water management in a changing world

7/25/2019 Water Management in a Changing World

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RAINWATER MANAGEMENT IN SMALL SCALEFOR SUSTAINABLE SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE

Susilawati i

The most impo ta!t wate esou "e #o a$ i"ultu e is "ome # om ai!wate % Rai!e'a$ i"ultu e is o#te! #ailu e #o ' (&spell o wate lo$$i!$ situatio!% Ma!a$i!$ ai!wate is!ee'e' #o sustai!a)le smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e% Du i!$ ai!( seaso!* whe! a lot o# wate a+aila)le* e+e! e,"ess wate * whi"h "ause o# wate lo$$i!$ situatio!* !ee'e' ' ai!a$e s(stemto mai!tai! the wate ta)le !ot so hi$h% The!* the ' ai!a$e wate "a! )e sto e' i! a small

po!' (a '* #o i i$atio! wate a+aila)ilit( 'u i!$ ' (&spell situatio!% The small po!' (a 'also "a! )e #u!"tio! as ai!wate ha +esti!$ st u"tu e #o this small s"ale% Se+e al small po!'(a ' #o m as i!te "o!!e"tio! s(stem to "at"h a!' ma!a$e ai!wate * whi"h #alli!$ a!'#lowi!$ o! this (a '* so as almost !o wate #lowi!$ out # om this smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e%This s(stem has )ee! impleme!te' i! M % Lu"as Hille Liu!esi home (a ' a!' a''i!$ othe s(stem #o health( home* i! the (ea o# -./0% Compa e' to the ai!wate ha +esti!$ s(stemas a )i$ ese +oi o embung s(stem* the ai!wate ma!a$eme!t i! small s"ale is mo ee##e"ti+e* e##i"ie!t* a!' optimal #o sustai!a)le smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e%

1e(wo 's2 ai!wate ma!a$eme!t* ' (&spell a!' wate lo$$i!$* small po!' (a '* smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e* e##e"ti+e&e##i"ie!t&optimal%

1. Introduction

The most impo ta!t wate esou "e #o a$ i"ultu e is "ome # om ai!wate % Fame s use to'o #a mi!$ as ai!e' a$ i"ultu e o!"e a (ea % The e,iste!"e o# "limate "ha!$e happe!s

!owa'a(s* 'u i!$ ai!( seaso! o#te! happe!s -&3 wee4s !o ai! a!(mo e* o /&- wee4s withhea+( ai!s% So* whe! #a me sta t pla!ts the " op #o ai! al ea'( "omes* the! !o ai!a!(mo e u!til - e+e! 3 wee4s% That "ause p o)lem to the " ops% O * whe! #a me sta t pla!tthe " op* the! hea+( ai! u!til /&- wee4s* a!' also "ause p o)lem to the " ops% This twoe+e!t ma4e the " op p o'u"tio! will e'u"e e+e! 'ie'% We "all this e+e!t as ' (&spell o wate lo$$i!$ situatio!% So* ai!e' a$ i"ultu e is o#te! #ailu e #o ' (&spell o wate lo$$i!$situatio!% Ma!a$i!$ ai!wate is !ee'e' #o sustai!a)le smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e%

2. Literature Review

A stu'( elate' to wate lo$$i!$ a!' ' (&spell situatio!* ai!wate ha +esti!$ o ai!wate

ma!a$eme!t* ai!wate ma!a$eme!t i! small s"ale a!' smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e* moste5ui e' #o 4!owi!$ how to ma!a$e ai!wate #o a$ i"ultu e%

2.1 Waterlogging and Dry-Spell Situation

Wi4ipe'ia $i+es 'e#i!itio! o# wate lo$$i!$ te mi!olo$ies% Wate lo$$i!$ e#e s to thesatu atio! o# soil with wate % Soil ma( )e e$a 'e' as wate lo$$e' whe! the wate ta)le o# the$ ou!'wate is too hi$h to "o!+e!ie!tl( pe mit a! a!ti"ipate' a"ti+it(* li4e a$ i"ultu e% I!a$ i"ultu e* +a ious " ops !ee' ai 6spe"i#i"all(* o,($e!7 to a $ eate o lesse 'epth i! thesoil% Wate lo$$i!$ o# the soil stops ai $etti!$ i!% How !ea the wate ta)le must )e to thesu #a"e #o the $ ou!' to )e "lasse' as wate lo$$e' +a ies with the pu pose i! +iew% A " op8s'ema!' #o # ee'om # om wate lo$$i!$ ma( +a ( )etwee! seaso!s o# the (ea * as with the

$ owi!$ o# i"e% I! i i$ate' a$ i"ultu al la!'* wate lo$$i!$ is o#te! a""ompa!ie' )( soilsali!it( as wate lo$$e' soils p e+e!t lea"hi!$ o# the salts impo te' )( the i i$ate' wate %


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F om a $a 'e!i!$ poi!t o# +iew* wate lo$$i!$ is the p o"ess whe e)( the soil )lo"4s o## allwate a!' is so ha ' it stops ai $etti!$ i! a!' it stops o,($e! # om $etti!$ i!%

Du i!$ ai!( seaso!* whe! a lot o# wate a+aila)le* e+e! e,"ess wate * whi"h "ause o# wate lo$$i!$ situatio!* !ee'e' ' ai!a$e s(stem to mai!tai! the wate ta)le !ot so hi$h% The!*the ' ai!a$e wate "a! )e sto e' i! a small po!' (a '* #o i i$atio! wate a+aila)ilit( 'u i!$' (&spell situatio!%

1eith Ha!se! w ote i! Te,as A$ ili#e E,te!sio! we) 6-.//7* a sho t o+e +iew o! how' ou$ht a##e"ts pla!ts* so it "a! )e u!'e stoo' wh( the ' ( spell "oul' "o!ti!ue to a##e"t t ees#o mo!ths o (ea s e+e! a#te the ' ou$ht e!'s% O!"e 'e#i!itio! #o ' ou$ht is the a)se!"e o#

ai!#all o suppleme!tal i i$atio! #o a pe io' o# time su##i"ie!t to 'eplete soil moistu e a!'i!9u e pla!ts% D ou$ht st ess esults whe! wate loss # om the pla!t e,"ee's the a)ilit( o#

oots to a)so ) wate a!' whe! the pla!t:s wate "o!te!t is e'u"e' e!ou$h to i!te #e e with!o mal pla!t p o"esses% Wate is the stu## o# li#e% It is a ma9o "ompo!e!t o# pla!t "ells* a!' isthe me'ium i! whi"h $ owth p o"esses o""u % Without a'e5uate wate * )iolo$i"al p o"esses*su"h as photos(!thesis* a e $ eatl( e'u"e'% Re'u"e' photos(!thesis mea!s e'u"e' pla!t$ owth* i!"lu'i!$ oot $ owth%

The e a e se+e al stomp ea'e s ha+e also w itte! i! to epo t o! how the ' ( spell hasa##e"te' !atu e i! Si!$apo e* su"h a e po!'s e"e'i!$ a!' pla!ts sh i+elli!$ up as show! i!Fi$u e / 6!ews%asiao!e%"om7% The e##e"t o# ' ( spell also "auses the pla!t ) ee'i!$ 6Mi"haelEise!stei!* -./;7%

Fi$u e /%


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The t(pe o# "at"hme!t su #a"e use'* "o!sist o#2 oo# "at"hme!t s(stem* o"4 "at"hme!ts(stem a!' $ ou!' "at"hme!t s(stem% Rai!wate s(stems "a! #u the also )e "lassi#ie' )(thei elia)ilit(* whi"h $i+es #ou t(pes o# use e$imes2

/% O""asio!al & wate is sto e' #o o!l( a #ew 'a(s i! a small "o!tai!e % Suita)le whe!the e is a u!i#o m ai!#all patte ! with +e ( #ew 'a(s without ai! a!' the e is a

elia)le alte !ati+e wate sou "e !ea )(%-% I!te mitte!t & i! situatio!s with o!e lo!$ ai!( seaso! whe! all wate 'ema!'s a e met

)( ai!wate > howe+e * 'u i!$ the ' ( seaso! wate is "olle"te' # om !o!& ai!wate sou "es%

;%


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impleme!ti!$ the st ate$( is that most o# the a!!ual ai! +olume #alls as li$ht showe s tohea+( ai! a!' e,t eme sto ms% The i!te$ ate' st ate$( is illust ate' )elow%

Fi$u e 0% The i!te$ ate' st ate$( to ma!a$e ai!#all spe"t um

The Gui'e)oo4 also i!t o'u"e' the "o!"ept o# pe #o ma!"e ta $ets to #a"ilitateimpleme!tatio! o# the i!te$ ate' st ate$( #o ma!a$i!$ the "omplete ai!#all spe"t um% To" eate a mi!'&map #o p a"titio!e s* the ai!#all spe"t um was 'e#i!e' i! te ms o# th ee tie s*with ea"h tie "o espo!'i!$ to a "ompo!e!t o# the i!te$ ate' st ate$(* !amel(2

/% Rai!#all "aptu e 4eep ai! o! site )( mea!s o# ai!#all "aptu e measu es su"h asai! $a 'e!s a!' i!#ilt atio! soa4awa(s

-% Ru!o## "o!t ol 'ela( o+e #low u!o## )( mea!s o# 'ete!tio! sto a$e po!'s whi"h p o+i'e u!o## "o!t ol

;% Floo' miti$atio! e'u"e #loo'i!$ )( p o+i'i!$ su##i"ie!t h(' auli" "apa"it( to"o!tai! a!' "o!+e(

Fi$u e %


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Du i!$ the ai!( seaso!* whi"h pote!tial o""u the wate lo$$i!$ p o)lem* the t e!"h ' ai!must )e i!stall% The ' ai! wate is sto e' also i! the i!te "o!!e"tio! po!'s (a '% This stepsa e #i$u es )elow2

Fi$u e % Setti!$ po!' / a!' - #o smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e a!' po!' . #o 'omesti" use

Fi$u e ?% La(out o# ai!wate ma!a$eme!t i! small s"ale smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e

. $eri!ication o! Rainwater Management in Small Scale

e i#i"atio! o# ai!wate ma!a$eme!t i! small s"ale "o!sist o#2 /7 how the pote!tialai!wate "oul' )e ma!a$e'* -7 how mu"h wate e5ui e' #o househol' a!' smallhol'e

a$ i"ultu e* ;7 how is the wate )ala!"e a!' 37 how mu"h wate "oul' a!' ha+e to )e sto e'%

Fi$u e =% Rai!wate ma!a$eme!t "o!"ept


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Fi$u e /.% The p i!"iple o# s(stem t ap ai!wate e!$i!ee i!$ a!' the #oo' se"u it(

The pote!tial ai!wate "oul' )e ma!a$e' # om oo#* o"4 a!' $ ou!' "at"hme!t% Thewate st u"tu e "oul' )e as $ull( plu$ alo!$ the !atu al ' ai!a$e s(stem o s(stem&t ap&

ai!wate e!$i!ee i!$ i! househol' s"ale o small s"ale% The!* "oul' )e 'ete mi!e' howmu"h wate e5ui e' #o househol' a!' smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e% Fi!all(* "oul' )e 'ete mi!e'the wate )ala!"e a!' the "apa"it( o# sto a$e )( usi!$ Mi" oso#t&E,"el wo 4sheet%

%. Implementation o! Rainwater Management in Small Scale

This s(stem has )ee! impleme!te' i! M % Lu"as Hille Liu!esi home&(a ' a!' a''i!$othe s(stem #o health( home* i! the (ea o# -./0%Se+e al steps ha+e to )e 'o!e #o 'esi$!i!$ ai!wate ma!a$eme!t mo'el2

/% Fi st step #o su +e(i!$ to the lo"atio!* it must )e o)se +e how the u!o## #lowi!$* sothat "a! )e 'e"i'e' the lo"atio! o# the wells&t ap& ai!wate ta!4%

-% Se"o!' step #o a!al(si!$ the wate a+aila)ilit(* it must )e 'ete mi!e' the "at"hme!ta ea o# ai!wate #o ea"h wells&t ap& ai!wate ta!4* so it "a! )e 4!ow! the +olume o#

ai!wate whi"h "a! )e "aptu e' a!' sto e' i! the well&ta!4s%;% The !e,t step is to )e 'ete mi!e' the 'ime!sio!s o# the "at"hme!t wells&t ap&

ai!wate ta!4 i! a""o 'a!"e with the pote!tial o# ai!wate that "a! )e "aptu e'%3% The #i!al step is 'esi$!i!$ ' awi!$s o# the "at"hme!t wells&t ap& ai!wate ta!4

Fi$u e //% Rai!wate ma!a$eme!t i! househol' s"ale


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Fi$u e /-% Home&(a ' o# M % Hille Liu!esi

Fi$u e /;% Fe o&"eme!t po!'s o# M % Hille Liu!esi

&. Discussion

Nowa'a(s* it is 'e+elope' se+e al 'am #o meeti!$ the wate e5ui eme!t #o a$ i"ultu e*whi"h suppo t the #oo' se"u it( a!' wate se"u it(% O!"e the 'am is "o!st u"te'* it must#ollowe' )( 'am sa#et( s(stem* a!' also the ope atio! a!' mai!te!a!"e s(stem* whi"h "ostl(%The ai!wate ma!a$eme!t i! small s"ale #o smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e is !o "ost #o sa#et(s(stem a!' also ope atio! a!' mai!te!a!"e s(stem # om $o+e !me!t* )e"ause the househol'will ope ate a!' mai!te!a!"e themsel+es%'. (onclusion and Recommendation


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Compa e' to the ai!wate ha +esti!$ s(stem as a )i$ ese +oi o embung s(stem* theai!wate ma!a$eme!t i! small s"ale is mo e e##e"ti+e* e##i"ie!t* a!' optimal #o sustai!a)le

smallhol'e a$ i"ultu e% So* "ampai$! the "o!st u"tio! o# ai!wate ma!a$eme!t i! smalls"ale i! a!( #o m #ollowe' )( the e5ui eme!t%

). Re!erences

1eith Ha!se!* -.//% How Drought Affects Plants. Te,as A$ ili#e E,te!tio! we)site* post o!O"to)e /3* -./% Dow!loa' at http2 a$ ili#e%o $ et$ -.// /. /3 how&' ou$ht&a##e"ts&

pla!ts

Mi"hael Eise!stei!* -./;%


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i Mem)e o# 1NI&ICID ) a!"h 1upa!$&NTT* e&mail2 s %susi%'pK$mail%"om

water management in a changing world

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