water laws in south asia

8/3/2019 Water Laws in South Asia

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Skqj} `ks| niNiank, _kdn|qki,Mkic`kaj|h &

Ijpk`

]j|jk}lhj} " B|) ]kdhn \jhck`

Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ Ninqnkqnvj


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= Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk


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1 Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk


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NIQ]EAZLQNEI

;

:

BKI^ cevj}ibjiq| kl}e|| qhj se}à k}j ni qhj p}elj|| ef }jfe}bnic

qhjn} skqj} `ks| kia pe`nlnj|) Shn`j nq hk| mjji }jlecinwja qhkq

kllj|| qe skqj} lebp}n|j| ef hzbki }nchq| anbji|nei|, kia jle"

iebnl, jivn}eibjiqk`, |elnk` kia lz`qz}k` p}klqnlj| k|pjlq|, lz}}jiq lhkicj|

k}j k |jji k| }j|pei|j qe c}esnic skqj} |lk}lnq~ k| sj`` k| qhj p}elj||j| ef

jleiebnl kia pe`nqnlk` lhkicj| aebnikqja m~ ije"`nmj}k` jbphk|n| ei

|q}zlqz}k` kagz|qbjiq kia cevj}ikilj }jfe}b|) K`qhezch qhj}j hk| mjji ki

ziaj}`~nic ksk}jij|| fe} qhj ijja qe }jcz`kqj qhj z|j ef qhn| mk|nl ikqz}k`

}j|ez}lj qe kvena skqj} l}n|j|, ni }jljiq ~jk}| qhj }hjqe}nl k}ezia qhn| n||zj

hk| }jklhja k fjvj} pnqlh) Lz}}jiq skqj} }jfe}b| hkvj mjji p}epe|ja ni ki

najeècnlk` l`nbkqj ni shnlh skqj} n| |jji k| k |lk}lj }j|ez}lj qhkq n| mj|q

bkikcja m~ bk}djq bjlhkin|b|) Shn`j nq n| q}zj qhkq kllj|| qe skqj} hk|

mjlebj be}j lhk``jicnic kia skqj} |lk}lnq~ kia jivn}eibjiqk` n||zj|

ijja qe mj kaa}j||ja z}cjiq`~, qhj ziaj}`~nic lkz|j| fe} qhj|j ajvjèp"

bjiq| kia qhj qj}b| ef qhj ajmkqj k| f}kbja m~ bz`qn`kqj}k` ajvjèpbjiq

kcjilnj| |zlh k| qhj Se}à Mkid kia qhj K|nki Ajvjèpbjiq Mkid kia le}"

pe}kqj niqj}j|q| qhkq hkvj |ezchq qe nif`zjilj qhj pe`nlnj| kia skqj} `jcn|`k"

qnei| ni leziq}nj| kl}e|| qhj cèmj hkvj mjji {zj|qneija }jpjkqja`~ m~

lebbzinqnj| kffjlqja m~ |zlh pe`nlnj| kia m~ klqnvn|q| leilj}ija kmezq

nil}jk|nic q}ki|fj} ef ikqz}k` }j|ez}lj| ezq ef qhj }jklhj| ef èlk` lebbzin"

q~ leiq}e` kia cevj}ibjiq leiq}e` niqe p}nvkqj le}pe}kqj leiq}e`, mj~eia ef

qhj }jk`b| ef pzm`nl klleziqkmn`nq~ kia q}ki|pk}jil~)

Nil}jk|nic jivn}eibjiqk` leilj}i }jf`jlqja ni qhj ]ne kia Azm`ni leifj}"

jilj| ni qhj jk}`~ ;>>?| `jka ni Gkizk}~ ;>>< qe qhj l}jkqnei ef k ijs Vnlj

_}j|najil~ fe} Jivn}eibjiqk``~ \z|qknikm`j Ajvjèpbjiq (J\A. ni qhj Se}à

Mkid snqh skqj} k| qhj bkge} felz| ef }jfe}b);

Qhj Se}à Mkid n| eij ef qhjbkge} klqe}| ni qhj cèmk` skqj} |jlqe}, mj nq ni qj}b| ef fnikilnk` kna e} ni

qj}b| ef cjij}k` pe`nl~"bkdnic ni qhj ajvjèpnic leziq}nj|) Ni qhj ;>>?| nq

q}nja qe niqjc}kqj qh}jj leilj}i| " jivn}eibjiqk`, niqj}ik` Se}à Mkid

;) Fe} k lebp}jhji|nvj kik`~|n| ef qhj Se}à Mkid#| }e`j ni qhj skqj} |jlqe} |jj Bkqqhnk| Fnicj}

& Gj}jb~ K`èzlhj, Skqj} _}nvkqnwkqnei7 Q}ki|ikqneik` Lebpkinj| kia ]j"}jcz`kqnei ef Skqj})

_zm`n|hja m~ \pei _}j|| kia Qk~è} & F}kiln| _zm`n|hnic C}ezp, =??;)


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}jfe}b| kia jleiebnl cèmk`nwkqnei " niqe qhj leiljpq ef #skqj} }j|ez}lj|

bkikcjbjiq# shnlh }jp`klja qhj leiljpq ef #skqj} }j|ez}lj| ajvjèpbjiq#

kia felz| ei skqj} k| k mk|nl ijlj||nq~ kia j||jiqnk` }j|ez}lj qhkq |hezà mj

p}evnaja qe k``) Ni|qjka, qhj Se}à Mkid k}czja qhkq ni e}aj} qe p}ebeqj

jivn}eibjiqk``~ kia jleiebnlk``~ |z|qknikm`j ajvjèpbjiq, skqj}

}j|ez}lj| hkvj qe mj #bkikcja#) Qe fkln`nqkqj qhn|, skqj} hk| qe mj q}jkqja k|

ki jleiebnl ceea, k leiljpq fn}|q k}qnlz`kqja ni qhj fez}qh Azm`ni p}nilnp`j)

Qhn| fziakbjiqk` lhkicj ni q}jkqnic skqj} k| ki jleiebnl ceea ziaj}pni|

qhj jiqn}j ckbzq ef }jfe}b| |ezchq qe mj nbp`jbjiqja ni qhj lz}}jiq j}k)

Q}zj qe nq| ije" nmj}k` jleiebnl p}nilnp`j|, nq n| k}czja qhkq nf skqj} n| q}jkqja

k| k |lk}lj jleiebnl ceea kia bkikcja klle}anic qe f}jj bk}djq p}nilnp`j|

snqh bninbk` \qkqj (n)j) pe`nqnlk`. nive`vjbjiq, pjep`j kia pe`nqnlnki| sn``

mjhkvj be}j }j|pei|nm`~ kia ziijlj||k}~ skqj} sk|qkcj lki mj lz}mja)Qhj Se}à Mkid jia| zp pe|nqnic p}nvkqnwkqnei k| qhj ki|sj} qe p}em`jb| ef

kllj|| qe skqj} kia skqj} |lk}lnq~, kia p}nvkqj }kqhj} qhki pzm`nl leiq}e` n|

ajjbja qe mj qhj bkcnl skia qe lz}j qhn| |jlqe} ef k`` nq| n``|) \ncinfnlkiq`~,

qhn| kpp}eklh k`|e lenilnaja snqh qhj lhkicnic kpp}eklh qe nif}k|q}zlqz}j

ajvjèpbjiq k| `kna ezq ni nq| ;>>1 Se}à Ajvjèpbjiq ]jpe}q) Qhj Se}à

Mkid leil`zaja qhkq pzm`nl |j}vnlj| sj}j k`sk~| ziaj} lj}qkni pe`nqnlk` lei"

|q}kniq| `jkanic qe cevj}ibjiq|# nikmn`nq~ qe p}epj}`~ bkikcj nif}k|q}zl"

qz}j|) Qhj |e`zqnei klle}anic qe qhj Se}à Mkid sk| qe }jfe}b k leziq}~#|

ni|qnqzqneik` kia `jck` jivn}eibjiq) #Skqj} k| ki jleiebnl ceea#, #p}nvkqnwk"qnei#, #ajljiq}k`nwkqnei#, kia #z|j} pk}qnlnpkqnei# qhz| jbj}cj k| qhj Se}à

Mkid#| p}nilnp`j| fe} kaa}j||nic qhj se}à#| skqj} p}em`jb|)

Jbj}cjilj ef k lebp`jx f}kbjse}d fe} skqj} k`èlkqnei "Lebpjqnic |elnk`, jleiebnl kia jivn}eibjiqk` emgjlqnvj|K ZINLJF }jpe}q hk| kpq`~ aj|l}nmja qhj lz}}jiq skqj} l}n|n| k| k -lei|qkiq

lebpjqnqnei evj} skqj}, mjqsjji fk}bnic fkbn`nj| kia z}mki asj``j}|, jivn"

}eibjiqk` lei|j}vkqnein|q| kia niaz|q}nk`n|q|, bnie}nqnj| `nvnic eff ikqz}k`

}j|ez}lj| kia jiq}jp}jijz}| |jjdnic qe lebbeanf~ qhj }j|ez}lj| mk|j fe}

lebbj}lnk` ckni)- Skqj} p`k~| k l}nqnlk` }e`j ni |z|qkninic jleècnlk` fzilqnei"

nic, feea p}eazlqnei, jleiebnl klqnvnqnj|, hjk`qh kia }jl}jkqnei) Ni kaanqnei

nq hk| |pn}nqzk` kia }j`ncnez| vk`zj fe} bki~ pjep`j kl}e|| lz`qz}j|)

Qhj bki~ lebpjqnic z|j| ef skqj} kia qhj ijja fe} mk`kilnic kbeic qhjb

hk| cnvji }n|j qe qhj leiljpq ef Niqjc}kqja Skqj} ]j|ez}lj| Bkikcjbjiq


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3Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

qhkq jbphk|nwj| niqjc}kqnei ef qhj bkikcjbjiq ef skqj} }j|ez}lj|, ef |z}"

fklj kia c}ezia skqj}, ef zp|q}jkb kia aesi|q}jkb z|j|, ef |jlqe}k`

kpp}eklhj|, ef jleiebnl p}eazlqnei kia jivn}eibjiqk` |z|qknikmn`nq~, kia

ef qhj bki~ |qkdjheàj}|) Qhj}j n| ijja qe }jleiln`j cek`| ef jffnlnjiq jle"

iebnl p}eazlqnei, |elnk` j{znq~ kia jivn}eibjiqk` |z|qknikmn`nq~) Qhj leb"

pjqnic ajbkia| ef z}mki kia }z}k` k}jk|, qhj |qzmme}i anvnaj mjqsjji qhj

}nlh kia pee}, niqj}|qkqj anffj}jilj| kia qhj mk`kilj mjqsjji qhj ijja| ef k

qh}nvnic jleieb~ kia k f}kcn`j jivn}eibjiq k}j gz|q k fjs lhk``jicj|)

Snqh k cjiaj} pj}|pjlqnvj, bki~ k}j k}cznic qhkq sebji mjk} k an|p}epe}"

qneikqj mz}aji ef qhj }j|pei|nmn`nqnj| }j`kqnic qe skqj}7 skqj} le``jlqnei,

leednic, l`jkinic, fkbn`~ hjk`qh, kia |kinqkqnei, kia k}j ezq`ninic qhjn} esi

kpp}eklh qe qhj skqj} ajmkqj) Qhjn} |qkilj n| qhkq p}nvkqn|kqnei sn`` `nbnq

kllj|| qe skqj}, nil}jk|j qhj p}nlj ef skqj}, kia sn`` }jazlj èlk` leiq}e` evj}}j|ez}lj|) Qhezch bki~ sebji#| c}ezp| k}j ajbkianic nbp}evjbjiq| ni

kllj|| kia |kinqkqnei |j}vnlj| kia nil}jk|ja nivj|qbjiq ni skqj} nif}k|q}zl"

qz}j, qhj~ k}j k`|e |pjkdnic ezq kckni|q p}nvkqn|kqnei k| k |e`zqnei) Ni p`klj,

qhj~ k}j f}j{zjiq`~ k|dnic fe} pk}qnlnpkqe}~ mzacjqnic, cjiaj}"|ji|nqnvj

mzacjqnic, kia èlk` cevj}ikilj |e qhkq èlk` lebbzinqnj|, kia sebji ni

pk}qnlz`k}, lki ajqj}bnij qhjn} esi p}ne}nqnj|, }j|pei|nmn`nqnj|, kia kpp}ep}n"

kqj |e`zqnei|)

Qe bki~ niancjiez| pjep`j|, skqj} n| |kl}ja kia qhj~ hkvj ajvjèpja qhjn}

esi zin{zj |~|qjb ef vk`zj|, dies`jacj, kia p}klqnlj| qe }jf`jlq qhn| mj`njf)

Hesjvj}, qhj~ k}czj qhkq Niancjiez| beaj`| ef skqj} bkikcjbjiq k}j

efqji evj}èedja kia qhkq qhjn} q}kanqnei| kia `nvj`nheea| hkvj mjji |zme}"

anikqja qe lebbj}lnk` niqj}j|q| |zlh k| kc}nlz`qz}j kia niaz|q}~) Qhj vne`k"

qnei ef q}kanqneik` skqj} }nchq| n| k`|e |jji k| k vne`kqnei ef `kia }nchq| k|, ni

bki~ niancjiez| lebbzinqnj|, qhj qse k}j nijxq}nlkm`~ `nidja) Qhn| hk|

j|pjlnk``~ mjji qhj lk|j, qhj~ k}czj, snqh bki~ bkge} nif}k|q}zlqz}j p}egjlq|

|zlh k| bjck"akb| kia `k}cj"|lk`j skqj} anvj}|nei|) K| k |e`zqnei, Niancj"

iez| c}ezp| p}epe|j qhkq qhj~ ajqj}bnij qhjn} esi |~|qjb| kia |q}kqjcnj|

fe} skqj} bkikcjbjiq qhkq }jf`jlq meqh qhj }nchq qe j{zk` kllj|| qe skqj}

mzq k`|e qhjn} zin{zj }j`kqnei|hnp snqh skqj}) \jvj}k` niancjiez| lebbzin"

qnj| |ncija qhj Niancjiez| Ajl`k}kqnei ei Skqj}, ezq`ninic qhjn} }jgjlqnei ef

qhj jleiebnl kpp}eklh qe skqj} bkikcjbjiq kia ajiezilnic jleiebnl

c}jja, pe``zqnei, kia eqhj} zi|z|qknikm`j kia aj|q}zlqnvj z|j| ef skqj})


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Qh}z|q ef }jljiq }jfe}b|

& nbp`nlkqnei| fe} \ezqhK|nki Lebbzinqnj|

=

Skqj} k| ki jleiebnl ceea ieq k ikqz}k` }j|ez}lj

_}nvkqnwkqnei kia }jajfninic qhj }e`j ef qhj \qkqj ni pzm`nl zqn`nqnj|

Ajljiq}k`nwkqnei kia Z|j} _k}qnlnpkqnei

@jck` kia Ni|qnqzqneik` ]jfe}b|

Niqj}"`nidnic ef ]nvj}| " #|e`zqnei# qe skqj} sej|5

Skqj} k| ki jleiebnl ceea ieq k ikqz}k` }j|ez}lj\nilj nq| fn}|q k}qnlz`kqnei ni qhj Azm`ni _}nilnp`j|, qhj najk qhkq skqj} |lk}lnq~

n| qhj }j|z`q ef nian|l}nbnikqj z|j kia iei"}jlecinqnei ef nq| jleiebnl vk`zj,

hk| cknija aebnikilj ni qhj skqj} }jfe}b| |jlqe}) Qhn| nbp`nj| k |ncinfnlkiq

|hnfq f}eb leiljpqzk`nwnic skqj} k| k lebbei pzm`nl }j|ez}lj qe skqj} k| ki

jleiebnl ceea) Leilz}}jiq`~ qhj}j n| k |hnfq ni leiljpqzk`nwnic skqj} }nchq|,

kia leiq}e` evj} kia kllj|| qe skqj}) Gz|q k| qhj `kia }jfe}b| ziaj} M}nqn|h

leèink` }z`j q}ki|fe}bja `kia f}eb k lebbei pzm`nl }j|ez}lj qe p}nvkqj

p}epj}q~ snqh q}kajkm`j jiqnq`jbjiq|, |e qee qhj lz}}jiq skqj} }jfe}b|

niqjia qe klhnjvj qhj |kbj snqh skqj})

Qhj epjinic |qkqjbjiq ef Cevj}ibjiq ef Niank#| (CeN. pe`nl~ aelzbjiq,

Cznaj`nij| ei \skgkàhk}k =??= |qkqj| qhkq,

Skqj} n| qeak~ pj}ljnvja m~ qhj pzm`nl k| k |elnk` }nchq, qe mj p}evna"

ja f}jj m~ qhj Cevj}ibjiq, }kqhj} qhki k| k |lk}j }j|ez}lj shnlh

bz|q mj bkikcja èlk``~ k| k |elne"jleiebnl ceea) Qhn| pj}ljp"qnei hk| c}esi ezq ef qhj fklq qhkq qhj p}j|jiq }z}k` skqj} |zpp`~

|~|qjb| k}j aj|ncija kia jxjlzqja m~ qhj Cevj}ibjiq

Ajpk}qbjiq% Mek}a fe} qhj jia"z|j}|) Ajbkia p}jfj}jilj| ef qhj

pjep`j k}j cjij}k``~ ieq qkdji niqe klleziq shn`j p`kiinic kia


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>Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

jxjlzqnic qhj |lhjbj|) Ni eqhj} se}a|, }z}k` skqj} |zpp`~ p}e"

c}kbbj hk| mjji kaepqnic k |zpp`~ a}nvji kpp}eklh) Jxpj}njilj

hk| |hesi qhkq qhj p}j|jiq kpp}eklh hk| `ja qe qhj fkn`z}j ef k

izbmj} ef skqj} |zpp`~ |~|qjb|%|lhjbj| azj qe pee} epj}kqnei

kia bkniqjikilj)

Qhj p}nilnp`j ef zinvj}|k` skqj} }nchq| ef k`` pjep j (k`qhezch zijvji ~

nbp`jbjiqja. sn`` mj }jp`klja m~ qhj jleiebnl p}nilnp`j ef skqj} z|j}|

shnlh sn`` jxl`zaj qhe|j snqhezq pz}lhk|nic pesj} qe mz~ skqj} ni qhj

skqj} bk}djq) Skqj} z|j}| k||elnkqnei| fzilqnei qe jxl`zaj qhe|j she lki

ieq mz~ qhjn} sk~ ni qe qhj k||elnkqnei kia qhj}jfe}j `e|j k`` }nchq| qe skqj}

}j|ez}lj|) Nileic}zez|`~ qhj k}czbjiq p}effj}ja n| qhkq qhj pee} she k}j

ieq mjnic |j}vja m~ qhj jxn|qnic bzinlnpk` |~|qjb| k}j mz~nic skqj} kq jxe}"

mnqkiq }kqj| ni ki~ lk|j f}eb p}nvkqj |ez}lj|, |e pzqqnic ni p`klj k mjqqj} }jc"z`kqja |~|qjb sn`` ni fklq hj`p qhj pee} m~ m}nicnic aesi qhj }kqj| kq shnlh

qhj~ mz~ skqj})

K }j`kqja p}nilnp`j n| qhkq ef fz`` le|q }jlevj}~) Nf skqj} n| qe mj |jji k| ki jle"

iebnl ceea, z|j}| hkvj qe mj lhk}cja qhj fz`` le|q|) Qhj |kbj CeN aelzbjiq

leiqnizj| qhkq,

fz`` le|q }jlevj}~ ef epj}kqnei| kia bkniqjikilj kia }jp`kljbjiq

le|q| n| jxpjlqja qe cjij}kqj k |ji|j ef esij}|hnp kia ji|z}j qhj

fnikilnk` vnkmn`nq~ kia |z|qknikmn`nq~ ef qhj |lhjbj|) Qhj leianqnei|ziaj} shnlh pjep`j sez`a mj sn``nic qe pk~ lkpnqk` le|q pk}qnk``~

kia epj}kqj kia bkniqkni skqj} |zpp`~ |lhjbj| k}j (k. nf qhj~ esi

qhj k||jq|, (m. nf qhj~ hkvj qhjb|j`vj| p`kiija kia ni|qk``ja qhj |~|"

qjb| kia mjji klqnvj`~ nive`vja qh}ezchezq ni qhj p}elj||, (l. nf

qhj~ hkvj mjji q}knija qe ae |nbp`j }jpkn}|, (a. nf qhj~ dies qhj

Cevj}ibjiq sn`` ieq bkniqkni qhj k||jq, (j. nf qhj~ hkvj |zffnlnjiq

fzia| fe} bkniqjikilj, kia (f. nf qhj~ hkvj qe pk~ fe} epj}kqnei kia

bkniqjikilj ef qhj |~|qjb|)

Shn`j }jlecin|nic qhkq qhj leiljpq ef fz`` le|q }jlevj}~ n| ajq}nbjiqk` qe qhjniqj}j|q| ef pee} kia bk}cnik`n|ja c}ezp|, bki~ k}j ef qhj epninei qhkq qhn|

leilj}i ijja| qe mj mk`kilja snqh qhj ijja fe} k be}j kaj{zkqj jleieb"

nl vk`zkqnei ef skqj} shnlh sn`` mj ajqj}bnija m~ qhj ikqz}j ef qhj z|j ef

skqj}) \e fe} jxkbp`j, skqj} fe} mz`d skqj} z|j}| |zlh k| niaz|q}nk` kia leb"


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;? Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

bj}lnk` z|j}| |hezà mj vk`zja kq k hnchj} }kqj qhki |k~ skqj} fe} aebj|qnl

lei|zbpqnei)

Lz}}jiq`~, a}nidnic kia n}}nckqnei skqj} k}j hjkvn`~ |zm|nanwja kia z}mki

skqj} |zpp`nj| ni be|q leziq}nj| hkvj mjji fnikilja ezq ef cjij}k` }jv"jizj|) Qhj pe`nl~ mjnic pzq ni p`klj n| qe ji|z}j qhkq ieq ei`~ ae skqj} z|j}|

pk~ qhj epj}kqnei kia bkniqjikilj lhk}cj| mzq k`|e pk~ fe} lkpnqk` le|q| ef

ajvjèpnic skqj} nif}k|q}zlqz}j k| ezq`nija ni |jvj}k` skqj} z|j}| k||elnk"

qnei) K`qhezch jvji nf sj sj}j qe kc}jj qe qhn| ècnl, j`nbnikqnei ef |zm|nanj|

|hezà ellz} c}kazk``~) Hesjvj}, skqj} qk}nff| hkvj mjji nil}jk|ja bkinfeà

ni bki~ lnqnj| p}nlnic skqj} ezq ef }jklh ef be|q pjep`j kia ni ki niqj}j|q"

nic ajvjèpbjiq |qkqj |zm|nanj| hkvj ni fklq ni be|q lk|j| mjji }jp`klja m~

Se}à Mkid èki| k| peniqja ezq m~ Bkqqhnk| Fnicj} kia Gj}jb~ K`èzlhj ni

qhjn} =??; |qza~)

Lenilnanic snqh nq n| qhj najk qhkq k |hnfq n| ijjaja f}eb ajvjèpnic be}j

skqj} }j|ez}lj| kia nif}k|q}zlqz}j qe #bkikcnic# jxn|qnic eij| j|pjlnk``~ k|

be|q hkvj fk``ji niqe an|}jpkn} azj qe `kld ef nivj|qbjiq kia bkniqjikilj)

Qhz|, k`` ikqneik` kia |qkqj skqj} pe`nlnj| jlhe qhj Se}à Mkid kia KAM

qhnidnic m~ jbphk|nwnic qhj ijja qe hk}ij|| skqj} }j|ez}lj| fe} jleiebnl

ajvjèpbjiq) N}einlk``~, qhn| nive`vj| bjck p}egjlq| |zlh k| niqj}`nidnic ef

}nvj}| kia mznànic jvji mnccj} akb|, j|pjlnk``~ k| qhj Gehi M}n|lej s}nqj| ni

k =??6 Se}à Mkid }jpe}q qhkq Niank hk| ieq ajvjèpja jiezch mnc skqj}

nif}k|q}zlqz}j|)

_}nvkqnwkqnei kia }jajfninic qhj }e`j ef qhj \qkqj ni pzm`nlzqn`nqnj|K ljiq}k` pk}q ef qhn| pk}kancb |hnfq n| qhj lhkicnic }e`j ef qhj \qkqj) _}ne} qe

qhj ;>>1 Se}à Ajvjèpbjiq ]jpe}q, qhj Se}à Mkid lei|naj}ja qhj \qkqj

qe mj k l}zlnk` fklqe} ni nif}k|q}zlqz}j ajvjèpbjiq) Hesjvj} ziaj} qhj

nif`zjilj ef ije"`nmj}k` najeèc~ qhj Se}à Mkid }jajfnija qhj }e`j ef qhj

|qkqj k| ki #nbpjanbjiq# qe p}ec}j|| kia qhj lhnjf }jk|ei fe} qhj fnikilnk` l}n"

|n| ni qhj skqj} |jlqe} kia fe} qhj pee} ph~|nlk` leianqnei ef skqj} nif}k|q}zl"qz}j) @k}cj kia `jqhk}cnl mz}jkzl}klnj| kia qhj nikmn`nq~ ef qhj Skqj} Mkid qe

}j"q}kni qhj skqj} zqn`nqnj|# |qkff sj}j cnvji k| }jk|ei| qe m}nic ni qhj p}nvkqj

|jlqe} shnlh sk| pkniqja k| mjnic le}}zpqnei f}jj, jffnlnjiq, p}efj||neik` kia

be|q nbpe}qkiq`~, }kqneik` kia f}jj f}eb nif`zjilj| ef niqj}j|q c}ezp| kia


11/72

;;Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

pe`nqnl|) Qhn| }jk|einic fnqqja inlj`~ snqh qhj }jlk|qnic ef skqj} k| k |lk}lj

jleiebnl ceea qhkq hka qe mj k`èlkqja klle}anic qe bk}djq p}nilnp`j|) K|

èic k| skqj} sk| |jji k| k pzm`nl ceea, qhj \qkqj p`k~ja ki nbpe}qkiq }e`j

ni ijceqnkqnic qhj ajbkia| fe} j{znqkm`j k`èlkqnei mjqsjji anffj}jiq

c}ezp| ef |elnjq~, kia qhj \qkqj sk| hjà klleziqkm`j m~ qhj lnqnwji}~

qh}ezch ajbel}kqnl p}elj||j| kia ni|qnqzqnei|) Hesjvj}, qhn| vj}~ ècnl sk|

qz}ija ei nq| hjka kia qhj \qkqj kia nq| pe`nqnlk` vzìj}kmn`nq~ qe pjep`j#|

ajbkia| sk| }jlk|q k| ki em|qkl`j qe ajvjèpbjiq kia p}ec}j||)

Qhj |e`zqnei effj}ja sk| p}nvkqnwkqnei ni bki~ czn|j| " p}nvkqj |jlqe} pk}qnl"

npkqnei (_\_., p}nvkqj"pzm`nl pk}qij}|hnp (___. kia qhj |jqqnic zp ef

#kzqeiebez|# }jcz`kqe}~ kzqhe}nqnj| qhkq sj}j f}jj f}eb pe`nqnlk` niqj}fj}"

jilj) Ni jffjlq, shkq qhn| bjkiq sk| qhkq qhj|j ni|qnqzqnei| sezà mj mj~eia

qhj pk`j ef pzm`nl klleziqkmn`nq~ kia qhj pzm`nl sezà hkvj ie bjki| efbkdnic nq| venlj hjk}a kia nbpklqnic qhj ajln|nei| nbpe|ja ei nq) Ni |he}q,

nq bjkiq ajpe`nqnlnwkqnei kia an|jbpesj}bjiq ef qhj lebbei pjep`j) Qe

leziqj} qhn| l}nqnln|b, pjep`j#| pk}qnlnpkqnei kia ajljiq}k`nwkqnei sj}j nile}"

pe}kqja k| le}j p}nilnp`j|) Hesjvj}, l}nqnl| hkvj }nchq`~ peniqja ezq qhkq

qhj|j sj}j ie be}j qhki sniaes a}j||nic|)

Ajljiq}k`nwkqnei kia Z|j} _k}qnlnpkqneiAjljiq}k`nwkqnei sk| effj}ja k| ki kiqnaeqj qe k |qkqj mz}jkzl}kl~ qhkq hka

c}esi qee mnc kia kbk||ja nbbji|j pesj}| shn`j mjnic zikm`j qe aj`nvj}

pzm`nl ceea| |znqja qe èlk` leianqnei|) Hesjvj}, k| ajfnija m~ qhj Se}à

Mkid ieq ei`~ ana ajljiq}k`nwkqnei nbp`~ k }je}ckinwkqnei ef cevj}ibjiq

ni|qnqzqnei|, anvj|qnic e} aj`jckqnic ef pesj}| qe èsj} `jvj`| ef kabnin|q}k"

qnei mzq k`|e qe #lnvn` |elnjq~#, n)j) iei"cevj}ibjiqk` e}ckinwkqnei| kia p}n"

vkqj lebpkinj|) Qhj pz}pe}qja knb ef ajljiq}k`nwkqnei n| qe k`ès |qkdjheà"

j}| qe mj nive`vja ni ajln|nei| nbpklqnic qhjb j|pjlnk``~ k| qhj |qkqj n| pj}"

ljnvja qe mj zikm`j qe aj`nvj} qhj mjijfnq| azj qe qhj pjep`j) \nbn`k}`~, z|j}

pk}qnlnpkqnei nbp`nj| pk}qnlnpkqnei ni pe`nl~ bkdnic, p`kiinic, p}egjlq aj|nci

kia bkikcjbjiq ef skqj} nif}k|q}zlqz}j) Ni }jk`nq~, pk}qnlnpkqnei n| `nbnqja qe

qhj qkn` jia ef qhj p}elj|| kia k| Fnicj} kia K`èzlhj peniq ezq qhj p}niln"

p`j ef z|j} pk}qnlnpkqnei kppjk}| qe mj niqjiaja qe bkdj jleiebnl kia fn|"

lk` ajljiq}k`nwkqnei klljpqkm`j, m~ |jjdnic z|j}|# lei|ji|z| ei qhj evj}k``

p}egjlq kia m~ cjqqnic qhjb qe pk~ qhj nil}jk|ja z|j}|# fjj| kq qhj èlk` `jvj`)


12/72

;= Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

Ki jxkbp`j n| fezia ni qhj Cevj}ibjiq ef Niank#| Cznaj`nij| ei \skgkàhk}k

=??=7

Qhj lebbzinq~ leiq}nmzqnei qesk}a| qhj lkpnqk` le|q ef |lhjbj|

lezà mj ni qhj fe}b ef lk|h % dnia% `kmez} % `kia e} lebmnikqnei efqhj|j) Hesjvj}, kq `jk|q :?* ef qhj lebbzinq~ leiq}nmzqnei sn``

hkvj qe mj ni lk|h) Ni lk|j lebbzinq~ leiq}nmzqnei n| be}j qhki

;?* ef qhj |lhjbj le|q, qhj jxlj|| kbeziq |hk`` mj qkdji niqe

epj}kqnei kia bkniqjikilj fzia)

Leiq}nmzqnei f}eb qhj lebbzinq~ mk|ja ni|qnqzqnei| % e}ckin|k"

qnei| `ndj êzqh L`zm, \j`f"Hj`p C}ezp|, èlk` Ni|qnqzqnei| kia C}kb

_kilhk~kq| bk~ k`|e |zpp`jbjiq qhj lebbzinq~ leiq}nmzqnei)

Hesjvj}, |zlh leiq}nmzqnei sn`` mj evj} kia kmevj qhj lebbzinq~

leiq}nmzqnei kia sn`` ieq mj nil`zaja k| pk}q ef qhj lebbzinq~

leiq}nmzqnei) Fz}qhj}, leiq}nmzqnei f}eb Bjbmj} ef _k}`nkbjiq

@elk` K}jk Ajvjèpbjiq \lhjbj (B_@KA\. e} Bjbmj} ef

@jcn|`kqnvj K||jbm`~ Lei|qnqzjil~ Ajvjèpbjiq \lhjbj

(B@KLA\., shnlh k}j Cevj}ibjiq _}ec}kbbj|, n| |pjlnfnlk``~ p}e"

hnmnqja)

Z|j} pk}qnlnpkqnei n| j{zkqja qe lei|zbj} mjhkvnez} kia kmn`nq~ e} nikmn`nq~

qe pk~ z|j} fjj| n| ieq }jlecinwja, ni|qjka nq n| q}ki|`kqja niqe sn``nicij|| e}

ieq qe pk~ qhj fjj|, ni djjpnic snqh #}kqneik`# bk}djq p}nilnp`j|)\nilj p}epj}q~ }nchq| k}j }eeqja ni `jck` jiqnq`jbjiq|, qhj q}ki|fe}bkqnei ef

skqj} f}eb k pzm`nl ceea qe ki jleiebnl ceea qhkq n| q}ki|fj}km`j }j{zn}j|

kqqjiakiq q}ki|fe}bkqnei| ni qhj `jck` kia ni|qnqzqneik` nif}k|q}zlqz}j)

\jj

MJSK]J " _]EFNQJJ]\ K]J HJ]J QE C]KM SKQJ]

Kiijxz}j L (pkcj 68.

@jck` kia Ni|qnqzqneik` ]jfe}b|@ks hk| mjji k dj~ qee` qe lhkicj qhj pesj} j{zkqnei vn|""vn| kllj|| qeikqz}k` }j|ez}lj| |nilj leèink` qnbj|) Qhj |qkqzj `ks niq}eazlja ni Niank m~

qhj leèink` }z`j}| -kqqkldja niancjiez|, kia lebbzinq~"mk|ja, |~|qjb| ef

leiq}e` kia bkikcjbjiq ef skqj})-= Leèink` skqj} `jcn|`kqnei sk| knbja kq


13/72

;=?;)paf) K`|e |jj, _hn``npj Lz``jq, #Skqj}

@ks ni Niank#, NJ@]L Se}dnic _kpj} =??3"?;, hqqp7%%sss)nj`}l)e}c%leiqjiq%s?3?;)paf kia _hn``npj

Lz``jq, #Skqj} @ks ]jfe}b|#, NJ@]L Se}dnic _kpj} =??6"?


14/72

;1 Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

Skqj} ni qhj Lei|qnqzqneik` F}kbjse}d7

Ni Ijpk`, qhj }nchq qe skqj} n| ieq jxp`nlnq`~ bjiqneija ni qhj Lei|qnqzqnei

mzq ni p}klqnlj nq n| zinvj}|k``~ }jlecin|ja k| pk}q ef qhj }nchq qe `nfj) Qhj }nchq

qe a}nidnic skqj} n| jxp`nlnq`~ bjiqneija ni qhj cevj}ibjiq#| Skqj}]j|ez}lj \q}kqjc~ =??= (=?:8 M\.) Nq |qkqj| qhkq,

Jvj}~ Ijpk`n Lnqnwji, ies kia ni fzqz}j, |hez`a hkvj kllj|| qe |kfj

a}nidnic skqj} kia kpp}ep}nkqj |kinqkqnei k| sj`` k| jiezch skqj}

qe p}eazlj feea kia jij}c~ kq }jk|eikm`j le|q)

A}nidnic skqj} n| k`|e lei|naj}ja qe mj ki j||jiqnk` lebbeanq~ ziaj} qhj

J||jiqnk` Lebbeanq~ _}eqjlqnei Klq, ;>:: (=?;= M\. shnlh ajl`k}j| qhkq

a}nidnic skqj} |hez`a mj |q}nlq`~ p}eqjlqja) Qhj }nchq qe a}nidnic skqj} hk|

k`|e mjji }jlecinwja m~ qhj \zp}jbj Lez}q ni |jvj}k` gzacjbjiq|)

Ni Mkic`kaj|h kia _kdn|qki, esij}|hnp ef |z}fklj kia c}eziaskqj} }j|q|

snqh qhj |qkqj)

Qhj Nianki Lei|qnqzqnei aej| ieq jxp`nlnq`~ |qkqj qhj }nchq qe skqj} k| k lei"

|qnqzqneik` }nchq) Hesjvj}, k izbmj} ef lei|qnqzqneik` p}evn|nei| hkvj mjji

niqj}p}jqja qe }jlecinwj qhj }nchq qe j{zk` kllj|| qe skqj}) K}qnl`j ;:(=.

kaa}j||j| qhj n||zj ef |elnk``~ an|kavkiqkcja c}ezp| mjnic ajinja kllj|| qe

skqj} kia skqj} }j|ez}lj| ni k lebbzinq~, K}qnl`j =; ei qhj }nchq qe `nfj hk|

mjji niqj}p}jqja qe nil`zaj k`` k|pjlq| ef `nfj, K}qnl`j (m. an}jlq| qhj \qkqj

qe ji|z}j qhkq qhj esij}|hnp kia bkqj}nk` }j|ez}lj| ef k lebbzinq~ k}j an|"

q}nmzqja ni k bkiij} qhkq |j}vj| qhj `k}cj} lebbei ceea, kia qhj an}jlqnvj

p}nilnp`j| ef |qkqj pe`nl~ }jlecinwj qhj p}nilnp`j ef j{zk` kllj|| qe bkqj}nk`

}j|ez}lj| ef k lebbzinq~ shn`j K}qnl`j :;"K(c. }j{zn}j| jvj}~ lnqnwji qe

nbp}evj kia p}eqjlq qhj ikqz}k` jivn}eibjiq nil`zanic qhj skqj} }j|ez}lj|)

Jxp`nlnq skqj} `ks| ni Niank k}j `k}cj`~ |qkqj `ks| azj qe qhj lei|qnqzqneik`

|lhjbj ef Cevj}ibjiq ni shnlh pesj} qe `jcn|`kqj evj} skqj} }j|q| snqh qhj

|qkqj|) Qhj}jfe}j, `ks| qe }jcz`kqj skqj} |zpp`nj|, n}}nckqnei, lkik`|, a}knikcj

kia jbmkidbjiq| k}j qhj jxl`z|nvj aebkni ef |qkqj|) Qhj ikqneik` cevj}i"bjiq hk| pesj}| qe kagzanlkqj niqj}"|qkqj }nvj} skqj}| an|pzqj|, kia }jcz`kqj

|hnppnic kia ikvnckqnei ei ikqneik` skqj}sk~| kia z|j ef qnak` kia qj}}nqe"

}nk` skqj}|) Hesjvj}, nil}jk|nic nbpe}qkilj ef skqj} }j|ez}lj| kia }jlecin"

qnei ef qhj ijja fe} lebp}jhji|nvj ikqneik` }jcz`kqnei, bki~ }jljiq k|pjlq|


15/72

;:Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

ef skqj} }jcz`kqnei hkvj mjji m}ezchq ziaj} ikqneik` `jcn|`kqnei|) Qhj

Skqj} (_}jvjiqnei kia Leiq}e` ef _e``zqnei. Klq ;>31 kia qhj Jivn}eibjiq

(_}eqjlqnei. Klq ;>>6, sj}j kaepqja m~ qhj Nianki _k}`nkbjiq qe kaa}j||

skqj} pe``zqnei) Ziaj} qhn| |qkqzqj qhj Cevj}ibjiq ef Niank hk| k`|e ieqnfnja

qhj Ljiq}k` C}ezia Skqj} Kzqhe}nq~ qe kaa}j|| p}em`jb| ef evj}"jxpènqk"

qnei ef c}ezia skqj} ni qhj leziq}~, pk}qnlz`k}`~ ni qhj z}mki k}jk|) Be|q ef

qhj|j `jcn|`kqnei| nive`vj qhj |jqqnic zp ef ki kzqhe}nq~ qe c}kiq pj}bn||nei

fe} jxq}klqnei e} z|j ef skqj} f}eb pk}qnlz`k} |ez}lj|) Nq n| ei`~ snqh qhj

jiklqbjiq ef qhj 3>= c}kiqnic pki"

lhk~kq| (vn``kcj `jvj` kabnin|q}kqnvj zinq|. qhj }nchq qe |j`f"cevj}ikilj qhkq k

ajljiq}k`nwja cevj}ikilj |q}zlqz}j lkbj niqe mjnic, c}kiqnic _kilhk~kq|

kabnin|q}kqnvj kia `jcn|`kqnvj pesj}|) Hesjvj}, |nilj qhn| |~|qjb ef ajlji"

q}k`nwkqnei n| ~jq qe se}d jffjlqnvj`~, qhj leiq}e` ef vn``kcj lebbzinqnj| evj}

qhjn} }j|ez}lj| hk| mjji `nbnqja)

Esij}|hnp7

Ni Ijpk` esij}|hnp ef skqj} n| jxp`nlnq`~ vj|qja ni qhj |qkqj m~ Qhj Skqj}

]j|ez}lj Klq ;>>= (=?1> M\. kia |zppe}qja m~ qhj pzm`nl q}z|q aelq}nij qhkq

qhj |qkqj esi| ikqz}k` }j|ez}lj| nil`zanic skqj}) Hesjvj}, qhn| n| ieq ki

km|e`zqj esij}|hnp k| |ebj |jlqnei| ef qhn| Klq qjbpj} qhj \qkqj| zifjq"

qj}ja pesj} m~ an}jlqnic qhkq qhj \qkqj bz|q qkdj niqe klleziq pjep`j#|

niqj}j|q| shn`j jxj}ln|nic nq| }nchq| evj} skqj})

Cnvji qhj leèink` hn|qe}~, n}}nckqnei `ks| lei|qnqzqj qhj be|q ajvjèpja ef

skqj} `ks| ni qhj Nianki |zmleiqnijiq (Niank, _kdn|qki, Mkic`kaj|h |hk}j k

lebbei leèink` hn|qe}~ hjilj qhn| |jlqnei kaa}j||j| qhj ajvjèpbjiq| ni

qhj Nianki |zmleiqnijiq.) Qhj Ie}qhj}i Niank Lkik` kia A}knikcj Klq, ;83?* ef }z}k` a}nidnic skqj} ijja| k}j bjq m~ c}eziaskqj}, kia

c}eziaskqj} |j}vj| k}ezia hk`f ef Niank#| ijq n}}nckqja k}jk)

C}eziaskqj} jxq}klqnei hk| }n|ji jxpeijiqnk``~ |nilj qhj ;>:?| azj qe vk}n"

ez| }jk|ei| |zlh k| qhj niq}eazlqnei ef C}jji ]jve`zqnei qjlhieècnj|,

nil}jk|ja lz`qnvkqnei ef lk|h l}ep|, kia j`jlq}nlnq~ |zm|nanj| fe} n}}nckqnei

pzbp|jq|) Jxq}klqnei jxljja| ikqz}k` }jlhk}cj ni bki~ pk}q| ef qhj leziq}~)

Ni }j|pei|j qe ki jbj}cnic l}n|n| qhkq qh}jkqji| qhj `nfj kia `nvj`nheea| ef

bn``nei|, qhj Ljiq}j, ni ;>3?, f}kbja k Beaj` C}eziaskqj} (Leiq}e` kia]jcz`kqnei. Mn`` fe} kaepqnei m~ qhj |qkqj|)

]jvn|ja ni ;>3=, ;>>6 kia =??:, qhj Mn`` p}evnaj| qhj f}kbjse}d qe }jcz`kqj

z|j ef c}eziaskqj} ni Niank) \ebj |qkqj| `ndj Dk}ikqkdk, Bkhk}k|hq}k kia

Qkbn` Ikaz hkvj pk||ja `jcn|`kqnei mk|ja ei qhn| beaj` Mn``)

Qhj }jvn|ja vj}|nei ef qhj ljiq}k` Mn`` p}epe|j|7

Lebpz`|e}~ }jcn|q}kqnei ef me}jsj``"esij}|)

Lebpz`|e}~ pj}bn||nei fe} |nidnic k ijs me}jsj``) L}jkqnei ef k c}eziaskqj} }jcz`kqe}~ mea~)

]j|q}nlqnei| ei qhj ajpqh ef me}jsj``|)

J|qkm`n|hbjiq ef p}eqjlqnei weij| k}ezia |ez}lj| ef a}nidnic skqj})

Qhj Mn`` bkiakqj|7

_j}neanlk` }jk||j||bjiq| ef c}eziaskqj} peqjiqnk` ei k |lnjiqnfnl mk|n|,

lei|naj}nic {zk`nq~ ef skqj} kvkn`km`j kia jleiebnl vnkmn`nq~)

]jcz`kqnei ef jxpènqkqnei ef c}eziaskqj} |ez}lj| |e qhkq jxq}klqneiaej| ieq jxljja }jlhk}cj)

Ajvjèpbjiq ef c}eziaskqj} p}egjlq| qe kzcbjiq |zpp`nj|)

Niqjc}kqja kia lee}anikqja ajvjèpbjiq ef |z}fklj skqj} kia c}ezia"

skqj} |e qhkq qhj~ k}j z|ja leigzilqnvj`~)


26/72

=6 Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

_}jvjiqnei ef evj}"jxpènqkqnei ef c}eziaskqj} ijk} qhj lek|q qe |qep

qhj nic}j|| ef |jkskqj})

Qhj|j bkiakqj|, shnlh hkvj ~jq qe mjlebj `ks ni be|q pk}q| ef qhj lezi"

q}~, |ezia ceea ei pkpj}) Mzq qhj}j n| eij mk|nl f`ks7 nbp`jbjiqkqnei n|jiqn}j`~ ni qhj hkia| ef cevj}ibjiq kzqhe}nqnj|4 qhj pjep`j she z|j

c}eziaskqj} hkvj ie }e`j ni ajln|nei"bkdnic e} nbp`jbjiqkqnei) Qhn| }zi|

leiq}k}~ qe lz|qebk}~ mj`njf }jck}anic esij}|hnp ef c}eziaskqj} (an|"

lz||ja kmevj. kia qhj jxpj}njilj ef c}eziaskqj} }jcz`kqnei ki~shj}j ni

Niank kia qhj }j|q ef qhj se}à)

K`` qhj jvnajilj |e fk} l`jk}`~ |hes| qhkq c}eziaskqj} z|j lkiieq mj lei"

q}e``ja |e`j`~ m~ cevj}ibjiq4 nq lki mj leiq}e``ja ei`~ snqh qhj lè|j nive`vj"

bjiq ef k`` p}nbk}~ |qkdjheàj}| "" qhe|j she z|j c}eziaskqj} jxlj||nvj`~

k| sj`` k| qhe|j she |zffj} mjlkz|j ef evj}"z|j) Qhj fn}|q }nchq qe c}eziask"

qj} |hezà mj qe qhj leilj}ija lebbzinq~ kia ieq qe ki nianvnazk` ei `kia"

esij}|hnp mk|n|) Ni k}jk| snqh |lk}lnq~ ef skqj}, qhj }j|pjlqnvj lebbzinq~

e}ckin|kqnei| |hezà hkvj qhj }nchq qe ni|pjlq kia beinqe} qhj z|j ef

c}eziaskqj} m~ p}nvkqj `kiaesij}| qe ji|z}j qhkq c}eziaskqj} mj~eia

pj}bn||nm`j `nbnq| n| ieq mjnic snqha}ksi) Anvj}|nei ef c}eziaskqj} qe

z}mki k}jk| e} fe} niaz|q}nk` z|j snqhezq lei|jiq ef qhj c}kb |kmhk%vn``kcj

lebbzinq~ |hezà k`|e ieq mj pj}bnqqja) Ajvjèpbjiq ef c}eziaskqj}

}j|ez}lj| |hezà mj |e }jcz`kqja k| ieq qe jxljja qhj }jlhk}cnic pe||nmn`n"

qnj|, k| k`|e qe ji|z}j |elnk` j{znq~) Qhj ajq}nbjiqk` jivn}eibjiqk` lei|j"

{zjilj| ef evj}"jxpènqkqnei ef c}eziaskqj} ijja qe mj jffjlqnvj`~ p}jvjiq"

ja m~ `jcn|`kqnei kia nq| jife}ljbjiq) C}eziaskqj} }jlhk}cj p}egjlq|

|hezà mj ajvjèpja kia nbp`jbjiqja snqh lebbzinq~ pk}qnlnpkqnei fe}

kzcbjiqnic qhj kvkn`km`j |zpp`nj|) Qhj Cevj}ibjiq |hezà q}ki|fj} qhj

kzqhe}nq~ fe} }jcz`kqnic c}eziaskqj} z|j qe qhj èsj|q `jvj`, qhj C}kb

\kmhk)

Jxpj}njilj| f}eb Niank |zlh k| qhj skqj} lei|j}vkqnei |pn}nqzk` bemn`n|kqnei

ninqnkqja ni \kz}k|hq}k (Czgk}kq. m~ _kiaz}kic \hk|q}n Kqhkvk`j fe`èsnic qhj;>8:"83 a}ezchq, qhj beaj`| ajvjèpja ni Bkhk}k|hq}k (fe} jxkbp`j,

]k`jcki \naahn. kia ni K`sk} (]kgk|qhki. |hes qhkq }jcz`kqnei m~ pjep`j

qhjb|j`vj| lki kia aej| se}d) Nf }jcz`kqnei m~ pjep`j hk| qe levj} qhj

jiqn}j |qkqj, qhj cevj}ibjiq emvnez|`~ hk| k }e`j qe p`k~) Qhkq }e`j n| p}evna"

nic ki jikm`nic `jck` kia pe`nl~ f}kbjse}d)


27/72

=3Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

Skqj} fe} Kc}nlz`qz}j

Ni qhj pe|q Se}à Sk} j}k, jvji qhezch p}nlj| ef kc}nlz`qz}k` p}eazlq| sj}j

fk``nic, feea p}eazlqnei aezm`ja ni }j|pei|j qe qhj jie}bez| nil}jk|j ni

se}à pepz`kqnei) Az}nic qhn| qnbj, ajvjèpnic leziq}nj| nil}jk|ja pj} lkpn"qk feea lei|zbpqnei m~


28/72

=8 Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

n}}nckqnei |~|qjb| e} |q}jicqhjinic ef èlk` lei|j}vkqnei p}klqnlj|, èlk`

ni|qnqzqnei| kia niancjiez| qjlhieècnlk` lhenlj| ae ieq fnia bjiqnei ni

qhj|j skqj} }jfe}b| ajmkqj|)

Qhj ajmkqj hk| mjji fz}qhj} |djsja azj qe ki jxlj||nvj felz| ei mncakb| fe} skqj} |qe}kcj }kqhj} qhki }jcjij}kqnic èlk` }j|j}ven}| kia

skqj} meanj|, }kniskqj} hk}vj|qnic, kia èlk` lei|j}vkqnei p}klqnlj|)

]kqhj} qhki felz|nic |e`j`~ ei skqj} ni kc}nlz`qz}k` p}eazlqnei kaepqnic

k `nvj`nheea| kpp}eklh n| nbpe}qkiq qe nbp}evj qhj |elne"jleiebnl `nvj`n"

heea ln}lzb|qkilj| ef }z}k` hez|jheà|) Hesjvj}, qhj }jljiq |hnfq ni }jl"

ecinwnic n}}nckqnei k| k |j}vnlj snqh lz|qebj}| kia z|j}|, kia ieq k| k

p}eazlqnei niaz|q}~ l}jkqnic feea |jlz}nq~ n| k`|e f}kzchq snqh akicj})

_e`nl~ }jfe}b| |q}j|| |qjjp nil}jk|j| ni qk}nff|, fz`` le|q }jlevj}~, j`nbnik"

qnei ef |zm|nanj|, lzqqnic eff |zpp`nj| fe} iei"pk~bjiq kia k`èlkqnei efskqj} qe hnchj|q vk`zj z|j qh}ezch bk}djq bjlhkin|b)

Kc}nlz`qz}j |jlqe}, k`}jka~ ni |jvj}j l}n|n|, sn`` mj pz|hja jvji be}j niqe an|"

q}j|| k| skqj} p}nlj| fe} n}}nckqnei weeb) Qhe|j she lki ieq pk~ qhj (|qjjp.

lhk}cj|, sn`` mj qh}esi ezq e} kia fz}qhj} bk}cnik`nwja kia z`qnbkqj`~ skqj}

}j|ez}lj| sn`` mj lkpqz}ja m~ qhe|j she lki pk~) Skqj} k`èlkqnei ni ki n}}n"

ckqnei |~|qjb |hezà mj aeij snqh azj }jck}a qe j{znq~ kia |elnk` gz|qnlj)

An|pk}nqnj| ni qhj kvkn`kmn`nq~ ef skqj} mjqsjji hjka"}jklh kia qkn`"jia

fk}b| kia mjqsjji `k}cj kia |bk`` fk}b| |hezà mj emvnkqja m~ kaepqnei

ef k }eqkqneik` skqj} an|q}nmzqnei |~|qjb kia |zpp`~ ef skqj} ei k ve`zbjq"

}nl mk|n| |zmgjlq qe lj}qkni ljn`nic|)

Ajmkqj ei Niqj}"`nidnic ef ]nvj}| k| k #|e`zqnei# qe skqj}sej|1

Niank n| lei|naj}nic k}cj"|lk`j jicnijj}nic p}egjlq|, |nbn`k} qe qhe|j kaepq"

ja ni Lhnik, |zlh k| qhj \ezqh"qe"Ie}qh Skqj} Anvj}|nei _}egjlq) Qhj be|q

qk`dja kmezq p}egjlq n| qhj !;;= mn``nei Niqj}`nidnic ef ]nvj}| p}egjlq) Qhj N@]

sk| kpp}evja m~ qhj _}j|najiq ef Niank ni =??= kia n| azj qe mj lebp`jqja

ni =?;6) Qhn| p}egjlq sn`` `nid k``


29/72

=>Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

ni |ebj èlkqnei| ni qhj sj|qj}i pk}q| ef Niank qe kmezq ;;,??? bb ni qhj

Ie}qhjk|q) Snaj qjbpe}k` nij{znq~ ni p}jlnpnqkqnei, ei qhj eqhj} hkia, n|

lkz|ja m~ kmezq 8? pj}ljiq ef qhj p}jlnpnqkqnei ellz}}nic snqhni k |he}q

|pki ef =): beiqh| f}eb Gz`~ qe \jpqjbmj}) Azj qe qhn| |pkqnk` kia qjbpe}k`

leiljiq}kqnei ef }knifk``, }nvj}| ni |ebj pk}q| ef qhj leziq}~ jxpj}njilj }jc"

z`k} kiizk` Bei|eei niziakqnei|, efqji aj|l}nmja k| fèea an|k|qj}|) Ei qhj

eqhj} hkia, k}jk| snqh èsj} p}jlnpnqkqnei k}j nil}jk|nic`~ fklnic skqj}

|lk}lnq~, kia k| lei|j}vkqnei bjk|z}j| hkvj asnia`ja, qhj~ mjlebj zikm`j

qe bjjq qhj anvj}|j kia c}esnic ajbkia| ef skqj}) pe`nqnlk` `jkaj}| kq k``

`jvj`| hkvj |eà qhj najk ef |e`vnic qhj skqj} p}em`jb m~ hk}ij||nic qhj

hzcj bei|eei }zi"eff ni qhj bkni }nvj}| ef qhj ie}qhj}i hk`f ef qhj leziq}~

qh}ezch `k}cj |qe}kcj akb|, kia qe |zpp`~ nq qe qhj skqj}"|lk}lj sj|qj}i

kia |ezqhj}i }jcnei|)

Qhj |zllj|| ef Niank ni bkniqkninic k hnch c}esqh }kqj ni feea p}eazlqnei,

khjka ef qhj pepz`kqnei, fz}qhj} jilez}kcja |zlh najk|) Qhj p}j|jiq p}e"

pe|k` fe} niqj}`nidnic ef }nvj}| ni Niank, effj}nic k lebmnikqnei ef |qe}kcj

akb| kia q}ki|fj} lkik`|, |nbn`k}`~, hk| mjji effj}ja k| k èic"qj}b |zpp`~"

|naj |e`zqnei qe skqj} |he}qkcj|, j|pjlnk``~ ni qhj a}nj} pk}q| ef qhj leziq}~)

Ni Kzcz|q ;>8?, qhj Nianki Bnin|q}~ ef Skqj} ]j|ez}lj| f}kbja k Ikqneik`

_j}|pjlqnvj fe} Skqj} Ajvjèpbjiq kia qhj Ikqneik` Skqj} Ajvjèpbjiq

Kcjil~ (ISAK. sk| j|qkm`n|hja ni ;>8=, qe lk}}~ ezq |qzanj| ni qhj leiqjxq

ef qhj Ikqneik` _j}|pjlqnvj)

Klle}anic qe qhj nife}bkqnei kvkn`km`j ni qhj ]jpe}q ef qhj Ikqneik`

Lebbn||nei fe} Niqjc}kqja Skqj} ]j|ez}lj| Ajvjèpbjiq _`ki (ILNS]A_.,

qhj niqj}`nidnic p}epe|k` knb| kq p}evnanic `k}cj"|lk`j hzbki"niazlja lei"

ijlqnvnq~ fe} skqj} fès| ni k`be|q k`` pk}q| ef Niank, qh}ezch k qeqk` ef


30/72


31/72


32/72


33/72

:? kia =??? kiizk` lj}jk` p}e"

azlqnei pj} lkpnqk }e|j f}eb ;=;): qe ;>;)? dc) Feea |jlz}nq~ n|, hesjvj}, k

bkqqj} ef feea p}eazlqnei kia j{znq~ ni an|q}nmzqnei e} pz}lhk|nic pesj})

Fe} czk}kiqjjnic feea |jlz}nq~, meqh qhj {zkiqnqkqnvj kvkn`kmn`nq~ kia ki

j{znqkm`j an|q}nmzqnei |~|qjb n| j||jiqnk`) Fe`èsnic shnlh, aj|pnqj qhj hzcj

mzffj} |qeld ef feea c}kni| ni Niank, ki j|qnbkqja =?? bn``nei pjep`j k}j

ziaj}fja kia :? bn``nei k}j }jpe}qja`~ l}nicnic mjès |qk}vkqnei)

Hes bzlh feeac}kni sn`` Niank ijja ni fzqz}j5

Ni |pnqj ef qhj kmevj, qhj p}epe|ja niqj}`nidnic ef }nvj}| n| mjnic p}egjlqja k|

ijlj||k}~ fe} feea |jlz}nq~ ef Niank) Ie |lnjiqnfnl gz|qnfnlkqnei fe} qhn| hk|

mjji cnvji |jpk}kqj`~ m~ qhj ISAK e} qhj Qk|d Fe}lj ei Niqj}`nidnic ef

]nvj}|) Ni vnjs ef qhj }jljiq q}jia| ni feea lei|zbpqnei kia lei|naj}nic

|elne"jleiebnl fklqe}|, qhj Lebbn||nei hk| klljpqja qhj feea kia fjja

ajbkia p}egjlqja m~ ]kvn snqh ~jk}`~ c}esqh }kqj ef 1): pj} ljiq pj} lkpnqk

jxpjianqz}j) Qhn| kbeziq| qe ;>1, =;8 kia =81 dc ef feeac}kni| pj} hjka pj}

~jk} fe} qhj ~jk}| =?;?, =?=: kia =?:? }j|pjlqnvj`~) Nq n| {znqj }j`jvkiq qe

peniq ezq qhkq qhj mk|n| fe} |zlh k a}k|qnl nil}jk|j ni qhj kiizk` pj} lkpnqk

feeac}kni }j{zn}jbjiq n| p}emkm`~ }eeqja `j|| ni }jk`nq~ kia be}j ni qhj z|j

ef nilebj ajbkia j`k|qnlnq~ fe} j|qnbkqnic fzqz}j feeac}kni ajbkia|)

Fn}|q`~, qhn| kpp}eklh n| ieq vj}~ hj`pfz`) \jleia`~, nq leif`nlq| snqh qhj fnjà


34/72


35/72


36/72


37/72


38/72


39/72

Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

F}eb shj}j sn`` qhj beij~ fe} niqj}"`nidnic }nvj}| lebj jvji nf |qkqj| pee`

}j|ez}lj| fe} qhj ijxq |jvj}k` ajlkaj|5 Kq qhj le|q ef èlk` n}}nckqnei p}egjlq|

ef qhj q}zj kia qj|qja dnia qhkq hkvj djpq Niank |j`f"|zffnlnjiq) Ni qhn| j|eqj}nl

jxpj}nbjiq ef Niqj}"`nidnic }nvj}|, Niank nq|j`f n| qhj cznijk pnc)

Mjijfnq| ef Niqj}`nidnic ef ]nvj}| _}egjlq ]jbkni Zil`jk}Qhj p}epe|ja niqj}`nidnic ef }nvj}| aej| ieq cnvj ki~ czk}kiqjj fe} p}evna"

nic |jlz}nq~ ef aebj|qnl skqj} |zpp`nj| qe qhj a}nj} k}jk| ef Niank, ni pk}qnlz"

`k}, qhj a}~ zp`kia|) Qhj ei`~ ajpjiakm`j |e`zqnei qe qhn| p}em`jb `nj| ni

èlk` `jvj` hk}vj|qnic kia lei|j}vkqnei ef }knifk``) Qhj p}egjlqnei| ef skqj}

}j{zn}jbjiq| fe} n}}nckqnei qn`` =?:? k}j jxl`z|nvj`~ mk|ja ei ki zipzm`n|hja

se}d) Qhj|j k}j ieq ni kc}jjbjiq snqh bki~ |ncinfnlkiq pzm`n|hja se}d|

kia fnjà |z}vj~|) Be}jevj}, qhj nbp}evjbjiq ni qhj jia"z|j jffnlnjil~ ni

qhj p}j|jiq`~ kqqknija n}}nckqnei peqjiqnk` kia {znldj} kqqknibjiq ef qhj~njà `jvj`| qhkq hkvj k`}jka~ mjji }jklhja ni qhj jxpj}nbjiqk` fk}b| sn`` mj

ceea jiezch fe} ji|z}nic feea |jlz}nq~) Fe} p}evnanic aebj|qnl skqj} |jlz"

}nq~ ni vj}~ a}~ k}jk| kia qe qhj `k}cj bjq}epe`n|, niqj} mk|ni q}ki|fj}| |hezà

mj }j|e}qja qe) Qhkq ijja| qe mj mk|ja ei ki kpp}eklh, vj}~ anffj}jiq f}eb

qhj p}j|jiq eij ef qhj ISAK, aebnikqja m~ emgjlqnvj| ef ph~|nlk` jxpki"

|nei ef n}}nckqnei, ijjaja e} eqhj}sn|j) H~a}kz`nl j{znq~ kq qhj ikqneik` `jvj`

aej| ieq bjki ziaj}qkdnic p}egjlq| fe} q}ki|fj} ef skqj} kq pzm`nl jxpji|j,

f}eb mjqqj} skqj} jiaesja }nvj} mk|ni| qe qhj a}~ k}jk| fe} nijffnlnjiq kia

lebbj}lnk` z|j| qh}ezch |elnk``~ kia jleiebnlk``~ sk|qjfz` p}egjlq|, ieqkpp}evja qh}ezch epji p}efj||neik` k||j||bjiq|) Ni ikqz}j shkq n| `nidja

k}j ieq }nvj}| mzq skqj} nq|j`f, qh}ezch qhj h~a}eècnlk` l~l`j) K mk`kilja

skqj} l~l`j ajbkia| k he`n|qnl pe`nl~ qhkq p}ebeqj| fe}j|q levj}, p}jvjiq|

j}e|nei, jihkilj| c}ezia skqj} qh}ezch bnl}e"skqj}|hja |q}zlqz}j|, kia

p}evnaj| fe} aj|n`qkqnei kia bkniqjikilj ef jxn|qnic qkid|, `kdj| kia }j|j}"

ven}|) Kc}nlz`qz}k` p}klqnlj| kia pzm`nl an|q}nmzqnei |~|qjb |hezà mj ni qzij

snqh qhj anvj}|nq~ ef anjq| mk|ja ei èlk` leianqnei| }kqhj} qhki ei skqj}

niqji|nvj beielz`qz}j|)


40/72

1? Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

KIIJXZ]J\7

;>:1 Qhj ]kgk|qhki N}}nckqnei kia A}knikcj Klq, ;>:1

;>:6 Niqj} \qkqj Skqj} An|pzqj| Klq, ;>:6

]nvj} Mek}a Klq|, ;>:6

;>6: Dk}ikqkdk N}}nckqnei Klq, ;>6:

;>31 Skqj} (_}jvjiqnei kia Leiq}e` ef _e` zqnei. Klq, ;>31

;>3: Qhj Dzbkei kia Chk}sk` Skqj} (Le``jlqnei, ]jqjiqnei kia

An|q}nmzqnei. Klq, ;>3:Qhj Zqqk} _}kaj|h Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \jsj}kcj Klq, ;>3:

;>33 Qhj Skqj} (_}jvjiqnei kia Leiq}e` ef _e``zqnei . Lj|| Klq, ;>33

;>83 Bka}k| Bjq}epe nqki K}jk C}ezia Skqj} (]jcz`kqnei. Klq, ;>83

;>>< Qhj Bkhk}k|hq}k C}eziaskqj} (]jcz`kqnei fe} A}nidnic Skqj}_z}pe|j|. Klq, ;>>>3 Ikqneik` Skqj} _e`nl~, ;>>3

Kiah}k _}kaj|h Fk}bj}| Bkikcjbjiq ef N}}nckqnei \~|qjb| Klq, ;>>3

Kiah}k _}kaj|h Skqj} ]j|ez}lj| Ajvj`epbjiq Le}pe}kqnei Klq, ;>>3

Mnhk} N}}nckqnei Klq, ;>>3

;>>8 Aj`hn Gk` Mek}a Klq, ;>>8

;>>> Bkah~k _}kaj|h \nilhkn _}kmkiahki Bj D}n|hkdei Dn Mhkcnak}n

Kahnin~kb,;>>> (Fk}bj}|# _k}qnlnpkqnei ni N}}nckqnei BkikcjbjiqKlq, ;>>>.

Qhj Dk}ikqkdk C}ezia Skqj} (]jcz`kqnei fe} _}eqjlqnei ef \ez}lj| efA}nidnic Skqj}. Klq, ;>>>

]kgk|qhki \qkqj Skqj} _e`nl~, ;>>>

Zqqk} _}kaj|h \qkqj Skqj} _e`nl~, ;>>>

=??? Qhj ]kgk|qhki Fk}bj}|# _k}qnlnpkqnei Ni Bkikcjbjiq Ef N}}nckqnei\~|qjb| Klq, =???

Qhj Qkbn` Ikaz Fk}bj}| Bkikcjbjiq Ef N}}nckqnei \~|qjb| Klq, =???

Qhj Dk}ikqkdk N}}nckqnei kia Lj}qkni Eqhj} @ks (Kbjiabjiq.Klq, =???


41/72

1;Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

=??= Dk}ikqkdk \qkqj Skqj} _e nl~, =??=

Ikqneik` Skqj} _e`nl~, =??=

Cznaj`nij| ei \skgk`ahk}k =??=

Qhj E}n||k _kin _kilhk~kq Klq, =??=

Kiah}k _}kaj|h Skqj}, @kia kia Q}jj| Klq, =??=

Qhj Cek C}ezia Skqj} ]jcz`kqnei Klq, =??=

Qhj Dj}k`k C}ezia Skqj} (Leiq}e` kia ]jcz`kqnei. Klq, =??=

Qhj E}n||k _kin _kilhk~kq Klq, =??=

=??< Qhj Dj}k`k N}}nckqnei Kia Skqj} Lei|j}vkqnei Klq, =??>6

;>>3

;>>8

;>>>

=???

=??1

Ajjb| skqj} ki j||jiqnk` lebbeanq~ kia

|q}nlq`~ p}eqjlq| a}nidnic skqj}\jq| ezq qhj e}aj} ef p}ne}nq~ ef z|j efskqj} fe} n}}nckqnei kia }jcz`kqj| q}kan"qneik` fk}bj} bkikcja n}}nckqnei |~|qjb|

Ajk`| snqh pe``zqnei ef skqj} m~ |e`nask|qj

Ajk`| snqh qhj le``jlqnei, q}ki|pe}qkqneikia an|pe|k` ef |e`na sk|qj kia p}evn|neief qen`jq| kia mkqh hez|j|

J|qkm`n|hj| qhj Ijpk` Skqj} \zpp`~

Le}pe}kqnei }j|pei|nm`j fe} qhj |zpp`~ efa}nidnic skqj}

Zbm}j``k Klq cevj}inic skqj} }j|ez}ljbkikcjbjiq

Cevj}i| qhj z|j ef skqj} fe} h~a}epesj}p}eazlqnei

]j{zn}j| pj}bn||nei fe} jxqji|nei kiaanvj}|nfnlkqnei ef jivn}eibjiqk``~ |ji|n"qnvj niaz|q}nj|

Zbm}j``k }jcz`kqnei cevj}inic skqj}}j|ez}lj bkikcjbjiq4 ezq`nij| fe}bkqneief skqj} z|j} k||elnkqnei|

\jq| ezq pesj}|, fzilqnei|, kia azqnj| ef`nlji|j he`aj}|

Ajk`| snqh qhj p}jvjiqnei kia leiq}e` efpe``zqnei

@n|q| qhj skqj} }j`kqja p}egjlq| }j{zn}ja qeleiazlq kia JNK e} NJJ

]jcz`kqj| qhj z|j ef a}nidnic skqj}

J|qkm`n|hj| k ajljiq}k`nwja cevj}ikilj|q}zlqz}j kia j|qkm`n|hj| qhj p}eljaz}jfe} qhj fe}bz`kqnei ef skqj} }j`kqja p`kikia p}egjlq nbp`jbjiqkqnei

Ajk`| snqh N}}nckqnei Skqj} Z|j}

K||elnkqnei|

J||jiqnk` Lebbeanq~ _}eqjlqnei Klq ;>::

(=?;= M\.Bz`zdn Kni ;>6< (=?=? M\.

\e`na Sk|qj (Bkikcjbjiq kia ]j|ez}lj|Bemn`nwkqnei. Ljiq}j Klq ;>83 (=?11 M\.

\e`na Sk|qj (Bkikcjbjiq kia ]j|ez}ljBemn`nwkqnei. ]jcz`kqnei ;>8> (=?16 M\.

Ijpk` Skqj} \zpp`~ Le}pe}kqnei Klq ;>8>(=?16 M\. Kbjiaja ni Gkizk}~ =??3

Skqj} ]j|ez}lj Klq ;>>= (=?1> M\.

J`jlq}nlnq~ Klq ;>>= (=?1> M\.

Niaz|q}nk` Jiqj}p}n|j| Klq ;>>= (=?1> M\.

Skqj} ]j|ez}lj ]jcz`kqnei ;>>< (=?:? M\.

J`jlq}nlnq~ ]jcz`kqnei Klq ;>>< (=?:? M\.

Jivn}eibjiq _}eqjlqnei Klq ;>>6 (=?:< M\.

Jivn}eibjiq _}eqjlqnei Klq ;>>3 (=?:1 M\.

A}nidnic Skqj} ]jcz`kqnei ;>>8 (=?:: M\.

@elk` \j`f Cevj}ikilj Klq ;>>> (=?:6 M\.

N}}nckqnei ]jcz`kqnei Klq =??? (=?:6 M\.

]z}k` Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \kinqkqnei

Ikqneik` _e`nl~ =??1 (=?6? M\.

]z}k` Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \kinqkqnei\q}kqjc~ =??1 (=?6? M\.

]z}k` Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \kinqkqnei\jlqe}k` \q}kqjcnl Klqnei _`ki =??1(=?6? M\.

\ez}lj7 Kakpqja f}eb #Skqj} @ks| ni Ijpk`#,

Skqj}Kna Ijpk`, Fjm}zk}~ =??:


43/72

1:=

;>3= Mkic`kaj|h Skqj} kia _esj} Ajvj`epbjiq Mek}a| E}aj} ;>3=

;>8< N}}nckqnei Skqj} ]kqj E}anikilj ;>888: C}eziaskqj} Bkikcjbjiq E}anikilj ;>8:

;>>= Skqj} ]j|ez}lj| _`kiinic Klq ;>>=

Ikqneik` Jivn}eibjiq _e`nl~ ;>>=

;>>: Jivn}eibjiq Lei|j}vkqnei Klq ;>>:

;>>6 Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \jsj}kcj Kzqhe}nq~ Klq ;>>6

Skqj} kia \kinqkqnei Kzqhe}nq~ Klq ;>>6

Ikqneik` Jij}c~ _e`nl~ ;>>6

;>>3 Jivn}eibjiq Lei|j}vkqnei ]z`j| ;>>3

;>>8 Ikqneik` _e nl~ fe} \kfj Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \kinqkqnei ;>>8

Zpwn`k _k}n|hka Klq ;>>8

Ikqneik` Fn|hj}nj| _e`nl~ ;>>8

;>>> Jivn}eibjiq Lez}q Klq ;>>>

Niaz|q}nk` _e`nl~ ;>>>

=??? Mkic`kaj|h Skqj} Ajvj`epbjiq Mek}a Klq =???

=??; Z}mki Skqj} Mea~ _}eqjlqnei @ks


44/72


Kiijxz}j K17 ]j`jvkiq Skqj} @ks| ni _kdn|qki niLh}eieècnlk` E}aj}

jk} Klq e} ]jcz`kqnei;83< Lkik` kia A}knikcj Klq ;83 \niah N}}nckqnei Klq ;83>

;>;? J`jlq}nlnq~ Klq ;>;?

;>:8 Skqj} kia _esj} Ajvjèpbjiq Kzqhe}nq~ Klq ;>:8

Sj|q _kdn|qki Skqj} kia _esj} Ajvjèpbjiq Kzqhe}nq~ Klq ;>:8

;>61 Sj|q _kdn|qki Skqj} kia _esj} Ajvjèpbjiq Kzqhe}nq~ (Kbjiabjiq.E}anikilj ;>61

;>6: J`jlq}nlnq~ Leiq}e` E}anikilj ;>6:

Sj|q _kdn|qki @kia kia Skqj} kia _esj} Ajvjèpbjiq Mek}a (]jl`kbkqnei Fjj.

]z`j| ;>6:;>66 Sj|q _kdn|qki @kia kia Skqj} kia _esj} Ajvjèpbjiq Mek}a (Kzqhe}nq~ fe}

_k~bjiq f}eb Mek}a Fzia. ]z`j| ;>66

;>63 Sj|q _kdn|qki Skqj} kia _esj} Ajvjèpbjiq Kzqhe}nq~ (Kbjiabjiq. Klq ;>63

;>3= \niah Lkik Skqj} F`kq ]kqj ]z`j| ;>3=

;>36 \niah N}}nckqnei (Kbjiabjiq. Klq ;>36

Qj}}nqe}nk` Skqj} kia Bk}nqnbj Weij| Klq ;>36

;>38 C}eziaskqj} ]nchq| Kabnin|q}kqnei E}anikilj ;>38 " Mkèlhn|qki

;>8; Dk}klhn Skqj} Bkikcjbjiq Mek}a E}anikilj ;>8;

;>8= \niah N}}nckqnei Skqj} Z|j}| K||elnkqnei E}anikilj ;>8=

;>81 \niah N}}nckqnei (Kbjiabjiq. E}anikilj ;>81

\niah N}}nckqnei Skqj} Z|j}| K||elnkqnei (Kbjiabjiq. E}anikilj ;>81

;>>; Lkik` kia A}knikcj (Jxqji|nei qe ]eh}n Lkik` K}jk. Klq ;>>;

;>>= Niaz| ]nvj} \~|qjb Kzqhe}nq~ E}anikilj ;>>=

;>>1 Lek|qk` Ajvjèpbjiq Kzqhe}nq~ Klq ;>>1

;>>: H~aj` _esj} _e`nl~ ;>>:

;>>6 Jivn}eibjiq _}eqjlqnei Kcjil~ Klq ;>>6

Dk}klhn Skqj} kia \jsj}kcj Mek}a Klq ;>>6

;>>3 ]jcz`kqnei ef Cjij}kqnei, Q}ki|bn||nei kia An|q}nmzqnei ef J`jlq}nl _esj} Klq ;>>3

_}evnilnk` N}}nckqnei kia A}knikcj Kzqhe}nq~ (_NAK. Klq ;>>3;>>> \niah N}}nckqnei (Kbjiabjiq. E}anikilj ;>>>

=??= Skqj} _e`nl~ =??=

Skqj} Bkikcjbjiq E}anikilj =??=

5 Ikqneik` A}nidnic Skqj} _e`nl~


45/72

1:Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

Kiijxz}j MNIANK#\ SKQJ] ]J\EZ]LJ\Qhj |nqzkqnei ni Niank k| }jck}a| kvkn`kmn`nq~ ef skqj} n| k pk}kaex) Qhj

leziq}~ klleziq| fe} =)1: pj} ljiq ef qhj qeqk` `kia k}jk kia 1 pj} ljiq efqhj skqj} }j|ez}lj| ef qhj se}à) Ijvj}qhj`j||, skqj} n| k |lk}lj ikqneik`

}j|ez}lj snqh ajbkia| ei nq nil}jk|nic ei klleziq ef k c}esnic pepz`k"

qnei ef evj} eij mn``nei) Bzlh ef qhj kvkn`km`j |z}fklj skqj} kia c}ezia

skqj}, j|qnbkqja kq ;86> mn``nei lzmnl bjq}j n| p}j|jiq`~ zikm`j qe mj hk}"

ij||ja fe} z|j ei klleziq ef qepec}kphnlk` kia eqhj} lei|q}kniq|) Qhj

Se}à Skqj} Ajvjèpbjiq ]jpe}q, =??< nianlkqj| qhkq ni qj}b| ef kvkn`"

kmn`nq~ ef skqj}, Niank n| kq qhj ;


46/72


;6:8> b< ni qhj M}khbkpzq}k kia Mk}kd mk|ni| (Bnin|q}~ ef Skqj}

]j|ez}lj|, =??;.) K`}jka~, qhj peqjiqnk` ef be|q }nvj} mk|ni| n| mjnic jxpènq"

ja mj~eia :?* kia |jvj}k` mk|ni| k}j lei|naj}ja qe mj skqj} |lk}lj)

A]NIDNIC SKQJ]Ajbkia f}eb qhj aebj|qnl |jlqe} hk| }jbknija ès kia klleziq| fe}

ei`~ :* ef qhj kiizk` f}j|hskqj} snqha}ksk`| ni Niank (Se}à ]j|ez}lj|

Ni|qnqzqj, =???.) Aebj|qnl skqj} z|j sn`` nil}jk|j k| qhj pepz`kqnei lei"

qnizj| qe c}es kia kllj|| qe skqj} n| nbp}evja) ]jljiq akqk f}eb qhj

Se}à Mkid nianlkqj| qhkq ajbkia evj} qhj ijxq qsjiq~ ~jk}| sn`` aezm`j

f}eb =: mn``nei b< qe := mn``nei b* ef qhj }z}k` pepz`kqnei hk| kllj|| qe |kfj

a}nidnic skqj} kia fjsj} |qn`` hkvj kllj|| qe kaj{zkqj |kinqkqnei fkln`nqnj|

(Se}à ]j|ez}lj| Ni|qnqzqj, =???.) Qhj ljiq}k` cevj}ibjiq bkaj k leb"

bnqbjiq qe nbp}evj kllj|| qe skqj} ni }z}k` kia z}mki k}jk| ni qhj

Ikqneik` Skqj} _e`nl~ kaepqja ni ;>83) Qhj e}ncnik` cek` ef p}evnanic

skqj} qe ;??* ef k`` lnqnwji| ef Niank m~ ;>>; hka qe mj }jvn|ja kia ies

|qkia| kq >?* kllj|| qe z}mki kia 8:* kllj|| qe }z}k` k}jk|, }j|pjlqnvj`~)

A}nidnic skqj} kia |kinqkqnei ijvj}qhj`j|| }jbkni hnch p}ne}nqnj| ei qhj

cevj}ibjiq kcjiak)

Be|q z}mki k}jk| k}j |j}vnlja m~ k bzinlnpk` skqj} an|q}nmzqnei |~|qjb)

Z|zk``~, qhj bzinlnpk` skqj} |zpp`~ e}ncnikqj| f}eb èlk` }j|j}ven}| e}lkik`|, mzq ni |ebj lk|j| skqj} bk~ mj nbpe}qja qh}ezch niqj}"mk|ni

q}ki|fj}) K`qhezch qhj bkge} lnqnj| ni Niank jige~ kllj|| qe ljiq}k` skqj}

|zpp`~ |~|qjb|, qhj|j |lhjbj| efqji ae ieq kaj{zkqj`~ levj} qhj jiqn}j

z}mki pepz`kqnei kia k}j ieqe}nez|`~ nijffnlnjiq kia zi}j`nkm`j) Ni }z}k`

k}jk|, kllj|| qe skqj} n| jvji be}j p}jlk}nez|) Evj} 8?* ef qhj }z}k`

aebj|qnl skqj} lebj| f}eb c}eziaskqj} |ez}lj| |nilj nq n| be}j }j`nkm`j

ni qj}b| ef skqj} {zkiqnq~ kia {zk`nq~) \qn``, ni k}jk| shj}j skqj} n| |lk}lj,

}z}k` sebji bz|q q}kvj` èic an|qkilj| qe sj``| e} |q}jkb| qe fjqlh skqj}

fe} qhjn} akn`~ ijja|)

Qhj A}nidnic Skqj} kia \kinqkqnei \zpp`~ |jlqe} ni meqh }z}k` kia z}mki

k}jk| hk| k`|e mjji |zmgjlq qe |zm|nanj| kia }kqj |q}zlqz}j| qhkq hkvj ieq

}jf`jlqja qhj q}zj le|q ef qhj }j|ez}lj kia an|lez}kcja lei|j}vkqnei)


47/72


\Z]FKLJ SKQJ]Qsj`vj bkge} }nvj} |~|qjb| a}kni qhj |zmleiqnijiq kèic snqh k izbmj}

ef |bk``j} }nvj}| kia |q}jkb|) Ef qhj|j qsj`vj, qhj Ckicj| " M}khbkpzq}k

kia qhj Niaz| |~|qjb| k}j qhj be|q nbpe}qkiq ni qj}b| ef skqj} p}evn|neikia qhjn} nbpklq ei Nianki |elnjq~) Qecjqhj}, qhj|j |~|qjb| a}kni k`be|q

hk`f ef qhj leziq}~ kia lk}}~ be}j qhki 1?* ef qhj zqn`n|km`j |z}fklj skqj}

f}eb qhjn} |ez}lj ni qhj Hnbk`k~k| qe qhj eljki)

Evj} 3?* ef Niank#| }nvj}| a}kni ni qhj Mk~ ef Mjick`, be|q`~ k| pk}q ef qhj

Ckicj|"M}khbkpzq}k |~|qjb) Qhj K}kmnki \jk, ei qhj sj|qj}i |naj ef qhj

leziq}~, }jljnvj| =?* ef qhj qeqk` a}knikcj f}eb qhj Niaz| |~|qjb k| sj``

k| k izbmj} ef |bk``j} }nvj}| aesi qhj sj|qj}i lek|q) Qhj }jbkninic ;?*

a}kni| niqe niqj}ne} mk|ni| kia qhj fjs ikqz}k` `kdj| |lkqqj}ja kl}e|| qhj

leziq}~ (Jil~lèpjank M}nqkiinlk Ei`nij =???.)

Qhj fès }jcnbj ef Niank#| }nvj}| n| |q}eic`~ nif`zjilja m~ qhj bei|eei l`n"

bkqj) Qhj kavjiq ef qhj bei|eei }kni| }j|z`q| ni ki kiizk` pjkd ni

|q}jkbfès ni be|q }nvj}| kia |q}jkb| kl}e|| qhj |zmleiqnijiq) ]nvj}|

snqh |ez}lj| ni qhj beziqkni| |jj ki kaanqneik` pjkd ni |q}jkbfès az}"

nic qhj |p}nic |iesbj`q) Ni bki~ lk|j|, skqj} `jvj`| nil}jk|j a}kbkqnlk`"

`~ kia fèeanic n| lebbei) Az}nic qhj a}~ |jk|ei, qhj |q}jkbfès anbni"

n|hj| ni be|q `k}cj }nvj}| kia jvji an|kppjk}| jiqn}j`~ ni |bk``j} q}nmzqk}"

nj| kia |q}jkb|) Qe }jcz`kqj qhj fès ni qhj|j }nvj}| kia an|q}nmzqj skqj}

be}j jvji`~ qh}ezchezq qhj ~jk}, k izbmj} ef k}cj akb| hkvj mjji mzn`q

ei qhj p}nilnpk` }nvj} |~|qjb|) Hesjvj}, jvji qhj|j bjk|z}j| hkvj mjji

nikaj{zkqj qe leiq}e` skqj} kvkn`kmn`nq~ ni qhj leziq}~, j|pjlnk``~ az}nic

qhj a}~ |jk|ei)

Kc}nlz`qz}j }jbkni| ljiq}k` qe qhj Nianki jleieb~ kia nq qhj}jfe}j

}jljnvj| qhj c}jkqj} |hk}j ef qhj kiizk` skqj} k`èlkqnei) Klle}anic qe qhj

Se}à ]j|ez}lj| Ni|qnqzqj (=???., >=* ef Niank#| zqn`n|km`j skqj} n| ajveq"

ja qe qhn| |jlqe}, be|q`~ ni qhj fe}b ef n}}nckqnei)

Qhj ijlj||nq~ ef n}}nckqnei fe} kc}nlz`qz}k` p}eazlqnei n| c}jkq azj qe qhj

zip}janlqkm`j ikqz}j ef qhj bei|eei) Ni }jcnei| lebp`jqj`~ ajpjiajiq

ei }knifja kc}nlz`qz}j, k sjkd bei|eei |jk|ei lki }j|z`q ni a}ezchq lei"

anqnei| qhkq lki jka qe }jazlja ~njà| e} jvji qeqk` l}ep fkn`z}j) Jvji az}"


48/72


nic ie}bk` bei|eei |jk|ei|, fk}bj}| k}j z|zk``~ km`j qe p}eazlj ei`~

eij l}ep pj} ~jk} kia ~njà| k}j cjij}k``~ bzlh èsj} qhki ni n}}nckqja

k}jk|) Niajja, qhj p}eazlqnvnq~ ef n}}nckqja kc}nlz`qz}j pj} zinq ef `kia hk|

mjji j|qnbkqja kq |jvji qnbj| qhkq ef }knifja kc}nlz`qz}j (Se}à Mkid,

;>>>.)

Bk||nvj nivj|qbjiq ni n}}nckqnei ni qhj pk|q fnfq~ ~jk}| hk| }j|z`qja ni ki

jxpki|nei ef qhj c}e|| n}}nckqja k}jk f}eb =< bn``nei hjlqk}j| ni ;>:; qe

evj} >? bn``nei hjlqk}j| ni ;>>3, kia p`ki| jxn|q qe leiqnizj ajvjèpnic

n}}nckqnei nif}k|q}zlqz}j evj} qhj lebnic ~jk}| (Se}à Mkid, ;>>>.) Qhn|

c}esqh ni n}}nckqja k}jk, kèic snqh nbp}evjbjiq| ni fk}bnic qjlhieè"

cnj| kia p`kiq cjijqnl|, hk| mjji }j|pei|nm`j fe} qhj nil}janm`j c}esqh ni

l}ep p}eazlqnei evj} qhn| pj}nea) Qhj nil}jk|j ni p}eazlqnei hk| k`|e lei"

q}nmzqja c}jkq`~ qe qhj ikqneik` jleieb~ kia qe Niank#| feea |jlz}nq~)Hesjvj}, n}}nckqnei jxpki|nei hk| k`|e p`klja c}jkqj} ajbkia| ei |z}"

fklj kia c}eziaskqj} }j|ez}lj|) C}eziaskqj} kèij klleziq| fe} * ef

qhj skqj} z|ja ni kc}nlz`qz}j kia |z}fklj skqj} z|j efqji lebj| kq qhj

jxpji|j ef eqhj} |jlqe}| |zlh k| qhj niaz|q}nk` kia aebj|qnl |zpp`~)

Kq qhj eqhj} jxq}jbj, fèea leianqnei| lki mj j{zk``~ ajvk|qkqnic qe qhj

kc}nlz`qz}k` |jlqe} kia }j{zn}j| lk}jfz` p`kiinic ni qj}b| ef a}knikcj kia

qhj lei|q}zlqnei ef fèea leiq}e` |q}zlqz}j|) Ajvjèpbjiq p}egjlq| |zlh

k| akb kia lkik` lei|q}zlqnei sj}j ajvn|ja qe hj`p bnqnckqj qhj jffjlq ef

qhj bei|eei ei }nvj}| kia |jk|eik` |q}jkb|) Fe} qhj be|q pk}q, qhj~ hkvj

mjji |zllj||fz` kq }jazlnic qhj nbpklq ef fèeanic ni |ebj k}jk|,

k`qhezch qhjn} jffjlqnvjij|| n| `nbnqja ni qhj fklj ef jxljpqneik` }knifk``

jvjiq|)

Azj qe nq| nbpe}qkiq leiq}nmzqnei qe qhj Nianki jleieb~, qhj kc}nlz`qz}k`

|jlqe} }jljnvj| c}jkqj} kqqjiqnei ni qj}b| ef fnikilnic kia |zm|nanj|) Ieq

|z}p}n|nic`~, n}}nckqnei hk| mjji qhj `k}cj|q }jlnpnjiq ef cevj}ibjiq

fzia|) Evj} Z\! > mn``nei sk| |pjiq ni qhn| k}jk az}nic qhj Jncqh _`ki kia

|zm|nanj| qe qhn| |jlqe} klleziqja fe} k`be|q ?)>1">: fn|lk` ~jk} (Se}à Mkid, ;>>>.)


49/72

1>Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

C]EZIA SKQJ]C}eziaskqj} }jp}j|jiq| eij ef qhj be|q nbpe}qkiq skqj} |ez}lj| ni Niank

kia klleziq| fe} evj} 1?? db< ef qhj kiizk` zqn`nwkm`j }j|ez}lj ni qhj

leziq}~) Azj qe qhj hnch`~ vk}nkm`j ikqz}j ef qhj l`nbkqj, c}eziaskqj} hk|mjlebj k pepz`k} k`qj}ikqnvj fe} n}}nckqnei kia aebj|qnl skqj} z|j kl}e||

Niank) ]j`nkilj ei c}eziaskqj} }j|ez}lj| n| pk}qnlz`k}`~ |q}eic shj}j a}~

|jk|ei |z}fklj skqj} `jvj`| k}j ès e} shj}j sjq |jk|ei fès| k}j qee an|"

}zpqnvj qe mj jk|n`~ qkppja) Ni kaanqnei qe mjnic kllj||nm`j, c}eziaskqj}

{zk`nq~ n| cjij}k``~ jxlj``jiq ni be|q k}jk| kia p}j|jiq| k }j`kqnvj`~ |kfj

|ez}lj ef a}nidnic skqj} fe} Nianki| ni }z}k` kia z}mki ljiq}j|)

Qhj p}j|jilj kia kvkn`kmn`nq~ ef c}eziaskqj} vk}nj| c}jkq`~ snqh lhkicj|

ni qepec}kph~, |zm|z}fklj cjeèc~ kia qhj p}jvkn`nic l`nbkqj ni qhj

}jcnei) Ni |ebj k}jk|, c}eziaskqj} jxn|q| ni ajjp k{znfj}| shn`j ni eqhj}|

qhj skqj} n| |qe}ja ijk} qhj |z}fklj) Qhj elkqnei ef qhj k{znfj} k`|e kffjlq|

nq| }jlhk}cj }kqj kia nq| |z|ljpqnmn`nq~ qe pe``zqnei kia evj}z|j)

Ni cjij}k`, qhj beziqkniez| kia hn``~ }jcnei| ni qhj ie}qh kia sj|q ae

ieq k`ès kaj{zkqj nifn`q}kqnei kia k| k lei|j{zjilj, c}eziaskqj} n|

be|q`~ `nbnqja qe vk``j~| kia eqhj} èsj} `~nic k}jk|) Ni qhj pjini|z`k}

pk}q ef qhj leziq}~, qhj ziaj}`~nic cjeèc~ `nbnq| qhj fe}bkqnei ef `k}cj

leiqnizez| k{znfj}|) C}eziaskqj} n| qhj}jfe}j |lkqqj}ja shj}j fn||z}j|

pj}bnq kaj{zkqj |qe}kcj e} n| fezia ni |hk`ès ajp}j||nei| ijk} qhj |z}"fklj) K| k }j|z`q, qhj evj}k`` ~njà peqjiqnk` ni qhn| }jcnei n| ès k`qhezch

|ebj k}jk| bk~ |jj bjanzb qe hnch peqjiqnk` ajpjianic ei qhj èlk`

h~a}ecjeèc~) Lek|qk` }jcnei| k}j z|zk``~ }nlh ni c}eziaskqj} esnic qe

qhj `k}cj`~ k``zvnk` qj}}kni, mzq qhj k{znfj}| }n|d mjnic jk|n`~ leiqkbnikqja

m~ |k`qskqj} nic}j|| azj qe evj}pzbpnic) Qhj k``zvnk` q}klq ef qhj

Ckicjqnl p`kni, shnlh jxqjia| evj} =??? db kl}e|| ljiq}k` kia ie}qhj}i

Niank hk| qhj mj|q peqjiqnk` fe} c}eziaskqj} jxq}klqnei ni qhj leziq}~)

Qhn| `k}cj k}jk pe||j||j| bki~ fkvez}km`j lhk}klqj}n|qnl| fe} c}eziask"

qj} |qe}kcj kia }jlhk}cj, kia qhj ~njà evj} be|q ef qhj }jcnei hk| mjjij|qnbkqja kq beaj}kqj qe hnch)


50/72

:? Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

MKIC@KAJ\H#\ SKQJ] ]J\EZ]LJ\Mkic`kaj|h, `nj| mjqsjji Niank kia B~kibk} ei qhj Mk~ ef Mjick`) Nq n| k

}nvj}nij leziq}~ ni \ezqh K|nk hkvnic ki k}jk ef kmezq ;11,??? db= èlkq"

ja ni qhj èsj} aj`qk ef qh}jj `k}cj }nvj}| ef qhj se}à7 qhj Ckicj|, qhjM}khbkpzq}k kia qhj Bjchik) Qhj}j k}j bki~ q}nmzqk}nj| kia an|q}nmz"

qk}nj| ef qhj|j }nvj}| kia ni qeqk` :3 }nvj}| pk|| qh}ezch qhj leziq}~) Qhj|j

}nvj}| a}kni k qeqk` ef ;)3= bn``nei |{ db| ni Niank, Lhnik, Ijpk`, Mhzqki

kia Mkic`kaj|h) K| k }j|z`q, hzcj nifès| ef skqj} jiqj} qhj leziq}~, evj}

shnlh Mkic`kaj|h hk| ie leiq}e`) Qhj kvj}kcj |z}fklj skqj} fès ni pjkd"

sjq |jk|ei (Kzcz|q. n| ijk}`~ ;;= mn``nei lzmnl bjq}j| kia ni qhj a}~ |jk"

|ei (Fjm}zk}~. n| kmezq


51/72

:;Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

qz}j |zlh k| }eka|, }kn`sk~|, lkik`| kia niaz|q}nj|) Kmezq =;* ef qhj qeqk`

pepz`kqnei `nvj ni qhj z}mki k}jk) Klle}anic qe qhj ISB_ |qza~, qhj

z}mki k}jk sn`` mj nil}jk|ja qe >* m~ =?=:)

N]]NCKQNEIISB_ hk| |q}j||ja qhkq qhj}j n| ie jleiebnl gz|qnfnlkqnei qe ce fe} pzm"

`nl |z}fklj skqj} n}}nckqnei nive`vnic `k}cj"|lk`j hnch"`nfq pzbpnic |zlh k|

qhj |~|qjb ni qhj Ckicj| Demkakd _}egjlq, k| ajbei|q}kqja m~ nq| hnch

E&B }j{zn}jbjiq ef ijk}`~ Qd1,??? qhkq n| |zm|qkiqnk``~ hnchj} qhki qhj

|hk`ès qzmj"sj``|) Hesjvj}, |z}fklj skqj} n}}nckqnei |~|qjb ef qhj q~pj

ef qhj Bzhz}n kia qhj Lhkiapz} p}egjlq| shj}j qhj c}kvnq~ fès kia ès

`jfq pzbp| k}j z|ja lki |qn`` mj gz|qnfnja mjlkz|j ef ès le|q ef n}}nckqnei

f}eb qhj|j p}egjlq|) \nbn`k}`~ n}}nckqnei ni |bk``"|lk`j p}egjlq m~ @CJA lki

mj jleiebnl mjlkz|j qhj z|j ef |zmbj}cnm`j mk}}nj} kia z|j ef ès `nfqpzbp|) Hesjvj}, qhj|j bk~ |qn`` ieq mj |znqkm`j fe} k}jk| shj}j qhj}j

ies jxn|q| hnch peqjiqnk` fe} |hk`ès qzmjsj``|, n)j), k}jk| jxljpq ie}qh"

jk|q, lek|qk` |k`ninq~"kffjlqja k}jk|, kia pk}q ef qhj ie}qhsj|q, |ezqhsj|q,

kia qhj Lhnqqkceic Hn`` Q}klq| shj}j c}eziaskqj} `jvj`| k}j ès) Ni k}jk|

shj}j |hk`ès qzmjsj``| k}j anffnlz`q kia jxpji|nvj, bnie} n}}nckqnei

|lhjbj| nive`vnic |zmbj}|nm`j akb| kia z|j ef ès `nfq pzbp| sezà mj

kavn|km`j) Hesjvj}, qhj }j|e`zqnei ef E&B le|q }jlevj}~ p}em`jb n|

j||jiqnk` qe lei|naj} qhj p}e|pjlq| fe} fz}qhj} jxpkianic qhj pzm`nl n}}nck"

qnei |lhjbj|)

LEK\QK@Qhj Mkic`kaj|h Skqj} Ajvjèpbjiq Mek}a hk| j|qnbkqja qhkq kmezq ;,=??

dnèbjqj}| ef }nvj}mkid n| klqnvj`~ j}eanic kia be}j qhki :?? dnèbjqj}|

fklj |jvj}j p}em`jb| }j`kqja qe j}e|nei) \nilj ;>3


52/72

:= Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

mjji lk}}nja ezq }j`kqnvj`~ }jljiq`~ ei qhj bkge} }nvj}|) Leiqjbpe}k}~

}nvj} bkikcjbjiq |q}kqjcnj| e}njiqja qesk}a| fe}jlk|qnic fzqz}j j}e|nei

hkwk}a|, }jazlnic hkwk}a qh}ezch iei"|q}zlqz}k` bjk|z}j| |zlh k| |q}kqj"

cnl }jqn}jbjiq ef nif}k|q}zlqz}j kia }j"|jqq`jbjiq ef kffjlqja hkmnqkqnei,

kia ei ajvjèpnic ès"le|q bjk|z}j| fe} j}e|nei leiq}e`) \ebj pnèq"

|lk`j p}ec}kb| hkvj mjji kqqjbpqja }jljiq`~ kèic qhj Gkbzik ]nvj}

kia Bjchik J|qzk}~ ijk} Hknblhk}) Kbeic qhj|j, KAM hk| ninqnkqja qhj

Gkbzik"Bjchik ]nvj} J}e|nei Bnqnckqnei _}egjlq qe pnèq qj|q kia j|qkm"

`n|h ès"le|q j}e|nei bnqnckqnei bjk|z}j| z|nic |kia"fn``ja cje"qjxqn`j

mkc| snqh lebmnikqnei ef iei"|q}zlqz}k` bjk|z}j|)

C]EZIASKQJ]Hnch leiljiq}kqnei ef k}|jinl hk| mjji em|j}vja ni c}eziaskqj} |nilj nq

sk| fn}|q ajqjlqja ni ;>>


53/72

:


54/72

:1 Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

HN\QE]NLK@ JVE@ZQNEI EF SKQJ] _E@NLNJ\ NIMKIC@KAJ\HT\ez}lj7 Kam Iev =??:6 ZI Qjlhinlk` Bn||nei (D}zc Bn||nei. }j|z`qja ni qhj l}jkqnei efqhj qhji Jk|q _kdn|qki Skqj} kia _esj} Ajvjèpbjiq Kzqhe}nq~)

;>6< Hk}ani kia Qhng||j Bn||nei| jxkbnija qhj fèea p}em`jb|)

;>61 Bk|qj} _`ki felz|ja p}jaebnikiq`~ ei fèea leiq}e` fe} kc}n"

lz`qz}j kia nil`zaja k pe}qfe`ne ef :8 `k}cj p}egjlq| nil`zanic < mk}"

}kcj| ei bkge} }nvj}|) \ebj ef qhj mnc p}egjlq| sj}j nbp`jbjiqja

m~ bna";>8?|)

;>3= Se}à Mkid \qza~ ei `kia kia skqj} |jlqe} jbphk|nwja niqj"

c}kqja ajvjèpbjiq ef `kia kia skqj} }j|ez}lj| snqh |pjlnk` felz|

ei |bk`` |lk`j (bnie}. n}}nckqnei) Ni qhn| p}ec}kb, p`kiinic kq qhj

`jvj` ef qhkik (ies lk``ja zpkwn`k. kia nbp`jbjiqkqnei ef skqj}

}j|ez}lj bkikcjbjiq p}egjlq sj}j nbp`jbjiqja) Az}nic qhn| pj}n"

ea, p}nvkqj |jlqe} n}}nckqnei z|nic |hk`ès qzmj"sj``| |ks bkge}

jxpki|nei)

;>8?| Ikqneik` Skqj} _`ki lebbjilja snqh se}d emgjlqnvj qe lei"

|e`nakqj jxn|qnic nife}bkqnei mk|j, }kqneik`nwj eicenic kia p`kiija

klqnvnqnj| kia qe cznaj fzqz}j nivj|qbjiq ni qhj fzqz}j) Bk|qj} _`kiE}ckinwkqnei ziaj} qhj Bnin|q}~ ef Skqj} ]j|ez}lj| lebp`jqja qhj

fn}|q phk|j ef se}d ni ;>86) _hk|j NN |qk}qja ni ;>83 ajvjèpja p`ki"

inic beaj`|, }jlebbjiaja |q}kqjcnj| kia p}ec}kbbj|, p}j|jiqja

k a}kfq skqj} `ks, kia p}epe|ja bjki| qe ni|qnqzqneik`nwj qhj

p}elj|| ef èic"qj}b skqj} bkikcjbjiq kia p`kiinic)

@kqj ;>8?| " pe|q fèea| ef ;>83 & ;>88 " Fèea Klqnei _`ki mk|ja ei

k |j}nj| ef |qzanj| |zppe}qja m~ ZIA_, F}kilj, Z\K, Lhnik kia

Gkpki) Qhj Se}à Mkid lee}anikqja qhj klqnvnqnj| ef qhj|j aeie}| qe

p}jpk}j k Fèea Klqnei _`ki lei|n|qnic ef =6 |qzanj| kia pnèq p}eg"jlq|) Qhj FK_ k`|e p}eazlja cznaj`nij| fe} pjep`j#| pk}qnlnpkqnei ni

skqj} |jlqe} nivj|qbjiq| kia cznaj`nij| fe} ziaj}qkdnic jivn}ei"

bjiqk` k||j||bjiq|)


55/72

::Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

;>>: _e|q Fèea Klqnei _`ki sk| p}jpk}ja snqh qhj k||n|qkilj ef qhj

Se}à Mkid p}eazlnic qhj fn}|q èic"qj}b |q}kqjc~ fe} qhj skqj} |jl"

qe} lk``ja qhj Mkic`kaj|h Skqj} kia Fèea Bkikcjbjiq \q}kqjc~

(MSFB\.) Qhj |q}kqjc~ jivn|kcja qhj fe}bz`kqnei ef k Ikqneik`

Skqj} _e`nl~ (IS_. qe p}evnaj cznaj`nij| fe} bkikcnic qhj skqj}

}j|ez}lj| ef qhj leziq}~ ni k lebp}jhji|nvj, niqjc}kqja kia j{zn"

qkm`j bkiij}) Nq k`|e jivn|kcja qhj p}jpk}kqnei ef k Ikqneik` Skqj}

Bkikcjbjiq _`ki (ISB_. qhkq sezà nil`zaj ikqneik`, }jcneik`

kia mk|nl p}ec}kb| snqh evj}k`` k||j||bjiq ef skqj} |zpp`~ kia

ajbkia ni qhj leziq}~) Qhj Cevq) klqja p}ebpq`~ qe nbp`jbjiq

MSFB\ kia |q}jicqhjija qhj SK]_E kia ckvj nq k ijs bkiakqj

kia qk|d ef fe}bz`kqnic ISB_)

@kqj ;>>?| ]jfe}b| nil`zaja qhj bn`j|qeij ef kaepqnic qhj IS_ ni ;>>>)Nq ajfnija bkge} ni|qnqzqneik` }jfe}b kia qhj }e`j ef qhj cevj}ibjiq

(nil`zanic qhj ajljiq}k`nwkqnei kia q}ki|fj} ef skqj} }j|ez}lj| bkikcj"

bjiq |lhjbj|., qhj p}nvkqj |jlqe} kia qhj lnvn` |elnjq~ ni qhj bkikcj"

bjiq ef skqj})Tfe} ajqkn`| |jj mjès ni pe`nlnj| |jlqneiR

Qhj ni|qnqzqneik` }jfe}b| lz}}jiq`~ ei qhj kcjiak k}j c}eziaja ei qhj

p}nilnp`j| ef qhj IS_ kia qe |ebj jxqjiq, }jf`jlq qhj pk|q |qzanj| }j`kqja

qe e}ckinwkqneik` |q}jicqhjinic ef MSAM) Qhj|j k}j p}ebeqja bkni`~

ziaj} p}egjlq| k||n|qja m~ qhj Se}à Mkid, ni pk}qnlz`k} ni qhj leiqjxq ef

p}jpk}nic qhj Skqj} Bkikcjbjiq Nbp}evjbjiq _}egjlq, k| sj`` k| qhj

Qsninic Bn||nei k}}kicjbjiq| k||n|qja m~ qhj Cevj}ibjiq ef qhj

Ijqhj}`kia|, kia pe`nl~ ankèczj| kia lkpklnq~ ajvjèpbjiq |zppe}q

p}evnaja ziaj} qhj eicenic p}egjlq| k||n|qja m~ KAM) Ni pk}qnlz`k}, qe

se}d snqh qhj Qsninic Bn||nei, MSAM fe}bja k qk|d fe}lj lebp}n|nic |ji"

ne} kia bna"`jvj` |qkff e}ckinwja niqe fnvj se}dnic c}ezp| (levj}nic

nbp`jbjiqkqnei ef MSAM Klq =???4 MSAM :"~jk} p`ki4 p}elz}jbjiq kia

fnikilnk` bkikcjbjiq4 hzbki }j|ez}lj| ajvjèpbjiq, kia |j}vnlj| kia

}jvjizj. qe ajvjèp klqnei p`ki| fe} qhj|j fnvj se}dnic k}jk|)

Ni|qnqzqneik` \q}zlqz}j7 Ni klle}akilj snqh qhj MSAM Klq =???, qhj MSAM

bkikcjbjiq hk| mjji |jpk}kqja f}eb qhj Cevj}inic Leziln`);3

Klle}anic`~, qhj }e`j ef MSAM sk| beanfnja qe |jpk}kqj qhj pe`nl~ kia

epj}kqneik` bkikcjbjiq, vj|qnic bki~ ef qhj pesj} fe}bj}`~ jxj}ln|ja


56/72


m~ qhj Cevj}ibjiq qe qhj ijs Cevj}inic Leziln`, snqh ki niqjiqnei qe

bkdj sk~ fe} nil}jk|ja kzqeieb~ ef MSAM f}eb Cevj}ibjiq#| l`e|j}

|zpj}vn|nei kia evj}|nchq) K| k }j|z`q ef qhj }jfe}b, qhj MSAM bkikcj"

bjiq hk| nil}jk|ja kzqhe}nq~ ni ajlnanic ei epj}kqneik` bkqqj}|, kia qhjAn}jlqe} Cjij}k` n| qkdnic ajln|nei|, shnlh z|ja qe mj }jfj}}ja qe qhj Mek}a

kia qhj Cevj}ibjiq }ezqnij`~ mjfe}j) Qhj AC hk| k`|e mjji k||ncija snqh

qh}jj~jk} fnxja k||ncibjiq qe |q}jicqhji qhj bkikcjbjiq `jkaj}|hnp) K|

qe qhj bkikcjbjiq |q}zlqz}j, ljiq}k` nbp`jbjiqkqnei snic kia E&B

snic sj}j bj}cja niqe qse }jcneik` E&B snic| ni =??= qe ji|z}j |qkff

niqjc}nq~ kia |beeqh q}ki|nqnei ef |lhjbj| f}eb nivj|qbjiq qe E&B

phk|j) K| k bevj qesk}a| ajljiq}k`nwkqnei, shn`j qhj Cevj}inic Leziln`

bjjqnic ni `kqj =??? kc}jja ni p}nilnp`j qe |jpk}kqj weik` zinq| k| fz``~

kzqeiebez| jiqnqnj| kia qe pn`eq qj|q qhj leiljpq ni eij weij, qhn| hk| ~jqqe mj ninqnkqja) Qhj Cevj}ibjiq hk| k`|e ajlnaja qe aj"`nid qhj

Bjlhkinlk` Jicnijj}nic kia A}jacj} E}ckinwkqnei|)

\qkffnic kia \dn`` Bnx7 Ni ;>>8 qhj Cevj}ibjiq |qk}qja nbp`jbjiqkqnei

ef k p`ki qe aesi|nwj MSAM f}eb ;8,?


57/72

:3Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

Epj}kqneik` _}eljaz}j| kia K}}kicjbjiq|7 Ni =??;, MSAM fe}bz`kqja

qhj gem aj|l}npqnei fe} k`` p}efj||neik` pj}|eiij` f}eb K||n|qkiq Jicnijj}

qh}ezch qhj AC qhj}jm~ j|qkm`n|hja k lhkni ef lebbkia, nianvnazk`

}j|pei|nmn`nq~ kia klleziqkmn`nq~) Qesk}a| qhj jia ef =??;, MSAM k`|e}jfe}bz`kqja nq| aj`jckqnei ef kabnin|q}kqnvj kia fnikilnk` pesj}, kia

ajqkn`ja }z`j ef mz|nij||) MSAM n| fz}qhj} pz}|znic p}elz}jbjiq }jfe}b|

ziaj} qhj eicenic Mkic`kaj|h _zm`nl _}elz}jbjiq _}egjlq k||n|qja m~ qhj

Se}à Mkid, hk| }jvn|ja qhj |qkiak}a mnaanic aelzbjiq| kia n| jilez}"

kcja qe pzm`n|h leiq}klq ksk}a| kia j|qkm`n|h niajpjiajiq kzanq |~|qjb)

Shn`j qhj|j k}j knbja qe |q}jicqhji qhj q}ki|pk}jil~ kia klleziqkmn`nq~

ef MSAM, qhj jxqjiq qe shnlh qhj lhkicj| `jka qe be}j jffjlqnvj kia jffn"

lnjiq aj`nvj}~ ef |j}vnlj| sn`` ajpjia ei (n. |q}eic `jkaj}|hnp qe ji|z}j

|qkff lebp`nkilj snqh qhj j|qkm`n|hja }z`j| kia p}eljaz}j|4 (nn. esij}|hnpef MSAM |qkff qe fz``~ epj}kqj qhj|j ninqnkqnvj|, kia (nnn. j|qkm`n|hbjiq ef

jffjlqnvj bkikcjbjiq nife}bkqnei kia {zk`nq~ leiq}e` |~|qjb| qe |zpj}"

vn|j kia jife}lj qhjn} jffjlqnvj epj}kqnei snqhezq ki~ `jkdkcj)

Mzacjq kia Fnikilnk` Bkikcjbjiq7 K||n|qkilj f}eb Lkikanki

Niqj}ikqneik` Ajvjèpbjiq Kcjil~ (LNAK. n| mjnic p}evnaja qe nbp}evj

qhj klleziqnic |~|qjb| ef MSAM k| sj`` k| SK]_E (m~ j|qkm`n|hnic |jp"

k}kqj klleziqnic fzilqnei| ni qhj fnjà effnlj|.) Shn`j qhn| }kqneik`nwj| qhj

bkiij} ni shnlh klleziq| k}j bkniqknija kia nbp}evj| q}ki|pk}jil~, nq

hk| ieq ijlj||k}n`~ kaa}j||ja qhj bkiij} ni shnlh mzacjq k}j k`èlkqja

kia zqn`nwja, shnlh n| k pe`nl~ bkqqj}) Ni qhn| leiijlqnei, qhj Cevj}ibjiq

kc}jja, ni qhj leiqjxq ef qhj }jljiq`~ kpp}evja Gkbzik"Bjchik ]nvj}

J}e|nei Bnqnckqnei _}egjlq, qe lei|naj} kaepqnic k pj}fe}bkilj"mk|ja

mzacjq k`èlkqnei bjlhkin|b, shnlh sn`` p}ne}nqnwj qhj k`èlkqnei ef E&B

mzacjq| ei qhj mk|n| ef qhj pj}fe}bkilj ef qhj p}egjlq jiqnqnj| (j)c), ei

qhj mk|n| ef qhj n}}nckqnei |j}vnlj fjj le``jlqnei kia èlk` }j|ez}lj bemn"

`nwkqnei fe} |j`f"|z|qknija E&B., fe} shnlh |pjlnfnl pe`nl~ sn`` mj ajvj`"

epja) Qe nbp}evj qhj n}}nckqnei |j}vnlj fjj le``jlqnei, MSAM n| k`|e

p}jpk}nic qhj kbjiabjiq qe qhj ;>8< MSAM Skqj} ]kqj E}anikilj qe

kzqhe}nwj qhj p}egjlq jiqnqnj| qe le``jlq, }jqkni, kia zqn`nwj qhj |j}vnlj

lhk}cj| ni klle}akilj snqh qhj =??? MSAM Klq) Shn`j qhj|j jffe}q|, nf

fz``~ nbp`jbjiqja, sn`` leiq}nmzqj qe nbp}evnic qhj E&B |z|qknikmn`nq~ ef

pzm`nl |z}fklj n}}nckqnei |lhjbj| (|zmgjlq qe qhj l`jk} lebbnqbjiq ei


58/72


qhj pk}q ef qhj Cevj}ibjiq qe pz}|zj qhj n||zj ni n}}nckqnei |lhjbj|.,

E&B |z|qknikmn`nq~ ef FLA |lhjbj| hk| ieq mjji kaa}j||ja ni qhj }jfe}b

p}elj|| |e fk})

Skqj} Bkikcjbjiq K||elnkqnei|7 Klle}anic qe qhj Cevj}ibjiq#|Cznaj`nij| fe} _k}qnlnpkqe}~ Skqj} Bkikcjbjiq (C_SB., shnlh sk|

kpp}evja m~ qhj IS]L ni Ievjbmj} =???, nq n| |zccj|qja qhkq SBK|

|hezà mj }jcn|qj}ja ziaj} qhj Leepj}kqnvj| \elnjqnj| E}anikilj kia ]z`j|

ziqn` |zlh qnbj qhkq qhj |jpk}kqj }z`j| fe} }jcn|q}kqnei sezà mj j|qkm`n|hja

mk|ja ei qhj jxpj}njilj ef leepj}kqnvj| f}kbjse}d) Fe`èsnic qhj cznaj"

`nij|, k `k}cj izbmj} ef SBK| hkvj mjji j|qkm`n|hja ziaj} |jvj}k` skqj}

|jlqe} p}egjlq| nbp`jbjiqja m~ MSAM kia @CJA) Qhj kvkn`km`j jxpj}njilj

hk| nianlkqja qhkq, shn`j qhj leepj}kqnvj| f}kbjse}d n| kavkiqkcjez|

cnvji qhj }jka~ kvkn`kmn`nq~ ef j||jiqnk` }jcz`kqe}~ |j}vnlj| p}evnaja m~ qhjAjpk}qbjiq ef Leepj}kqnvj| k| sj`` k| ef nq| fkln`nq~ qe jxpkia qhj |lepj ef

SBK| qe ziaj}qkdj anvj}|j jleiebnl klqnvnqnj|, qhj|j bk~ k`|e anvj}q qhj

kqqjiqnei ef qhj |qkdjheàj}| f}eb qhj le}j klqnvnqnj| ef skqj} bkikcjbjiq)

Lk}jfz` k||j||bjiq ef qhj ninqnk` jxpj}njilj kia k`qj}ikqnvj epqnei| n| ijl"

j||k}~ qe ajfnij be|q kpp}ep}nkqj `jck` f}kbjse}d ef SBK|)

E&B7Qe kzcbjiq }j|ez}lj| fe} E&B, nq sk| k`sk~| fj`q qhkq k pk}q ef qhj

mz}aji lezà mj me}ij m~ qhj mjijfnlnk}nj|) Mzq qhj fkn`z}j qe nive`vj mji"

jfnlnk}nj| ni qhj jk}`~ |qkcj| ef p}egjlq| hk| ieq hj`pja qhj lk|j, mjlkz|j

qhj}j n| ie |ji|j ef esij}|hnp k |nqzkqnei bkaj se}|j m~ qhj }n|j ef an|"

mjijfnq| (j)c) a}knikcj leicj|qnei ni |ebj k}jk|. f}eb |ebj |lhjbj|)

@kld ef |ji|j ef esij}|hnp m~ mjijfnlnk}nj| bkdj| nq anffnlz`q qe |hk}j snqh

qhjb qhj mz}aji ef epj}kqnei kia bkniqjikilj)

Qe ji|z}j mjqqj} E&B ef skqj} p}egjlq, IS_ p}evnaj| fe} hkianic evj}

|j`jlqja skqj} bkikcjbjiq qe |qkdjheàj}|) Qkm`j 6 }jle}a| shkq n| z`qn"

bkqj`~ jivn|kcja fe} qhj lebp`jqja MSAM p}egjlq|) Qhj z`qnbkqj

k}}kicjbjiq| (klle}anic qe IS_. jivn|kcj| q}ki|fj} ef esij}|hnp ef qhj

|bk`` |lhjbj| (qhe|j mjès ;,??? hk. qe èlk` cevj}ibjiq kia bkikcj"bjiq qe SBK|, q}ki|fj} ef bkikcjbjiq ef |lhjbj| mjqsjji ;,??? hk

kia :,??? hk qe SBK|, snqh esij}|hnp }jbkninic snqh MSAM) Fnik``~

q}ki|fj} ef bkikcjbjiq ef |lhjbj| evj} :,??? hk qe k geniq qjkb lei|n|q"

nic ef SBK| kia @elk` Cevj}ibjiq snqh esij}|hnp }jbkninic snqh


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:>Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

MSAM) Zife}qzikqj`~ qhj}j hk| mjji ie p}ec}j|| ni nbp`jbjiqnic qhn|

pe`nl~ |nilj nq| kaepqnei ni ;>>>)

Z`qnbkqj K}}kicjbjiq fe} bkikcjbjiq ef Skqj} \jlqe} \lhjbj|

IJ_K@#\ SKQJ] ]J\EZ]LJ\ Cjec}kphnlk``~ `elkqja mjqsjji Niank kia Lhnik

Qeqk` pepz`kqnei7 =;> SBK| MSAMhjlqk}j|

:???";:??? ;18 ;=?==16 Geniq MSAMhjlqk}j| bkikcjbjiq

m~ MSAM snqh|qkdjhe`aj}|

Be}j qhki;:??? hjlqk}j| 8= 1;8;;;8 \kbj k| kmevj MSAMQEQK@ :11 :>>81;?


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_KDN\QKI#\ SKQJ] ]J\EZ]LJ\ _epz`kqnei7 ;1; Bn``nei

Cjec}kphnlk` K}jk7 3>6,;?? Db=

N}}nckqja K}jk7


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|h}nidnic skqj} |ez}lj| sn`` k`|e nil}jk|j bkinfeà ni qj}b| ef {zkiqnq~

kia {zk`nq~) _}j|jiq j|qnbkqj| |hes qhkq ni k`` bkge} lnqnj| qhj pj}"lkpnqk

skqj} kvkn`kmn`nq~ fk``| |he}q ef qhj bninbzb }j{zn}jbjiq)

Niqj}"|jlqe}k` skqj} lebpjqnqnei |zlh k| mjqsjji kc}nlz`qz}j, aebj|qnl

kia niaz|q}nk` }j{zn}jbjiq| n| k`|e `ndj`~ qe c}es) Nq n| j|qnbkqja qhkq

aebj|qnl kia niaz|q}nk` skqj} z|j| sezà c}es qe k}ezia ;: pj} ljiq ef

qhj kvkn`km`j skqj} }j|ez}lj| k| kckni|q qhj p}j|jiq < pj} ljiq)

HÂ]E_ESJ] CJIJ]KQNEI _]EGJLQ\Qhj}j k}j fnvj bkge} h~a}epesj} cjij}kqnei p}egjlq| ni _kdn|qki7 ikbj`~,

Qk}mj`k, Bkic`k, Sk}|kd kia Lhk|hbk kia Chkwn Mk}eqhk shnlh hkvj k

lkpklnq~ ef


62/72

6= Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

Qhj |nic`j }jijskm`j jij}c~ }j|ez}lj qhkq _kdn|qki pe||j||j| ni kmzi"

akilj n| h~a}epesj}, qhj be|q jivn}eibjiqk` f}njia`~, lhjkpj|q |ez}lj ef

jij}c~) Nq hk| k peqjiqnk` ef be}j qhki 1;,3==BS) Aj|pnqj qhn|, _kdn|qki

ies n| fklja snqh k be|q |j}nez| jij}c~ |he}qfk``) Qhj klzqj |he}qkcj ef

j`jlq}nlnq~ hk| }j|z`qja ni èka|hjaanic az}nic qhj lz}}jiq |zbbj} |jk"

|ei, le|qnic qhj jleieb~ bn``nei| ef }zpjj|)

Qhj ni|qk``ja pesj} cjij}kqnei lkpklnq~ kq qhj jia ef =??:

sk|;>,:6?BS, ef shnlh 6: pj} ljiq sk| qhj}bk`, :BS) Sj |hezà ieq fe}cjq qhj fklq qhkq

qhj p}egjlqja nfjqnbj ef qhj jxn|qnic ikqz}k` ck| kia en` n| gz|q evj} ;: kia

inij ~jk}| }j|pjlqnvj`~) Aebj|qnl lek` }j|j}vj| bk~ mj jxpènqja ei`~ kq

c}jkq fnikilnk` kia jivn}eibjiqk` le|q|) \jvjiq~ pj} ljiq ef _kdn|qki#| en`

ijja| k}j bjq qh}ezch nbpe}q|) Qhj kvj}kcj le|q ef h~aj` jij}c~ cjij}"

kqnei ni _kdn|qki sk| ]|?):? pj} dnèskqq hez} ni =???"?;) Qhj kiizk` pj}

JIJ]C^ AKQK EF HÂJ@ _ESJ] \QKQNEI\

_esj} \qkqnei Ni|qk``ja Zinq| Evj}k`` Le|q Zqn`n|kqnei

Cjij}kqnei Cjij}kqja ef Cjij}kqnei Fklqe} *

Lkpklnq~ BS CSh _|%DSh

Qk}mj`k 8

Bkic`k ;???)? =8??)? ;=)?; ;3):= =1);: 1


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6


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jvji qhezch SK_AK hk| ieq ei`~ najiqnfnja vk}nez| `elkqnei| hkvnic k

peqjiqnk` ef


65/72

6:Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

`k}cj|q n}}nckqnei |~|qjb| ef qhj se}`a, n| lei|naj}ja k| eij ef qhj mnccj|q

lei|zbj} ef c}eziaskqj}, kia nq| z|j n| |qn`` nil}jk|nic)

Be|q ef qhj c}eziaskqj} }j|ez}lj| ef _kdn|qki k}j leiqknija m~ qhj k``zvnk`

k{znfj} |~|qjb ef qhj Niaz| p`kni| kia }j`kqnvj`~ |bk`` }j|ez}lj| k}j lei"qknija ni qhj vk``j~ k``zvnk` ajpe|nq| kia qhj lei|e`nakqja }eld| ef qhj bezi"

qkni weij fz}qhj} ksk~ f}eb qhj Niaz| }nvj} |~|qjb (qhj }jbkniaj}.) Qhj

Niaz| mk|ni sk| fe}bja m~ k``zvnk` ajpe|nq| lk}}nja m~ qhj Niaz| }nvj} kia nq|

q}nmzqk}nj| f}eb qhj feeqhn``| ef Hnbk`k~k| qe qhj K}kmnki |jk) Qhj Niaz| }nvj}

|~|qjb n| ziaj}`kni m~ hnch`~ pj}bjkm`j zileifnija k{znfj}| bkaj ef k``z"

vnk` |kia) Qhj c}eziaskqj} {zk`nq~, ni qj}b| ef |k`ninq~, n| cjij}k``~

f}j|h ni qhj k}jk| k`eic qhj }nvj}| kia n| m}kldn|h%|k`nij ni qhj ljiq}k` pk}q

ef qhj aekm| n)j) qhj `kia k}jk| mjqsjji qse }nvj}| (Fncz}j ;.) Mjfe}j qhj

niq}eazlqnei ef |z}fklj n}}nckqnei |~|qjb|, qhj c}eziaskqj} qkm`j sk|

kmezq


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]jl`kbkqnei _}egjlq| (\LK]_|. ni qhj ;>6?#|) Ziaj} qhn| p}ec}kb, k izb"

mj} ef k}cj"lkpklnq~ pzm`nl sj``| (snqh pzbp lkpklnq~ ef ?)?81 qe ?);1 b3.) Qhn| hk| }j|z`qja ni zijvji lhkicj| ni qhj c}eziask"

qj} qkm`j èlkqnei kl}e|| qhj Niaz| mk|ni) Ni be|q ef qhj f}j|h c}eziask"

qj} k}jk|, k fk`` ni c}eziaskqj} qkm`j n| em|j}vja) K| k }j|z`q, qhj n||zj ef

skqj} èccnic n| ies ieq vj}~ p}ebnijiq ni be|q ef qhj zppj} pk}q ef qhj

Niaz| mk|ni (_zigkm _}evnilj. shn`j nq n| |qn`` p}jvkn`nic ni qhj esj} pk}q ef

qhj mk|ni (\niah _}evnilj.) Lz}}jiq`~, evj}jxpènqkqnei ef f}j|h c}eziask"qj} }j|ez}lj|, |jleiak}~ |k`ninwkqnei ef `kia| azj qe nil}jk|nic z|j ef

bk}cnik`%hkwk}aez| {zk`nq~ c}eziaskqj} kia ajqj}ne}kqnei ef c}eziask"

qj} {zk`nq~ k}j jbj}cnic n||zj|, shnlh ijja qe mj mjqqj} bkikcja) Qhj

bkge} lkz|j| ef {zk`nq~ ajqj}ne}kqnei k}j qhj niq}z|nei ef |k`nij skqj} niqe

f}j|hskqj} k}jk| azj qe evj}"pzbpnic f}eb qhj f}j|h `ji|j| ef c}ezia"

skqj} ziaj}`kni%|z}}eziaja m~ |k`nij skqj} kia qhj pe``zqnei f}eb kc}n"

lz`qz}k` lhjbnlk`|, niaz|q}nk` kia bzinlnpk` sk|qj|) Qhj |z|qknikm`j z|j

ef c}eziaskqj} n| k dj~ qe leiqnizja |zllj|| ef n}}nckqja kc}nlz`qz}j ni

qhj leziq}~) Qhj}j n| k ijja qe }jvnjs qhj jxn|qnic pkqqj}i ef c}eziask"qj} ajvjèpbjiq, cevj}inic pe`nlnj| kia ni|qnqzqnei|, }jcz`kqe}~ f}kbj"

se}d| kia cevj}ikilj |q}zlqz}j kia qhj}jm~ bevj qe k be}j |z|qknikm`j

bkikcjbjiq ef qhn| vnqk` |ez}lj ef skqj})


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K| ni bki~ eqhj} leziq}nj|, kc}nlz`qz}k` c}eziaskqj} z|j ni _kdn|qki hk|

jxpkiaja a}kbkqnlk``~ evj} qhj pk|q fjs ajlkaj|) Qhn| jxpki|nei hk|

lkz|ja k lhkicj ni qhj bkge} n||zj| ni, kia ijja fe}, c}eziaskqj} cevj}"

ikilj) Qhj}j k}j lz}}jiq`~ qh}jj |jq| ef c}eziaskqj} bkikcjbjiq lhk`"`jicj| ni _kdn|qki7 ;. leiq}e` vnk c}eziaskqj} pzbpnic ef skqj}`eccnic,

=. bkniqkninic skqj} {zk`nq~, j|pjlnk``~ k| }j`kqja qe |k`ninq~, kia 6?|) Ni }j|pei|j, qhj cevj}ibjiq niq}eazlja qhj \k`ninq~ Leiq}e`

kia ]jl`kbkqnei _}egjlq (\LK]_.) Eij k|pjlq ef qhn| p}ec}kb sk| qhj

|nidnic ef cevj}ibjiq esija qzmj sj``| qe pzbp c}eziaskqj} meqh fe}

n}}nckqnei pz}pe|j| kia qe `esj} qhj skqj} qkm`j) Shn`j ni bki~ sk~| |zl"

lj||fz`, mjlkz|j ef p}em`jb| snqh cevj}ibjiq epj}kqnei, qhj|j qzmj

sj``| hkvj ies mjji `k}cj`~ p}nvkqnwja snqh qhj jxljpqnei ef qhe|j ni

|ebj hnch`~ |k`nij k}jk|) Snqh qhn| p}nvkqnwkqnei, an}jlq cevj}ibjiq

nive`vjbjiq ni c}eziaskqj} bkikcjbjiq hk| j||jiqnk``~ jiaja)


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Kiijxz}j LMJSK]J " _]EFNQJJ]\ K]J HJ]J QE C]KM SKQJ]

Me`nvnk n| dieldnic kq ez} aee}|) Qhj fe}lj| ef f}jj p}efnq bkdnic k}j se}d"

nic evj}qnbj qe p}nvkqn|j skqj} ni Niank k| sj``) K èq ef c}ezia hk| mjji

k`}jka~ levj}ja)

Qhj jxpj}q| k}j leivnilja, mz}jkzl}kq| k}j le"epqja, kia |qkqj|bji k}j

`z}ja qe fk`` ni `nij) #Fz`` Le|q ]jlevj}~# n| qhj ijs Bkiq}k snqh shnlh

jvj}~eij |jjb| qe mj ei"`nij) Qhj jlhej| ef qhn| |kl}ja }h~bj k}j

aj|ljianic f}eb jvj}~ leiljnvkm`j an}jlqnei)

Qhj ZIA_" Se}à Mkid |~bphei~ n| e}lhj|q}kqnic fe} k èic qnbj qhkq qhj

-pjep`j k}j sn``nic qe pk~ fe} }jcz`k} kia {zk`nq~ skqj} |j}vnlj mzq qhjcevj}ibjiq| k}j ieq sn``nic qe lhk}cj-) Qhj Se}à Lebbn||nei ei Skqj}

ni nq| `kqj|q lhe}jec}kph~ lk``ja Skqj} Vn|nei jxp}j||j| -qhkq qhj |nic`j

be|q nbbjankqj kia nbpe}qkiq bjk|z}j qhkq sj lki }jlebbjia n| qhj

|~|qjbkqnl kaepqnei ef fz``"le|q p}nlnic fe} skqj} |j}vnlj|-) Qhj Skqj}

Vn|nei vn|zk`n|j| qhj vk`nanq~ ef qhn| Bkiq}k ei qse leziq| " fn}|q, nq n| qhj

ei`~ sk~ pjep`j lki mj bkaj qe }jk`n|j qhj vk`zj4 |jleia, nq sn`` l}jkqj

leianqnei| qe kqq}klq #p}nvkqj nivj|qbjiq# nh skqj} |j}vnlj|) K }jljiq`~ lk}"

}nja ezq gzck`mkian m~ Cevj}ibjiq ef Niank kia Se}à Mkid nive`vnic k``

qhjn} q}nzbphkiq a}zb"mjkqj}| lkbj ezq snqh |kbj }h~qhb) Qhj }jpe}q|ef qhn| geniq jxj}ln|j 4n}j gz|q ezq fe} |k`j kia k lz}|e}~ c`kilj kq qhjb |zc"

cj|q| qhkq qhj Cevj}ibjiq ef Niank |jjb| qe hkvj kc}jja qe |hja qhj eà

hkmnq(|. ef ieq lhk}cnic ni qhj ijs bn``jiinzb)

Ni qzij snqh qhj eicenic ]kck, qhj }jpe}q| ef qhj CeN" SM gzck`mkian

hkvj mjji pzm`n|hja m~ k p}nvkqj pzm`n|hj} (K``nja _zm`n|hj}|. kia k}j

kvkn`km`j kq k le|q ef k}ezia ]|) =:?% jklh) Qhj|j }jpe}q| k}j -Ninqnkqnic

kia \z|qkninic Skqj} \jlqe} ]jfe}b| 7K \~iqhj|n|-4 -Niqj}"\jlqe}k` Skqj}

K`èlkqnei, _`kiinic kia Bkikcjbjiq-4 -C}ezia Skqj} ]jcz`kqnei kia

Bkikcjbjiq-4 -Qhj N}}nckqnei \jlqe}-4 -]z}k` Skqj} \zpp`~ kia

\kinqkqnei- kia -Z}mki Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \kinqkqnei-) Kpk}q f}eb }jpjkq"

ja lk``| fe} #fz`` le|q }jlevj}~#, ni qhj jiqn}j jxj}ln|j qhj jbphk|n| |jjb|

qe mj ei l}jkqnei ef (k. skqj} bk}djq kia (m. p}epj}q~ }nchq| ni skqj})


69/72

6>Skqj} & Ajbel}kl~ ni \ezqh K|nk

Qhj|j qh}jj fklqe}| pzq qecjqhj} l}jkqj qhj leianqnei| leiazlnvj fe} p}n"

vkqj |jlqe}|# nive`vjbjiq)

Qhj }jpe}q ei -C}ezia Skqj} ]jcz`kqnei kia Bkikcjbjiq- l`knb| qhkq

-`k}cj }jcz`kqja skqj} bk}djq| j||jiqnk` fe} }jk`èlkqnic nil}jk|nic`~|lk}lj c}ezia skqj} kia |z}fklj skqj} |zpp`nj| qe hnch"p}ne}nq~ z|j|, hkvj

~jq qe ajvjèp) Ni qhj km|jilj ef k fzilqneinic skqj} }nchq| |~|qjb kia

ni|qnqzqneik` f}kbjse}d fe} bkikcjbjiq, skqj} |k`j| sezà ellz} snqh nq"

q`j lei|naj}kqnei fe} qhn}a pk}q~ kia jivn}eibjiqk` nbpklq| e} }j|ez}lj

|z|qknikmn`nq~))))Jxpkianic qhj }e`j ef bk}djq| niqe k fe}bk` bjlhkin|b fe}

skqj} k`èlkqnei ijlj||nqkqj| k }jfe}b ef skqj} }nchq| f}kbjse}d, kia qhj

ajvjèpbjiq ef jffjlqnvj bkikcjbjiq ni|qnqzqnei|) _}klqnlk` kpp}eklhj|

qe meqh qhj|j k|pjlq| }jp}j|jiq qhj bkge} lhk``jicj fklnic qhj ajvjèp"

bjiq ef bk}djq|)-

Fe} Z}mki Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \kinqkqnei (ZS\\., qhj }jpe}q p}j|l}nmj| fe`"

èsnic fnvj lhkicj|7

ajve`zqnei ef }j|pei|nmn`nqnj| qe bzinlnpk` kzqhe}nqnj|, kèic snqh

ji|z}nic dj~ ceea p}klqnlj| |zlh k| klleziqnic |jpk}kqnei, èicqj}b p`ki| kia lz|qebj} lei|z`qkqnei, k}j bkiakqja m~ `ks4

}jfe}b ef qhj |qkqj zqn`nq~ mek}a| m~ |jpk}kqnic qhj pe`nl~ kia }jcz"`kqe}~ fzilqnei| f}eb epj}kqnei|, aj|jc}jckqnei ef epj}kqnei| niqefzilqneik` k}jk| kia lebbj}lnk`n|kqnei ef aj|jc}jckqja jiqnqnj|4

}kqneik`nwkqnei ef qk}nff |q}zlqz}j| qh}ezch ijlj||k}~ `jcn|`kqnvjlhkicj|, kia ajvjèpnic k |~|qjb ef niljiqnvj| kia |kilqnei| kq

|qkqj `jvj` qe jilez}kcj }jfe}b4

}jfe}b ef qhj fnikilnic |~|qjb| snqh k c}jkqj} bk}djq e}njiqkqneim~ jikm`nic an}jlq bk}djq kllj|| fe} èlk` kzqhe}nqnj| kia jiqj}"p}n|j| snqhni k bk}djq )}jcz`kqe}~ f}kbjse}d, kia jilez}kcnic

ijs fe}b ef fnikilnk`# niqj}bjankqnei, |zppe}qja m~ }j"e}njiqnicqhj z|j ef pzm`nl }j|ez}lj| fe} c}jkqj} `jvj}kcj4

niq}eazlqnei ef k lebpk}kqnvj lebpjqnqnei fkln`nq~ qe jikm`j

k||j||bjiq ef zqn`nq~ pj}fe}bkilj) Qhn| sn`` mj z|jfz` meqh k| kbkikcjbjiq qee` kia k| ki klleziqkmn`nq~ bjlhkin|b)

Qhj }jpe}q k`|e |qkqj| qhkq -qhj |jleia k|pjlq ef qhj |q}kqjc~ n| p}ebeqnei

kia |zppe}q qe nil}jbjiqk` kia eppe}qzin|qnl niievkqnei| snqhni qhj

f}kbjse}d ef |~|qjbnl lhkicj|)


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Qhj q~pj ef niievkqnei| shnlh ijja qe mj |zppe}qja nil`zaj|7

p}nvkqj |jlqe} pk}qnlnpkqnei " nil`zanic |j}vnlj kia bkikcjbjiqleiq}klq|, MEQ leiq}klq| kia leilj||nei| ni |j`jlqja hnch peqji"qnk` k}jk4

ijs sk~| ef p}evnanic kia nbp}evnic kllj|| fe} an|kavkiqkcjac}ezp|4 kia

epj}kqneik` lhkicj| `nidja qe jihkilnic qhj jffnlnjil~ kia

fnikilnk` vnkmn`nq~ ef ZS\\ jiqnqnj|, j|pjlnk``~ fe} }jazlqnei efzileziqja fe} skqj}, nbp}evnic mn``nic kia le``jlqnei jffnlnjil~,

jql)-

Qhj }jpe}q fz}qhj} jbphk|nwj| qhkq qhj -pk}qnlnpkqnei ef p}nvkqj |jlqe}

sn`` mj j||jiqnk`, meqh ni ajvjèpnic pe`nl~ (qe ji|z}j nq n| nivj|qe} f}njia"

`~., kia ni ninqnkqnic qhj nive`vjbjiq ef p}nvkqj fnikilj kia bkikcjbjiqni qhj |jlqe} m~ se}dnic snqh bzinlnpk`nqnj| kia \qkqj ZS\\ p}evnaj}|)-

Qhj }jpe}q ei ]z}k` Skqj} \zpp`~ kia \kinqkqnei fe}qh}nchq`~ |qkqj| qhkq

-qhj |q}kqjc~ hj}j lk``| fe} fz`` le|q }jlevj}~ ef epj}kqnei| kia bkniqj"

ikilj jxpjianqz}j, kia k c}kazk` bevj qesk}a| }jlevj}~ ef lkpnqk` kia

}jp`kljbjiq le|q|) Ni qhj èic }zi k`` le|q|, nil`zanic fe} lkpnqk` kia

}jp`kljbjiq, sn`` mj fz``~ }jlevj}ja)- Ni nq| }jlebbjiakqnei| qhj }jpe}q

p}j|l}nmj| -nil}jk|j skqj} lhk}cj kia mz`d skqj} p}nlj| qe fz``~ }jlevj}

epj}kqnei kia bkniqjikilj le|q|4 nbp}evj k||j||bjiq kia le``jlqnei

p}eljaz}j|4 kia niq}eazlj niajxnic bjlhkin|b| qe kzqebkqnlk``~ kagz|q

skqj} lhk}cj| qe nif`kqnei kia le|q nil}jk|j) -

Qhj }jpe}q ei n}}nckqnei |jlqe} p}j|l}nmj| qhj fe`èsnic }eka bkp fe} p}n"

vkqn|kqnei7

\qjp `7 J|qkm`n|hbjiq ef Skqj} Z|j}| K||elnkqnei| (SZK|. kq c}k|| }eeq|

kia Zimzia`nic ef N}}nckqnei Ajpk}qbjiq)

\qjp =7 \hnfq qhj }j|pei|nmn`nq~ ef le``jlqnei ef lhk}cj| qe qhj|j

K||elnkqnei|)\qjp


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\qjp :7 Fnik``~ hkia evj} qhj epj}kqnei qe #p}nvkqj epj}kqe}#

Qhj k`k}bnic fklq n| qhkq |zlh fziakbjiqk` lhkicj| k}j mjnic niq}eazlja

|z}}jpqnqnez|`~ m~pk||nic qhj fe}zb| ef pzm`nl ajmkqj) Qhj p}j||z}j n|

mjnic pzq fe} nbp`jbjiqkqnei ef qhj|j lhkicj| qh}ezch vk}nez| ni|q}z"bjiq| kia qhj lhkicj| k}j cjqqnic niq}eazlja ni mnq| kia pnjlj|) @ndj

az}nic `k|q qse mzacjq |pjjlhj| ni pk}`nkbjiq k |lhjbj ikbja

#Ikqneik` Skqj}|hja Bevjbjiq# sk| niq}eazlja shnlh `k~| qhj c}ezia

fe} pj}|eik`n|kqnei ef qhj kmevj }jlebbjiakqnei|) (@ed \kbvka"Bk~

=???, p);:.

\nbn`k}`~, |jvj}k` p}egjlq| kia p}ec}kbbj| k}j cenic ei kq vk}nez| `jvj`|

snqh qhj k||n|qkilj (l}janq. f}eb jxqj}ik` |ez}lj|, shnlh k}j k`}jka~

nbp`jbjiqnic qhj|j }jlebbjiakqnei| ni `jqqj} kia |pn}nq)

\zlh kqqjbpq| qe lebbj}lnk`n|j qhj z|j ef skqj} ni k`` sk`d| ef `nfj hk| fk}

}jklhnic nbp`nlkqnei| ei qhj |elnelz`qz}k` kia jleiebnl aebkni ef

Nianki pzm`nl `nfj)

Se}à Mkid ni nq| nilk}ikqnei k| qhj #|lezq me~# ef cèmk` lkpnqk` hka

k`}jka~ pkvja sk~ fe} bkdnic p}efnq ni qhj k}jk ef nif}k|q}zlqz}j, kia ies

n| `jkanic qhj le}p ef p}efnqjj}| qe bkdj hk~ jvji f}eb k #pzm`nl zqn`nq~#

`ndj skqj}) Qhj se}à bk}djq fe} skqj} n| j|qnbkqja qe mj Z\! 8?? mn``nei

kia qep BIL| hkvj k`}jka~ qh}esi qhjn} hkq| ni qhj }nic)

Qhj skvj ef #p}efnq f}eb qhn}|q# n| |sjjpnic qhj cèmj n}}j|pjlqnvj ef qhj

l`k|| ef Ikqnei|)

Qhj Z\, ZD, F}kilj, Lkikak Kz|q}k`nk, Ijs Wjk`kia, kpk}q f}eb qhj hj`p"

`j|| jleiebnj| ef @kqni Kbj}nlk, Kf}nlk kia K|nk,k}j k`|e q}ki|fe}bnic

qhjn} #zqn`nqnj|# niqe p}efnq vjiqz}j| Qhj lebbei pjep`j lzqqnic kl}e|| qhj

qj}}nqe}~ k}j }j|n|qnic qhn| kqqjbpq kia k}j lebnic ezq ei qhj |q}jjq| qe

p}eqj|q)

K}j sj k`|e }jka~ qe geni hkia7 ni qhn| |q}zcc`j qe ajfjia ez} }nchq qe

skqj} (`nfjr f}eb qhj ei|`kzchq ef p}efnqjj}|5 )

(\ez}lj7 @ED \KBVKA, Kzcz|q =??? " pzm`n|hja m~ _JKLJ, Ijs Aj`hn.


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water laws in south asia

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