for rotting• Bacteria that consume sewage, manure
or fertilizer require oxygen
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3. Organic and Inorganic Chemicals
• Low levels are good• Inorganic substances like the nutrients
nitrogen, phosphates or potassium are indicators of agricultural pollution from fertilizers
• Inorganic substances like lead, mercury, aluminum and arsenic indicate industrial pollution
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• Organic pollutants include pesticides, oils, cleaners, plastics or detergents that are made of carbon and hydrogen
• these organic pollutants come from household, agricultural and industrial waste
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4. Bottom-dwelling Invertebrates
• Studying small aquatic animals often gives a better long-term indication of the health of a stream
• Dragonfly nymphs and some leeches show a healthy stream
• Only sowbugs present is an indicator of an unhealthy stream